List of wars involving Algeria

This is a list of wars involving the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria and its predecessor states.

Algerian defeat

Algerian victory

Another result (e.g: Treaty, status quo ante bellum, indecisive/stalemate/withdrawal etc... or indecisive)

Massylii and Masaesyli Tribes (500–202) BC

Conflict	Belligerents		Result for Algeria and its Allies
Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result for Algeria and its Allies
Part of the Punic Wars Second Punic War Siege of Utica (204 BC) Battle of Utica (203 BC) Battle of the Great Plains Battle of Cirta Location: Western Mediterranean, Mainly Italy and Tunisia	Roman Republic Massylii Syracuse (218–215 BC)	Carthage Masaesyli Syracuse (214–212 BC)	Roman-Massylii Victory Roman conquest of Carthaginian Iberia Unification of Numidia under king Massinisa after the Battle of Cirta Map of the Massylii and Masaesyli tribe Before 202 BC

Kingdom of Numidia (202–25) BC

Conflict	Belligerents		Result for Algeria and its Allies
Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result for Algeria and its Allies
Part of the Punic Wars Third Punic War (149–146) BC Battle of Oroscopa Location: Tunisia	Roman Republic Kingdom of Numidia	Carthage	Numidian-Roman Victory The Numidians take over The great plains, Makthar and the city of Thusca (Sers) Destruction of Carthage
Siege of Cirta (113–112) BC Location: Constantine, Algeria	Adherbal loyalists and Roman citizens	Forces under Jugurtha	Juguthine Victory Jugurtha takes the throne
Jugurthine War (112–106) BC Battle of Suthul Battle of the Muthul Siege of Zama Siege of Thala Siege of the fortress at Muluccha Second Battle of Cirta Location: Mainly Algeria and Tunisia	Kingdom of Numidia Mauretania (2nd Battle of Cirta)	Roman Republic	Roman Victory Jugurtha dies in Rome of Starvation Gauda replace Jugurtha Western Numidian territory given to Mauretania Map of the war and cities
Hiarbas Revolt (88–82/81) BC Location: Algeria	Forces under Hiarbas Gaetulians Numidians Supporters of Marius	Roman Republic	Roman Victory Hiarbas is killed near Bulla Regia
Caesar's civil war (10th January 49BC – 17th March 45BC) Battle of Utica (49 BC) Battle of the Bagradas (49 BC) Location: Algeria and Tunisia	Optimates Eastern Numidia Western Numidia Pontus Ptolemaic Kingdom Garamantes (Battle of the Bagradas (49 BC))	Populares Mauretania	Caesarian victory Assassination of Julius Caesar Eastern Numidia Annexed to Rome as province Africa Nova in 46-30 BC
Ceasar's invasion of Africa Battle of Ruspina Battle of Ascurum Battle of Thapsus Battle of Hippo Regius Location: Algeria and Tunisia	Optimates Eastern Numidia Western Numidia	Populares Mauretania
Arabio's Revolt Campaign of Africa (44 BC) Siege of Cirta (43 or 42 BC) Battle of Utica (43 or 42 BC) Fango's Invasion of Africa Location: Algeria and Tunisia	Numidia (Roman province) Under Titus Sextius Forces Under Arabio	Africa Vetus Under Quintus	Unsure Roman Victory Arabio success in every battle but killed by Sextius after a disagreement over territory Provinces returned to Rome shortly After 40 BC Detailed map of the Africa Roman province before unification with Numidia province and Africa Vetus
Revolt of Mauretania (40/41) Location: Algeria	Berber rebels of Mauretania	Roman Empire	Roman Victory Mauretania taken over and divided to Mauretania Tingitania and Caesariensis

Mauro-Roman Kingdom (c. 477–578)

Conflict	Belligerents		Result for Algeria and its Allies
Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result for Algeria and its Allies
Berber-Vandalic Wars (429–530) Vandal conquest of Roman Africa Aurès revolt (483-484) Tripolitania expedition (523) Battle of great Dorsale Location: Maghreb Mainly Algeria, Tunisia and Libya	Western Roman Empire Eastern Roman Empire Mauro-Roman Kingdom Kingdom of the Aures Languatan Foederati Berbers	Vandals Alans Rebelling Berbers against Rome	Partial Berber Victory Vandals kicked out of Mauretania regions Independence of the Aures The Berbers keep rebelling against Vandal occupation until the Vandalic war
Vandalic War (533–534) Location: Tunisia, Algeria and Sardinia	Byzantine Empire Mauro-Roman Kingdom	Vandal Kingdom Minor Berber tribes	Byzantine-Berber Victory Byzantines annex Vandal territory Start of the Byzantine-Moorish wars
Byzantine–Moorish wars (533–548) Battle of Mammes Battle of Bourgaon Battle of the Bagradas River (536) Battle of Scalas Veteres Babosis and Zerboule Battle of Cillium Battle of Thacia Battle of Sufetula (546 or 547) Battle of Marta Battle of the Fields of Cato Location: Algeria and Tunisia	Mauro-Roman Kingdom Kingdom of the Aures Mauris Frexes Cabaon Mastraciani Ifuraces Banu Ifran Languatans Tingitiana Berbers Other various groups...	Byzantine Empire Huns Pro-Roman Berbers	Inconclusive Berber revolts briefly suppressed Byzantine border weakened Start of king Garmul's Revolts
Garmul's Revolt (577–578) Location: Mainly Algeria	Mauro-Roman Kingdom	Byzantine Empire	Byzantine Victory Garmul is killed during a banquet with Gennadius

Kingdom of Altava (578–708)

Conflict	Belligerents		Result for Algeria and its Allies
Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result for Algeria and its Allies
Part of the Early Muslim conquests Ummayad conquest of the Maghreb (647–703) Battle of Sufetula (647) Battle of Vescera Battle of Mamma Battle of Meskiana Battle of Tabarka Location: Maghreb, Mainly Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco	Byzantine Empire Kingdom of Altava Kingdom of the Aures	Rashidun Caliphate (Battle of Sufetula (647)) Ummayad Caliphate	Ummayad Victory Maghreb brought under Umayyad rule Death of both Kusaila and Dihya Map of the Ummayad Invasion of the Maghreb and with Battles

Kutama Confederacy (902–909)

Conflict	Belligerents		Result for Algeria and its Allies
Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result for Algeria and its Allies
Kutama Campaign against the Aghlabids (902–909) Capture of Mila Capture of Mila and Setif Capture of Constantine (905) Siege of Tubna and Bilizma (906) Revolt of Kairouan Battle of Kasserine (908) Campaign of Chot El-Djerid Battle of El-Aribus Location: Maghreb, Mainly Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco	Kutama Berbers	Aghlabid Emirate	Fatimid Victory Establishment of the Fatimid Caliphate Campaign of Abdallah against the Aghlabid Emirate.

