Life origination beyond planets
There are several hypotheses of the possibility of life originating in the universe in places other than planets.
Life within the Sun
[edit]In 1965 astronomer Ernst Julius Öpik wrote the article "Is the Sun Habitable?" in which he described that in 1774 Alexander Wilson of Glasgow, observing that sunspots are apparently lower than the rest of the surface of the Sun, hypothesised that the interior of the Sun is colder than its surface and possibly suitable for life.[1] Wilson suggested that the sunspots he observed were probably "immense excavations in the body of the Sun" (p. 16) considerably beneath the surface of the Sun and they provided a glimpse on the surface below that does not emit much light. Prefacing with many words of caution, he further hypothesises that the Sun "is made up of two kinds of matter, very different in their qualities; that by far the greater part is solid and dark" (p. 20) and the dark globe is thinly covered in a luminous substance.[2] His hypothesis, acknowledged by William Hershel, did not contradict the knowledge of the time. In 20th century an amateur astronomer G. Buere of Osnabruck offered a prize of DM 25,000 to anyone who can disprove the statement that the Sun has life. When objecting to a claimant of the prize, G. Buere essentially repeated the Wilson-Herschel hypothesis: "The sunspots are not spots but holes. They are dark which means that the interior of the Sun is cooler than its exterior. If this is so, there must be vegetation and the solar core is habitable."[1]
Life within other stars
[edit]In order to discuss abiological life inside stars, Luis Anchordoqui and Eugene Chudnovsky suggest three postulates which must be satisfied by any reasonable definition of life:[3]
- The ability to encode information
- The ability of information carriers to self-replicate faster than they disintegrate
- The presence of free energy needed to constantly create order out of the disorder (i.e., to combat entropy) via self-replication
The authors proceed to argue that inside Sun-like stars objects that satisfy the above conditions can exist. They also suggest that an indication on the existence of such "nuclear life" could be observed deviations from predictions of models of stellar evolution, such as anomalies in luminosity. Authors themselves characterize the attributions of such anomalies to "life" as "a very long shot".[3]
Life elsewhere
[edit]The concept of life forms living on the surface of neutron stars was proposed by radio astronomer Frank Drake in 1973. Drake said that the atomic nuclei in neutron stars have large variety which might combine in supernuclei, analogous to the molecules that serve the base of life on Earth. Life of this type would be extremely fast, with several generations arising and dying within the span of a second.[4][5][6] With a tongue in cheek, Drake described musings of a (hypothetical) scientist on a neutron star:
"Our theoreticians have predicted things called atoms ... almost empty space ... we never thought they could exist but they seem to exist out there. Could there be life? Suppose those things bond together to make a big molecule? Well it wouldn't be alive. After all, the temperature is too low and everything happens so slowly that nothing ever changes." [5]
In chapter "Stellar Graveyards, Nucleosynthesis, and Why We Exist" of The Stars of Heaven (2001) Clifford A. Pickover discusses various forms of abiological lifes. He poses the question whether in the times of ultimate expansion of the Universe with extremely low density of matter some structures could exist that can support the life of the entities he calls the "Diffuse Ones". He also discussed the possibility of life without sunlight/starlight, e.g., on the surface of brown dwarfs. In the latter discussion he extrapolates from the existence of life with no sunlight in the depths of Earth's ocean that draw energy from hydrogen sulphide.[7] Life in the atmosphere brown dwarfs was also discussed by Yates et al. in 2017, and in 2019 Manasvi Lingam and Abraham Loeb extended the discussion of Yates et al.. Both articles extend the viability of Earth-like biological life beyond planets.[8][9] Their ideas were criticized by experts in brown dwarfs.[10]
In 2007 Russian expert in plasma physics Vadim Tsytovich together with German and Australian colleagues published a paper in which they speculated about plasma-based inorganic living matter, extrapolating from computer simulations of self-organization reported in plasma.[11][12]The simulated conditions can exist in nebulae. Tsytovich claims that the described structures are autonomous, reproducing and evolving, thus satisfying the conditions expected from life.[13]
In fiction
[edit]Some works of science fiction involve life on or in neutron stars,[14][15] whole sentient stars[16] and even sentient black holes.[17]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Ernst Julius Öpik, "Is the Sun Habitable?", Irish Astronomical Journal, vol. 7(2/3), June 1965, pp. 87-90
- ^ Alexander Wilson: Observations on the Solar Spots, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (Volume 64, Part 1). London: 1774 (pdf image)
- ^ a b Luis A. Anchordoqui and Eugene M. Chudnovsky Can Self-Replicating Species Flourish in the Interior of a Star?, Letters in High Energy Physics, issue 166, 2020, doi:10.31526/LHEP.2020.166
- From the abstract: "We argue that an advanced form of life based upon short-lived species can exist inside main-sequence stars like our Sun."
- ^ Browne, Malcolm W. (1988-02-02). "A Theory Sees Life, Of Sorts, On Pulsars". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-03-31.
- ^ a b "Life on a Neutron Star. An interview with Frank Drake", Astronomy December 1973
- ^ George Basalla, "Life in an Expanding Universe" in: Civilized Life in the Universe: Scientists on Intelligent Extraterrestrials, doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195171815.003.0008
- ^ Clifford A. Pickover, The Stars of Heaven, Chapter 8: "Stellar Graveyards, Nucleosynthesis, and Why We Exist"
- ^ J. S. Yates, P. I. Palmer, B. Biller, C. S. Cockell, "Atmospheric habitable zones in cool Y Brown Dwarf Atmospheres", Astrophysical Journal, 836, 2, 2017, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/836/2/184
- ^ Brown Dwarf Atmospheres as the Potentially Most Detectable and Abundant Sites for Life, The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 883, 143, 2019, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab3f35 (direct link to text.)
- ^ Brown Dwarfs Could Reveal Secrets of Planet and Star Formation, Scientific American, August 1, 2021.
- Quote: "More recently, scientists proposed that life could form in the cool upper regions of brown dwarfs' atmospheres—an idea that brown dwarf experts quickly squashed because the dynamics are such that any life-form would cycle into deeper layers of the atmosphere that are hot and inhospitable."
- ^ V N Tsytovich et el., From plasma crystals and helical structures towards inorganic living matter, New J. Phys. 9, 263, 2007, doi:10.1088/1367-2630/9/8/263
- ^ В плазме обнаружен феномен псевдожизни
- ^ Helices swirl in space-dust simulations
- ^ Westfahl, Gary (2021). "Stars". Science Fiction Literature through History: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 602–604. ISBN 978-1-4408-6617-3.
- ^ McKinney, Richard L. (2005). "Stars". In Westfahl, Gary (ed.). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 751–753. ISBN 978-0-313-32952-4.
- ^ Stableford, Brian; Langford, David (2022). "Living Worlds". In Clute, John; Langford, David; Sleight, Graham (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (4th ed.). Retrieved 2024-04-14.
- ^ Mann, George (2001). "Black Hole". The Mammoth Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. pp. 468–469. ISBN 978-0-7867-0887-1.