Fatimid Caliphate (909–1171)

Conflict	Belligerents		Result for Algeria and its Allies
Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result for Algeria and its Allies
Capture of Tahert (909) Location: Tahert	Kutama Berbers	Rustamid dynasty	Fatimid Victory Tahert is destroyed and collapse of the Rustamid Dynasty
Fatimid invasion of Egypt (914–915) Battle of Barqa (914) Battle of El Alamein (914) Capture of Alexandria (914) Battle at Giza (914) First Capture of Fayyum Oasis Battle at Giza (915) Barqa Revolt Location: Libya and Egypt	Fatimid Caliphate	Abbasid Caliphate	Stalemate Fatimid withdrawal from Egypt and loss of Cyrenaica
Fatimid invasion of Egypt (919–921) Capture of Alexandria (919) Second Capture of Fayyum Oasis and Upper Egypt Location: Libya and Egypt	Fatimid Caliphate	Abbasid Caliphate	Stalemate Fatimid withdrawal from Egypt
Abu Yazid's Revolt (944–) Abu Yazid Invasion of Ifriqiya Siege of al Mahdia Battle of Tunis (945) Battle of Msila (945) Capture of Tijis and Baghaya Siege of Sousse (946) Siege of Kairouan (946) Battle of Maqqara Battle of Msila (946) Battle of Azbih Siege of Kiyana Location: Algeria and Tunisia	Fatimid Caliphate	Forces under Abu Yazid Banu Ifran Hawwara Banu Kamlan	Fatimid Victory Abu Yazid attacks put to an end
Fatimid campaigns in the western Maghreb (958–960) Fatimid Conquest of Fez Fatimid Capture of Sijilmasa Location: Morocco	Fatimid Caliphate	Emirate of Sijilmasa Caliphate of Córdoba (nominally)	Fatimid Victory Fatimid realm expanded to the Atlantic
Fatimid Conquest of Egypt (969) Capture of Alexandria (969) Battle of Rawda Island Location: Egypt	Fatimid Caliphate	Ikhshidid Dynasty	Fatimid Victory The Fatimids take over Fustat Fatimid failure to invade Syria Fatimid Suzerainty over Mecca and Medina officially recognized
Part of the Arab–Byzantine Wars Battle of Alexandretta (971) Location: Alexandretta and Aleppo	Fatimid Caliphate	Byzantine Empire	Byzantine Victory The Fatimids Lift the siege of Aleppo
First Qarmatian invasion of Egypt (971) Battle of Damascus (971) Siege of Jaffa (971) Capture of El-Farama Battle of Ayn Shams (971) Location: Palestine, Mainly Egypt	Fatimid Caliphate	Qarmatians Banu Uqayl Banu Tayy Egyptian Rebels	Fatimid Victory Fatimid victory in Egypt Qarmatian victory in the Levant
Second Qarmatian invasion of Egypt (973–974) Battle of Mahalla Battle of Jubb Umayra Location: Egypt	Fatimid Caliphate	Qarmatians Banu Tayy Egyptian Rebels	Fatimid Victory Qarmatian withdrawal from Egypt
Aftakin's Invasion of Syria (975–978) Location: Palestine	Fatimid Caliphate Banu Tayy	Forces under Aftakin Qarmatians Supporters Dailamite	Fatimid Victory Aftakin joins the Fatimid Army
Siege of Aleppo (994–995) Location: Aleppo	Fatimid Caliphate	Byzantine Empire Hamdanid Dynasty	Byzantine–Hamdanid Victory The Fatimids burn their camp and withdraw
Battle of al-Uqhuwana (1029) Location: East of Lake Tiberias	Fatimid Caliphate Kalb	Jarrahid Dynasty Banu Tayy Mirdasid Dynasty Kilab	Fatimids Decisive Victory Several towns and cities taken over by the Fatimids

Zirid empire (972–1148)

Conflict	Belligerents		Result for Algeria and its Allies
Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result for Algeria and its Allies
Zirid conquest of the western Maghreb (979–983) Capture of Fez (979) Capture of Sijilmasa (979) Location: Mainly Morocco	Zirid Dynasty	Zenata tribes Miknasa Maghrawa Banu Ifran Barghawata Idrissids Caliphate of Córdoba	Zirid victory All of the western Maghreb briefly annexed Failure of Taking Ceuta from Cordoba
Tripoli Revolt (1002) Location: Tripoli, Libya	Zirid Dynasty	Banu Khazrun Support: Fatimid Caliphate Caliphate of Córdoba	Zirid Victory Tripoli stays under Zirid control from 1009 to 1022
Campaign of the Zirids In Iberia [fr] (1011–1016) Siege of Córdoba (1009–1013) Zirid Campaign of Grenada Battle of Grenada (1016) Location: Spain	Zirid Dynasty	Caliphate of Córdoba	Zirid Victory Zirid client installed on the cordoba throne The Zirid control Elvira and Grenada
Zirid campaign in Illyria Location: Albania, Greece and Turkey	Zirid Dynasty Kalbids Kalbids	Byzantine Empire	Zirid Victory Raids along the coasts of Illyria, Thrace and Greek Islands
Zirid campaign in Central Italy [fr] Location: Central Italy	Zirid Dynasty	Republic of Genoa Republic of Pisa byzantine empire	Zirid Minor Victory The Zirid pirates activities in Italian briefly suppressed
Part of Hilalian Invasion of Ifriqiya Battle of Haydaran (1052) Location: Gabès, Tunisia	Zirid Dynasty Hammadid dynasty	Banu hilal Arabs	Arab Victory The road to Kairouan is opened
Zirid Conquest of Malaga (1056) Location: Malaga, Spain	Zirid Dynasty of Grenada	Hammudid Dynasty	Zirid Victory Badis Ibn Habus annexes the Taifa of Málaga
Battle of Cerami (1063) Location: Cerami (near Troina), Sicily	Kalbids Zirid Dynasty	Normans	Norman Victory The Zirids abandon Sicily
Battle of Misilmeri (1069) Location: Cerami (near Troina), Sicily	Kalbids Zirid Dynasty	Normans	Norman Victory The Zirids abandon Sicily

Hammadid Dynasty (1014–1152)

Conflict	Belligerents		Result for Algeria and its Allies
Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result for Algeria and its Allies
Hammadid–Zirid War (1014–1018) Hammadid capture of Béja (1015) Battle of Chelif River (1015) Siege of Qal'at Bani Hammad Battle of Achir (1016) Location: Mainly Algeria	Hammadid dynasty	Zirid Dynasty Miknasa Zenata Hammadid Rebels	Hammadid Partial victory Peace treaty signed between the two Dynasties
Hammadid capture of Fez (1062) Location: Fez, Morroco	Hammadid dynasty	Local Maghrawa residents Almoravids	Hammadid Victory Fez captured and briefly occupied by the Hammadids
Hammadid Conquest of Ifrqiya (1062–1067) Hammadid Capture of Algiers Hammadid Capture of Constantine Hammadid Capture of Sousse and Sfax Hammadid Conquest of the Sahara Location: Ifriqiya, Mainly Algeria and Tunisia	Hammadid dynasty	Local Residents	Hammadid Victory Hammadi realm extended as far as Tripoli in the east, and as far as Ouargla in the south
Siege of Algiers (1082) Location: Algeria	Hammadid dynasty	Almoravids	Hammadid Victory The Almoravids are kicked out of Algiers
Battle of Tlemcen (1102) Location: Algeria	Hammadid dynasty Sanhadja Banu Hilal	Almoravids	Hammadid Victory Tlemcen and Sig occupied and serve as the border between the two Dynasties
Sack of Bejaia (1136) Location: Bejaia, Algeria	Hammadid dynasty	Republic of Genoa	Hammadid Victory The city is sacked and looted by the Genoa forces
Capture of Bone (1153) Location: Annaba, Algeria	Hammadid dynasty	Normans	Hammadid Victory King Roger can't briefly captures Bone
Almohad Conquest of Algeria Location: Algeria	Almoravids Hammadid dynasty	Almohad Caliphate	Almohad Victory The Almohads conquer all of the central Maghreb

Zayyanid Kingdom of Tlemcen (1235–1556)

Conflict	Belligerents		Result for Algeria and its Allies
Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result for Algeria and its Allies
Zayyanid–Almohad wars (1236–1248) Battle of Oujda Location: Algeria and eastern Morocco	Kingdom of Tlemcen	Almohad Caliphate Marinid Sultanate Hafsid dynasty	Zayyanid Victory Independence of the Zayyanid emirate secured
Zayyanid Capture of Sijilmasa (1264) Location:Sijilmasa, Morocco	Kingdom of Tlemcen	Marinid Sultanate	Zayyanid Victory Sijilmasa stays under Tlemcen control for 11 years
Siege of Tlemcen (1272) Location: Tlemcen, Algeria	Kingdom of Tlemcen	Marinid Sultanate	Zayyanid Victory The Marinids lift the siege of the city
Battle of Tafna (1281) [fr] Location: Tafna, Algeria and Morocco	Kingdom of Tlemcen	Marinid Sultanate	Marinid Victory Zayyanid withdrawal
Siege of Tlemcen (1290) [fr] Location: Tlemcen, Algeria	Kingdom of Tlemcen	Marinid Sultanate	Zayyanid Victory The Marinids lift the siege of the city
Siege of Nedroma (1296) Location: Nedroma, Algeria	Kingdom of Tlemcen	Marinid Sultanate	Zayyanid Victory The Marinids lift the siege of the city
Siege of Tlemcen (1299–1307) Location: Tlemcen, Algeria	Kingdom of Tlemcen	Marinid Sultanate	Zayyanid Victory The Marinids lift the siege of the city
Siege of Oujda (1314) [fr] Location: Oujda, Morocco	Kingdom of Tlemcen	Marinid Sultanate	Zayyanid Victory The Marinids lift the siege of the city
Siege of Béjaïa (1326–1329) Battle of Temzezdekt Battle of er-Rias Location: Algeria	Kingdom of Tlemcen	Hafsid dynasty	Zayyanid Partial Victory The Hafsids defeated in Temzezdekt and er-Rias The Zayyanids lift the siege of the city
Capture of Tunis (1329) Location:Tunis, Tunisia	Kingdom of Tlemcen	Hafsid dynasty	Zayyanid Victory The Hafsids briefly become vassal to the Zayyanids
Siege of Béjaïa (1331–1332) [fr] Location: Algeria	Kingdom of Tlemcen	Hafsid dynasty Marinid Sultanate	Hafsid-Marinid Victory The Zayyanids lift the siege of the city
Siege of Tlemcen (1335–1337) Location: Tlemcen, Algeria	Kingdom of Tlemcen	Marinid Sultanate	Marinid Victory Beginning of the first Marinid Occupation (1337–1348)
Capture of Tlemcen (1352) [fr] Location: Tlemcen, Algeria	Kingdom of Tlemcen	Marinid Sultanate	Marinid Decisive Victory Full annexation of the Zayyanid kingdom
Battle of Kairouan (1348) [fr] (April 1348) Location: Kairouan, Tunisia	Kingdom of Tlemcen Hafsid dynasty Banu Sulaym Banu Hilal	Marinid Sultanate	Zayyanid-Hafsid Victory Independence of Tlemcen
Siege of Oran (1348) [fr] (October 1348) Location: Oran, Algeria	Kingdom of Tlemcen Banu Rached	Marinid Sultanate	Inconclusive The Zayyanids lift the siege of the city Death of the governor of Marinid Oran Obbou ben Saïd ben Adjana
Siege of Oran (1349) [fr] (27th July– August 1349) Location: Oran, Algeria	Kingdom of Tlemcen	Marinid Sultanate	Zayyanid Victory Oran is annexed by the Zayyanids
Battle of Oujda (1359) [fr] Location: Oujda, Morocco	Kingdom of Tlemcen	Marinid Sultanate	Zayyanid Victory The city of Oujda serve as border between the two Dynasties
Campagne of Tlemcen (1360) [fr] Location: Tlemcen, Algeria	Kingdom of Tlemcen	Marinid Sultanate	Zayyanid Victory End of the second Marinid Occupation (1352–1359)
Siege of Oran (1360–1361) [fr] (1360–1361) Location: Oran, Algeria	Kingdom of Tlemcen	Marinid Sultanate	Zayyanid Victory Oran is re annexed by the Zayyanids
Capture of Tlemcen (1370) [fr] Location: Tlemcen, Algeria	Kingdom of Tlemcen	Marinid Sultanate	Marinid Decisive Victory Brief occupation of the Zayyanid Kingdom
Capture of Tlemcen (1383) [fr] Location: Tlemcen, Algeria	Kingdom of Tlemcen	Marinid Sultanate	Marinid Victory Tlemcen briefly occupied
Capture of Tlemcen (1389) [fr] Location: Tlemcen, Algeria	Kingdom of Tlemcen	Marinid Sultanate	Marinid Victory Marinid client briefly placed on the throne
Barbary Crusade (July 1st – October 1st 1390) Location: Mahdia, Tunisia The crusaders fleet on its way to Mahdia	Kingdom of Tlemcen Hafsid dynasty Hafsid of Bejaia	Kingdom of France Republic of Genoa	Zayyanid-Hafsid Victory Status quo ante bellum
Capture of Tlemcen (1393) [fr] Location: Tlemcen, Algeria	Kingdom of Tlemcen	Marinid Sultanate	Marinid Victory The Zayyanids recognize Marinid suzerainty until 1411
Zayyanid conquest of Fez (1423) Location: Fez, Morocco	Kingdom of Tlemcen	Marinid Sultanate	Zayyanid victory Zayyanid client briefly installed on the Marinid throne
Attack on Mers-el-Kébir (1497) [fr] Location: Mers-el-Kébir, Algeria	Kingdom of Tlemcen	Spanish Empire	Zayyanid Victory Spanish expedition Failure The Zayyanid navy continues to evacuate the Andalusians residents in Spain
Battle of Mers-el-Kébir (1501) Location: Mers-el-Kébir, Algeria	Kingdom of Tlemcen	Portuguese Empire	Zayyanid Victory Mers el Kébir defended from Portuguese invasion
Capture of Mers-el-Kébir (1505) Location: Mers-el-Kébir, Algeria	Kingdom of Tlemcen	Spanish Empire	Spanish Victory Mers-el-Kébir captured by Spain
Battle of Mers-el-Kébir (1507) Location: Mers-el-Kébir, Algeria	Kingdom of Tlemcen	Spanish Empire	Zayyanid Victory 2,000 Killed and 400 Captured on the Spanish side
Spanish conquest of Oran (1509) Location: Oran, Algeria Cardinal Cisneros dismbarking at Oran after the successful capture of the city	Kingdom of Tlemcen	Spanish Empire	Spanish victory Founding of Spanish Oran
Spanish expedition to Tlemcen (1535) (June – July 1535) Location: Tlemcen, Algeria	Kingdom of Tlemcen Banu Rached	Spanish Empire	Zayyanid Victory Spanish Failure to establish a vassal in Tlemcen

Regency of Algiers (1515-1830)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result for Algeria and its Allies
Algiers Expedition (1516) (1516) Location:Algiers	Barbarossa Kingdom of Kuku	Spanish Empire	Algerian victory Spanish attack repulsed
Algiers Expedition (1519) (1516) Location:Algiers	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Spanish Empire	Algerian victory Spanish attack repulsed
Fall of Tlemcen (1519) Location:Tlemcen, Algeria	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Spanish Empire Zayyanid Sultanate	Spanish victory
Capture of Peñón of Algiers (1529) (1529) Part of the Algero-Spanish Wars, and the establishment of the Regency of Algiers Location:Algiers	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Spanish Empire	Beylerbeylikal victory Algiers secured by Barbarossa
Campaign of Cherchell (1531) (1531) Location:Cherchell	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Empire of Charles V: Spanish Empire Kingdom of France	Algerian victory
Ottoman–Venetian War (1537–1540) Part of the Ottoman–Venetian wars Part of the Algero-Spanish Wars Location: Mediterranean Sea	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Holy League: Republic of Venice Spanish Empire Kingdom of Naples Kingdom of Sicily Republic of Genoa Papal States Knights of Malta	Ottoman victory A treaty or "Capitulation" was signed between Venice and the Ottoman Empire to end the war on 2 October 1540. In the period between the start of the Second Ottoman–Venetian War in 1499 and the end of this war in 1540, the Ottoman Empire made significant advances in the Dalmatian hinterland – it didn't occupy the Venetian cities, but it took the Kingdom of Hungary's Croatian possessions between Skradin and Karin, eliminating them as a buffer zone between the Ottoman and Venetian territory.^[1] The economy of the Venetian cities in Dalmatia, severely impacted by the Turkish occupation of the hinterland in the previous war, recovered and held steady even throughout this war.^[2]
Algiers expedition (1541) Part of the Ottoman–Habsburg wars Part of the Algero-Spanish Wars Location: Algiers Siege of Algiers in 1541. Engraving of 1555.	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Holy Roman Empire Milan Spanish Empire Naples Sicily Republic of Genoa Republic of Venice Duchy of Savoy Papal States	Algerine victory Charles V's retreat to the port of Bougie Charles V was the leader of the Holy League for the conquest of Algiers
Italian War of 1542–1546 (1542–1546) Part of the Anglo-French Wars & Italian Wars Part of the Algero-Spanish War Location: Western Europe The siege of Nice by a Franco-Ottoman fleet in 1543 (drawing by Toselli, after an engraving by Aeneas Vico)	Kingdom of France Ottoman Empire Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Holy Roman Empire Brandenburg Saxony Spanish Empire Kingdom of England	Inconclusive Treaty of Crépy Treaty of Ardres
Expedition to Mostaganem (1543) (1543) Location:Mostaganem	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Spanish Empire	Algerian victory Spanish attack repulsed
Expedition to Mostaganem (1547) (1547) Location:Mostaganem	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Spanish Empire	Algerian victory Spanish attack repulsed
Campaign of Tlemcen (1551) (1551) Part of the Algero-Spanish Wars Location: Tlemcen The troops of the regency of Algiers allied to the kingdom of Beni Abbes marching towards Oranie (19th century engraving)	Beylerbeylik of Algiers Kingdom of Ait Abbas	Spanish Empire Saadi sultanate	Algerian victory The Moulouya river is set as the border
Campaign of Tlemcen (1552) (1552) Location: Tlemcen	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Saadi sultanate	Algerian victory The Moulouya river imposed as the border^[3]
Capture of Fez (1554) (1554) Location: Fez, Morocco	Beylerbeylik of Algiers Kingdom of Kuku	Saadi sultanate	Algerian victory
Campaign of Tlemcen (1557) (1557) Location: Tlemcen	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Saadi sultanate	Algerian victory
Expedition to Mostaganem (1558) (1558) Location:Mostaganem	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Spanish Empire	Algerian victory
Campaign of Tlemcen (1560) (1560) Location: Tlemcen	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Saadi sultanate	Algerian victory^[4]^[5]
Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568–1571) Part of the Algero-Spanish War Location: Spain Principal centres of the Morisco Revolt	Muslims of Granada Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Spanish Empire	Spanish victory Mass expulsion of most Muslims in Granada Resettlement of Granada with Catholic settlers
Franco-Algerian war (1609–1628)	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Kingdom of France	Algerian victory
Tunisian–Algerian War (1628) Part of the Tunisian–Algerian Wars Location: Algeria, Tunisia	Pashalik of Algiers	Beylik of Tunis	Algerian victory The border continues to be fixed further by the wadi Mellègue.
Cretan War (1645–1669) Part of:Ottoman–Venetian wars Location: Candia,Crete,Dalmatia and Aegean Sea	Ottoman Empire Regency of Algiers Ottoman Tripolitania Ottoman Tunis	Republic of Venice Knights of Malta Papal States France Greek revolutionaries Maniots	Ottoman victory
Djidjelli expedition (1664) Location: Jijel Combat between French and Algerian ships	Pashalik of Algiers Kingdom of Ait Abbas Kingdom of Kuku	Kingdom of France Knights Hospitaller	Algerian victory France abandons Djidjelli

Deylikal period (1671-1830)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result for Algeria and its Allies
French-Algerian War (1681–1688) Location: Algeria, Mediterranean Sea Bombardment of Algiers by the fleet of Admiral Duquesne in 1682	Deylik of Algiers	Kingdom of France Knights Hospitaller	Algerian victory
Morean War (1684–1699) Part of the Ottoman–Venetian wars Location: Peloponnese, southern Epirus, Central Greece, Aegean Sea, Montenegro View of the fortress and harbour of Modon in 1688	Ottoman Empire Deylik of Algiers	Republic of Venice Holy Roman Empire Knights of Malta Duchy of Savoy Papal States Knights of St. Stephen Greek rebels Montenegrin	Venetian victory Morea ceded to Venice Venetian gains in inland Dalmatia
Moulouya War (1692) Part of the Conflicts between the Regency of Algiers and Morocco Location: Moulouya River, Morocco Battle of Moulouya in 1692 involded Algeria and Morocco.^[6]	Deylik of Algiers	Sultanate of Morocco	Algerian victory^[7] Oujda experiences more than 100 years of rule under the Regency of Algiers^[8]^[9]
Siege of Oran (1693) (1693) Part of the Conflicts between the Regency of Algiers and Morocco Location: Oran, Algeria	Spanish Empire Spanish Oran Deylik of Algiers	Sultanate of Morocco	Spanish-Algerian victory
Tunisian-Algerian War of 1694 (1694) Part of the Tunisian–Algerian Wars Location: Tunisia The fronts and battles during the Tunisian-Algerian war (1694)	Deylik of Algiers Tripolitania	Tunisia	Algerian-Tripolitanian victory All of Tunisia occupied (until 1695).^[10] Moroccan-Tunisian alliance.^[11]
Maghrebi war (1699–1702) Part of the Tunisian–Algerian Wars Part of the Conflicts between the Regency of Algiers and Morocco Location: Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia	Deylik of Algiers	Tunisia Sultanate of Morocco Tripolitania	Algerian Victory Moroccan and Tunisian forces routed
Tunisian–Algerian War of 1705 (1705) Part of the Tunisian–Algerian Wars Location: Tunisia	Deylik of Algiers	Beylik of Tunis	Inconclusive Founding of the Husseinite Dynasty in Tunisia by Al-Husayn I ibn Ali Algerian retreat
Oran Expedition (1707) (1707) Part of the Conflicts between the Regency of Algiers and Morocco Location: Oran, Algeria	Deylik of Algiers	Sultanate of Morocco	Algerian victory
Siege of Oran (1707–1708) (1707–1708) Part of the Algero-Spanish War Location: Algeria The statue of Our Lady of Santa Cruz on the Fort of Santa Cruz in Oran	Deylik of Algiers	Spanish Empire	Algerian victory Spanish Oran Seized by Algiers

Spanish-Algerian War (1732)(1732) Location: Oran	Deylik of Algiers	Spanish Empire	Spanish victory Spanish Oran re-established
Tunisian–Algerian Wars 1735 (1735) Part of the Tunisian–Algerian Wars Location: Tunisia	Deylik of Algiers	Beylik of Tunis	Algerian victory Abu l-Hasan Ali I proclaimed bey of Tunis Tunisian commitment to pay an annual tribute of 50,000 piastres to Algiers
Tunisian–Algerian Wars 1756 (1756) Part of the Tunisian–Algerian Wars Location: Tunisia	Deylik of Algiers Loyalists of Muhammad	Beylik of Tunis Knights Hospitaller	Algerian and loyalist victory Muhammad I ar-Rashid proclaimed bey of Tunis Bey's commitment to pay a tribute (oil to light the Algerian mosques)
Danish-Algerian War (1769–1772) Part of the Algeria-European War Location: Mediterranean Sea	Deylik of Algiers	Denmark–Norway	Algerian victory Christian VII of Denmark
Spanish-Algerian war (1775-1785) (1775–1785) Part of the Algero-Spanish War Location: Algiers Map of the Spanish attack on Algiers in 1775	Deylik of Algiers	Spanish Empire Tuscany Kingdom of Sicily Kingdom of Naples Malta Portugal	Algerian victory
American–Algerian War (1785–1795) Location: Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean	Deylik of Algiers	United States	Algerian victory United States agrees to pay an annual tribute of $21,600 to Algiers Establishment of the United States Navy
Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) Part of the Algeria-European War Part of the Russo-Ottoman Wars Location: Eastern Europe Siege of Ochakov 1788, by Polish painter January Suchodolski	Ottoman Empire Deylik of Algiers	Russian Empire Black Sea Cossacks Montenegro Serbian Free Corps	Russian victory No major repercussions in Algiers
Reconquest of Oran and Mers el-Kébir (1790-1792) (1790–1792) Part of the Algero-Spanish Wars Location: Oran and Mers-el-Kébir	Deylik of Algiers	Spanish Empire	Algerian victory Spain abandons Oran and Mers-el-Kébir
Tunisian–Algerian War (1807) Part of: Tunisian–Algerian War Location: Tunisia	Deylik of Algiers Beylik of Constantine	Beylik of Tunis	Tunisian victory Algerian victory in Constantine Failure to innvade tunisia
Algerian-Tunsian naval war (1811)	Deylik of Algiers Algerian Navy	Beylik of Tunis	Algerian victory
Tunisian–Algerian War (1813)	Deylik of Algiers	Beylik of Tunis	Peace Treaty Tunisian Victory and the invasion repelled Political instability in Tunisia after the death of Hammouda Pasha Algerian Military Victory
Second Barbary war (1815) Location: Mediterranean Sea	Deylik of Algiers	United States	American victory Freedom of movement in the Mediterranean for American ships
Bombardment of Algiers (1816) Location: Algiers Bombardment of Algiers 1816, George Chambers	Deylik of Algiers	British Empire Dutch Empire	Anglo-Dutch victory Sketch showing the positions of the fleet during the bombardment Bombardment of Algiers, painted by Martinus Schouman
Greek War of Independence (1821–1829) Location: Greece Clockwise: The camp of Georgios Karaiskakis at Phaliro, the burning of an Ottoman frigate by a Greek fire ship, the Battle of Navarino and Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt at the Third Siege of Missolonghi	Ottoman Deylik of Algiers Tripolitania Egypt Tunisia	1821: Filiki Eteria Sacred Band Greek Revolutionaries After 1822: Greece Military support: Philhellenes Serbian Revolutionaries Romanian Revolutionaries^[a] Russian Empire^[b] Kingdom of France^[b] United Kingdom^[b] Diplomatic support: Haiti^[c]	Greek independence: Establishment of the First Hellenic Republic (1822–1832) Start of the Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) London Protocol Treaty of Constantinople Establishment of the Kingdom of Greece (1832) Start of the First Egyptian-Ottoman War Map showing the original territory of the Kingdom of Greece as laid down in the Treaty of 1832 (in dark blue)

Algerian revolutions (1830–1962)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result for Algeria and its Allies
French conquest of Algeria (1830–1903) Part of the Algeria-European War Location: Algeria La prise de Constantine by Horace Vernet	Regency of Algiers Constantine Titteri Oran Emirate of Mascara Kingdom of Ait Abbas Sultanate of Tuggurt Kel Ahaggar Awlad Sidi Shaykh	Kingdom of France (1830–1848) French Second Republic (1848–1852) Second French Empire (1852–1870) French Third Republic (1870 onward) French Algeria Support: Morocco (1847)	French victory Pacification of Algeria Chronological map of French Algeria's evolution
Algerian War (1954–1962) Part of the Algeria-European War Location: Algeria Collage of the French war in Algeria	FLN MNA PCA	France	Algerian independence Military stalemate^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15] FLN political victory^[16]^[17] Évian Accords End of the French Colonial Empire^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22] Collapse of the Fourth French Republic Establishment of the Fifth Republic ~1,500,000 total deaths (FLN estimate) ~700,000 total deaths (Horne's estimate)^[23] ~350,000 total deaths (French estimate) 1 million Europeans fled^[24] 200,000 Jews fled^[25]^{[failed verification]} 2,000,000 Algerians resettled or displaced

People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (1962-present)

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result for Algeria and its Allies
Sand War (1963–1964) Part of the Algeria-European War Location: Algeria Border Algeria and Morocco	Algeria Egypt^[26] Cuba^[27]	Morocco Support: France^[28]	Algeria's military victory The closing of the border south of Figuig, Morocco/Béni Ounif, Algeria. Morocco abandoned its intentions to control Béchar and Tindouf after OAU mediation. No territorial changes were made. Demilitarized zone established
Yom Kippur War (1973)	United Arab Republic Expeditionary forces: Saudi Arabia Algeria Jordan Iraq Libya Kuwait Tunisia Morocco Cuba Sudan Supported by: Soviet Union East Germany North Korea Pakistan Lebanon	Israel Supported by: United States Portugal Netherlands Greece	Israeli military victory Political gains for Egypt and Israel 1978 Camp David Accords 1979 Egypt–Israel peace treaty
Western Sahara War (1975–1976) Location: Western Sahara Map of the Western Sahara; the red line is the military berm built by Morocco	Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Algeria	Morocco Mauritania	Inconclusive Spanish withdrawal under the Madrid Accords (1976) Mauritanian retreat and withdrawal of territorial claims Military Stalemate^[29]^[30]^[31] Ceasefire agreed on between the Polisario Front and Morocco (1991)
Algerian Civil War (1991–2002) Location: Algeria Military deployed in the streets of Algiers, after the military coup against the Islamists, who took up arms later	Algeria Armed Forces police State Security Local militias^[32] Garde communale OJAL Patriots Militia [fr] Tunisia^[33]^[34] European Union^[35] France^[34]^[35] Egypt^[33]^[34] South Africa^[36] Belarus (from 1997)^[37]	FIS loyalists AIS (1994–99) MIA (until 1994) MEI (until 1994) FIDA (until 1996) MIPD (1996–97) LIDD (1997) Support: Libya (until 1995)^[34] Morocco (alleged)^[34]^[38]^[39] Saudi Arabia (pre-war)^[35] Iran (alleged)^[35] Saudi private donors^[35] GIA (from 1993) Afghan Arabs^[40] Takfir wal-Hijra Supported by: Sudan (alleged)^[41]^[42]^[43] Iran (alleged)^[41]^[42]^[43] Finsbury Park Mosque^[44]^[45] Brandbergen Mosque^[46]^[47] EIJ (until 1995)^[48]	Government victory FIS victory in 1991 election cancelled by military coup, formation of FIS loyalist guerrillas GIA radicals declare war on FIS in 1994 after negotiations with government Spillover to France with Air France Flight 8969 & 1995 France bombings^[49] AIS/FIS declare unilateral ceasefire in 1997 as a result of GIA's massacres of civilians Civil war subsided after government amnesty peace plan in 2000^[50] GIA largely ceased to exist by 2002, a dissident insurgency continued
Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) (2002–present) Location: Maghreb, Sahara, Sahel Map showing GSPC area of operations (pink), member states of the Pan Sahel Initiative (dark blue), and members of the Trans-Saharan Counterterrorism Initiative (dark and light blue)	Algeria Mauritania Tunisia Libya Mali Niger^[51] Chad^[52] France^[52]^[53]^[54] Morocco^[55]	GSPC (until 2007) AQIM (from 2007) Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (from 2017) MOJWA (2011–13) Al-Mourabitoun (2013–17) Ansar Dine (2012–17) Ansar al-Sharia (Tunisia) (from 2011)^[56] Uqba ibn Nafi Brigade (from 2012)^[57] Ansar al-Sharia (Libya) (2012–17) Salafia Jihadia^[55] Boko Haram (from 2006, partially aligned with ISIL since 2015)^[58]^[59]	Ongoing Insurgency in Algeria spreads through the Maghreb and Sahel US-led Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara initiated in 2007 Islamists capture northern Mali in 2012, until largely fought back by French-led Operation Serval in 2013 UN peacekeeping mission MINUSMA, African-led AFISMA deployed to Mali French-led Operation Barkhane across the Sahel begins 2014 Chaambi Operations and ISIL insurgency in Tunisia ISIL captures territory in Libyan Civil War, largely fought back by 2016
ISIL insurgency in Tunisia (2015–2022) Location: Tunisia	Tunisia Algeria	Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) Wilayat Tarabulus Wilayah al-Jazair^[60] Wilayat Tunis Ansar al-Sharia (only in March 2016)^[61]	Government victory The armed insurgency was suppressed in 2022.^[62]

Notes

^ 1821
^ ^a ^b ^c From 1826
^ First nation to recognize the independence of Greece.

References

^ Bogumil Hrabak (September 1986). "Turske provale i osvajanja na području današnje severne Dalmacije do sredine XVI. stoleća". Journal – Institute of Croatian History (in Serbian). 19 (1). University of Zagreb, Faculty of Philosophy, Zagreb. ISSN 0353-295X. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
^ Raukar, Tomislav (November 1977). "Venecija i ekonomski razvoj Dalmacije u XV i XVI stoljeću". Journal – Institute of Croatian History (in Croatian). 10 (1). Zagreb, Croatia: Faculty of Philosophy, Zagreb: 218–221. ISSN 0353-295X. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
^ Recherches sur l'Algérie à l'époque ottomane: La course, mythes et réalités Lemnouar Merouche Bouchene,
^ The Last Crusaders: East, West and the Battle for the Centre of the World. Barnaby Rogerson. Hachette UK.
^ History of Islam: Classical period, 1206-1900 C.E. Masudul Hasan. Adam Publishers & Distributors.
^ "Estats et royaumes de Fez et Maroc, Dahra et Segelmesse tirés de Sanuto, de Marmol etc. / Par N. Sanson". 1655.
^ Galibert, Léon (1844). L'Algérie: ancienne et moderne depuis les premiers éstablissements des Carthaginois jusqu'à la prise de la Smalah d'Abd-el-Kader (in French). Furne.
^ Present-day Morocco - Osmund Hornby WarneAllen & Unwin, 1937 - Morocco - Pg 237
^ Bulletin économique et social du Maroc, Volume 21, Issues 73-76 Société d'études économiques, sociales, et statistiques, 1957 - Morocco - Pg 74
^ Plantet, Eugène (1893). "Correspondance des Beys de Tunis et des consuls de France avec la Cour: 1577-1830".
^ "Les Deys 2". exode1962.fr. Retrieved 2021-05-10
^ Windrow, Martin; Chappell, Mike (1997). The Algerian War 1954–62. Osprey Publishing. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-85532-658-3.
^ Introduction to Comparative Politics, by Mark Kesselman, Joel Krieger, William Joseph, page 108
^ Alexander Cooley, Hendrik Spruyt. Contracting States: Sovereign Transfers in International Relations. Page 63.
^ George Bernard Noble. Christian A. Herter: The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy. Page 155.
^ Robert J. C. Young (12 October 2016). Postcolonialism: An Historical Introduction. Wiley. p. 300. ISBN 978-1-118-89685-3. the French lost their Algerian empire in military and political defeat by the FLN, just as they lost their empire in China in defeat by Giap and Ho Chi Minh.
^ R. Aldrich (10 December 2004). Vestiges of Colonial Empire in France. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-230-00552-5. For the [French] nation as a whole, commemoration of the Franco-Algerian War is complicated since it ended in defeat (politically, if not strictly militarily) rather than victory.
^ Alec G. Hargreaves (2005). Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism. Lexington Books. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-7391-0821-5. The death knell of the French empire was sounded by the bitterly fought Algerian war of independence, which ended in 1962.
^ "The French defeat in the war effectively signaled the end of the French Empire". Jo McCormack (2010). Collective Memory: France and the Algerian War (1954–1962).
^ Paul Allatson; Jo McCormack (2008). Exile Cultures, Misplaced Identities. Rodopi. p. 117. ISBN 978-90-420-2406-9. The Algerian War came to an end in 1962, and with it closed some 130 years of French colonial presence in Algeria (and North Africa). With this outcome, the French Empire, celebrated in pomp in Paris in the Exposition coloniale of 1931 ... received its decisive death blow.
^ Yves Beigbeder (2006). Judging War Crimes And Torture: French Justice And International Criminal Tribunals And Commissions (1940–2005). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 35. ISBN 978-90-04-15329-5. The independence of Algeria in 1962, after a long and bitter war, marked the end of the French Empire.
^ France's Colonial Legacies: Memory, Identity and Narrative. University of Wales Press. 15 October 2013. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-78316-585-8. The difficult relationship which France has with the period of history dominated by the Algerian war has been well documented. The reluctance, which ended only in 1999, to acknowledge 'les évenements' as a war, the shame over the fate of the harki detachments, the amnesty covering many of the deeds committed during the war and the humiliation of a colonial defeat which marked the end of the French empire are just some of the reasons why France has preferred to look towards a Eurocentric future, rather than confront the painful aspects of its colonial past.
^ Horne, Alistair (1978). A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962. New York Review of Books. p. 358. ISBN 978-1-59017-218-6.
^ Cutts, M.; Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2000). The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action. Oxford University Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-19-924104-0. Retrieved 2017-01-13. Referring to Evans, Martin. 2012. Algeria: France's Undeclared War. New York: Oxford University Press.
^ Hobson, Faure L. (2009). "The Migration of Jews from Algeria to France: An Opportunity for French Jews to Recover Their Independence in the Face of American Judaism in Postwar France?". Archives Juives. 42 (2): 67–81. doi:10.3917/aj.422.0067.
^ Ottaway, David (1970), Algeria: The Politics of a Socialist Revolution, Berkeley, California: University of California Press, p. 166, ISBN 9780520016552
^ Brian Latell (24 April 2012). Castro's Secrets: Cuban Intelligence, The CIA, and the Assassination of John F. Kennedy. St. Martin's Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-137-00001-9. In this instance, unlike several others, the Cubans did no fighting; ; Algeria concluded an armistice with the Moroccan king.
^ Nicole Grimaud (1 January 1984). La politique extérieure de l'Algérie (1962-1978). KARTHALA Editions. p. 198. ISBN 978-2-86537-111-2. L'armée française était en 1963 présente en Algérie et au Maroc. Le gouvernement français, officiellement neutre, comme le rappelle le Conseil des ministres du 25 octobre 1963, n'a pas pu empêcher que la coopération très étroite entre l'armée française et l'armée marocaine n'ait eu quelques répercussions sur le terrain. == The French Army was in 1963 present in Algeria and Morocco. The French government, officially neutral, as recalled by the Council of Ministers on October 25, 1963, could not prevent the very close cooperation between the French army and the Moroccan army from having some repercussions on the ground.
^ Anouar Boukhars; Jacques Roussellier (18 December 2013). Perspectives on Western Sahara: Myths, Nationalisms, and Geopolitics. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-4422-2686-9.
^ Véronique Dudouet (15 September 2014). Civil Resistance and Conflict Transformation: Transitions from armed to nonviolent struggle. Routledge. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-317-69778-7.
^ Ho-Won Jeong (4 December 2009). Conflict Management and Resolution: An Introduction. Routledge. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-135-26511-3.
^ Paul Collier; Nicholas Sambanis (2005). Understanding Civil War: Africa. World Bank Publications. p. 235. ISBN 978-0-8213-6047-7.
^ ^a ^b Rex Brynen; Bahgat Korany; Paul Noble (1995). Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World. Vol. 1. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 289. ISBN 978-1-55587-579-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Sidaoui, Riadh (2009). "Islamic Politics and the Military: Algeria 1962–2008". In Jan-Erik Lane; Hamadi Redissi; Riyāḍ Ṣaydāwī (eds.). Religion and Politics: Islam and Muslim Civilization. Ashgate. pp. 241–243. ISBN 978-0-7546-7418-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Karl DeRouen, Jr.; Uk Heo (2007). Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts Since World War II. ABC-CLIO. pp. 115–117. ISBN 978-1-85109-919-1.
^ Arms trade in practice, Hrw.org, October 2000
^ Торговля оружием и будущее Белоруссии
^ Yahia H. Zoubir; Haizam Amirah-Fernández (2008). North Africa: Politics, Region, and the Limits of Transformation. Routledge. p. 184. ISBN 978-1-134-08740-2.
^ "Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the National Community abroad". UN Algeria. 16 July 2021. Retrieved 2021-07-20.
^ Atkins, Stephen E. (2004). Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups. Greenwood. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-313-32485-7.
^ ^a ^b Mannes, Aaron (2004). Profiles in Terror: The Guide to Middle East Terrorist Organizations. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-7425-3525-1.
^ ^a ^b Cordesman, Anthony H. (2002). A Tragedy of Arms: Military and Security Developments in the Maghreb. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-275-96936-3.
^ ^a ^b Brosché, Johan; Höglund, Kristine (2015). "The diversity of peace and war in Africa". Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. Oxford University Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-19-873781-0.
^ Lyubov Grigorova Mincheva; Lyubov Grigorova; Ted Robert Gurr (2013). Crime-terror Alliances and the State: Ethnonationalist and Islamist Challenges to Regional Security. Routledge. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-415-50648-9.
^ Kepel, Gilles (2006). Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. I.B.Tauris. pp. 263–273. ISBN 978-1-84511-257-8.
^ Siegel, Pascale Combelles (7 November 2008). "Coalition Attack Brings an End to the Career of al-Qaeda in Iraq's Second-in-Command". Terrorism Monitor. Vol. 6, no. 21.
^ Petersson, Claes (13 July 2005). "Terrorbas i Sverige". Aftonbladet (in Swedish).
^ Tabarani, Gabriel G. (2011). Jihad's New Heartlands: Why The West Has Failed To Contain Islamic Fundamentalism. AuthorHouse. p. 329. ISBN 978-1-4678-9180-6.
^ Harmon, Stephen A. (2014). Terror and Insurgency in the Sahara-Sahel Region: Corruption, Contraband, Jihad and the Mali War of 2012–2013. Ashgate. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-4094-5475-5.
^ "A hostage crisis haunted by the ghosts of Algeria's bloody past". The Washington Post.
^ "Niger army hunts for Al-Qaeda after clash". AFP. 15 June 2011. Archived from the original on June 16, 2011.
^ ^a ^b "Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM)". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
^ "4600 soldats français mobilisés". Ledauphine.com. 2013-01-31. Retrieved 2013-11-22.
^ "François Hollande's African adventures: The French are reorganising security in an increasingly troubled region". Economist.
^ ^a ^b "Tipping point of terror". The Guardian. 4 April 2004.
^ "Exporting Jihad". The New Yorker. 28 March 2016.
^ Aaron Y. Zelin; Andrew Lebovich; Daveed Gartenstein-Ross (July 23, 2013). "Al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb's Tunisia Strategy". Combating Terrorism Center.
^ "ISIS, Al Qaeda In Africa: US Commander Warns Of Collaboration Between AQIM And Islamic State Group". International Business Times. 12 February 2016.
^ "Niger attacked by both al-Qaeda and Boko Haram". BBC News. 2016-03-18. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
^ "Tunesia, 18 March 2018". Global Terrorism Database. 18 March 2015. Archived from the original on 21 August 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2018.
^ "As fighters return, Tunisia faces growing challenge". Reuters. 24 May 2016. Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
^ "A Challenge from Insurgency to the Nation–State". Australian Army Research Centre. 12 May 2022.

[12] 1821

[from-13] From 1826

[14] First nation to recognize the independence of Greece.

[1] Bogumil Hrabak (September 1986). "Turske provale i osvajanja na području današnje severne Dalmacije do sredine XVI. stoleća". Journal – Institute of Croatian History (in Serbian). 19 (1). University of Zagreb, Faculty of Philosophy, Zagreb. ISSN 0353-295X. Retrieved 2012-07-08.

[2] Raukar, Tomislav (November 1977). "Venecija i ekonomski razvoj Dalmacije u XV i XVI stoljeću". Journal – Institute of Croatian History (in Croatian). 10 (1). Zagreb, Croatia: Faculty of Philosophy, Zagreb: 218–221. ISSN 0353-295X. Retrieved 2012-07-08.

[3] Recherches sur l'Algérie à l'époque ottomane: La course, mythes et réalités Lemnouar Merouche Bouchene,

[4] The Last Crusaders: East, West and the Battle for the Centre of the World. Barnaby Rogerson. Hachette UK.

[5] History of Islam: Classical period, 1206-1900 C.E. Masudul Hasan. Adam Publishers & Distributors.

[6] "Estats et royaumes de Fez et Maroc, Dahra et Segelmesse tirés de Sanuto, de Marmol etc. / Par N. Sanson". 1655.

[:2-7] Galibert, Léon (1844). L'Algérie: ancienne et moderne depuis les premiers éstablissements des Carthaginois jusqu'à la prise de la Smalah d'Abd-el-Kader (in French). Furne.

[8] Present-day Morocco - Osmund Hornby WarneAllen & Unwin, 1937 - Morocco - Pg 237

[9] Bulletin économique et social du Maroc, Volume 21, Issues 73-76 Société d'études économiques, sociales, et statistiques, 1957 - Morocco - Pg 74

[10] Plantet, Eugène (1893). "Correspondance des Beys de Tunis et des consuls de France avec la Cour: 1577-1830".

[11] "Les Deys 2". exode1962.fr. Retrieved 2021-05-10

[Windrow-15] Windrow, Martin; Chappell, Mike (1997). The Algerian War 1954–62. Osprey Publishing. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-85532-658-3.

[16] Introduction to Comparative Politics, by Mark Kesselman, Joel Krieger, William Joseph, page 108

[17] Alexander Cooley, Hendrik Spruyt. Contracting States: Sovereign Transfers in International Relations. Page 63.

[18] George Bernard Noble. Christian A. Herter: The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy. Page 155.

[Young2016-19] Robert J. C. Young (12 October 2016). Postcolonialism: An Historical Introduction. Wiley. p. 300. ISBN 978-1-118-89685-3. the French lost their Algerian empire in military and political defeat by the FLN, just as they lost their empire in China in defeat by Giap and Ho Chi Minh.

[Aldrich2004-20] R. Aldrich (10 December 2004). Vestiges of Colonial Empire in France. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-230-00552-5. For the [French] nation as a whole, commemoration of the Franco-Algerian War is complicated since it ended in defeat (politically, if not strictly militarily) rather than victory.

[Hargreaves2005-21] Alec G. Hargreaves (2005). Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism. Lexington Books. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-7391-0821-5. The death knell of the French empire was sounded by the bitterly fought Algerian war of independence, which ended in 1962.

[22] "The French defeat in the war effectively signaled the end of the French Empire". Jo McCormack (2010). Collective Memory: France and the Algerian War (1954–1962).

[23] Paul Allatson; Jo McCormack (2008). Exile Cultures, Misplaced Identities. Rodopi. p. 117. ISBN 978-90-420-2406-9. The Algerian War came to an end in 1962, and with it closed some 130 years of French colonial presence in Algeria (and North Africa). With this outcome, the French Empire, celebrated in pomp in Paris in the Exposition coloniale of 1931 ... received its decisive death blow.

[Beigbeder2006-24] Yves Beigbeder (2006). Judging War Crimes And Torture: French Justice And International Criminal Tribunals And Commissions (1940–2005). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 35. ISBN 978-90-04-15329-5. The independence of Algeria in 1962, after a long and bitter war, marked the end of the French Empire.

[25] France's Colonial Legacies: Memory, Identity and Narrative. University of Wales Press. 15 October 2013. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-78316-585-8. The difficult relationship which France has with the period of history dominated by the Algerian war has been well documented. The reluctance, which ended only in 1999, to acknowledge 'les évenements' as a war, the shame over the fate of the harki detachments, the amnesty covering many of the deeds committed during the war and the humiliation of a colonial defeat which marked the end of the French empire are just some of the reasons why France has preferred to look towards a Eurocentric future, rather than confront the painful aspects of its colonial past.

[Horne-26] Horne, Alistair (1978). A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962. New York Review of Books. p. 358. ISBN 978-1-59017-218-6.

[google4-27] Cutts, M.; Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2000). The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action. Oxford University Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-19-924104-0. Retrieved 2017-01-13. Referring to Evans, Martin. 2012. Algeria: France's Undeclared War. New York: Oxford University Press.

[28] Hobson, Faure L. (2009). "The Migration of Jews from Algeria to France: An Opportunity for French Jews to Recover Their Independence in the Face of American Judaism in Postwar France?". Archives Juives. 42 (2): 67–81. doi:10.3917/aj.422.0067.

[29] Ottaway, David (1970), Algeria: The Politics of a Socialist Revolution, Berkeley, California: University of California Press, p. 166, ISBN 9780520016552

[Latell2012-30] Brian Latell (24 April 2012). Castro's Secrets: Cuban Intelligence, The CIA, and the Assassination of John F. Kennedy. St. Martin's Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-137-00001-9. In this instance, unlike several others, the Cubans did no fighting; ; Algeria concluded an armistice with the Moroccan king.

[Grimaud1984-31] Nicole Grimaud (1 January 1984). La politique extérieure de l'Algérie (1962-1978). KARTHALA Editions. p. 198. ISBN 978-2-86537-111-2. L'armée française était en 1963 présente en Algérie et au Maroc. Le gouvernement français, officiellement neutre, comme le rappelle le Conseil des ministres du 25 octobre 1963, n'a pas pu empêcher que la coopération très étroite entre l'armée française et l'armée marocaine n'ait eu quelques répercussions sur le terrain. == The French Army was in 1963 present in Algeria and Morocco. The French government, officially neutral, as recalled by the Council of Ministers on October 25, 1963, could not prevent the very close cooperation between the French army and the Moroccan army from having some repercussions on the ground.

[BoukharsRoussellier2013-32] Anouar Boukhars; Jacques Roussellier (18 December 2013). Perspectives on Western Sahara: Myths, Nationalisms, and Geopolitics. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-4422-2686-9.

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[41] Yahia H. Zoubir; Haizam Amirah-Fernández (2008). North Africa: Politics, Region, and the Limits of Transformation. Routledge. p. 184. ISBN 978-1-134-08740-2.

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v t e Lists of wars involving African countries
Sovereign states	Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe
States with limited recognition	Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland
Dependencies and other territories	Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)