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James Frederick Henderson (February 1867 – 18 July 1957) was an English socialist writer and journalist, and a Labour Party politician.[1][2][3]

Early life

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Born in Norwich, he was the son of James Alexander Henderson, a clothier.[1][3] He was educated at the city's Old Presbyterian School, the Belfast Mercantile Academy and Owens College, Manchester.[3] He first worked as a journalist for The Star newspaper in London, where he met T. P. O'Connor, George Bernard Shaw and William Morris, and became a committed socialist.[1] He corresponded with Morris from Bradford.[4]

In Norwich, Henderson was involved in a local branch of the Socialist League in 1886. In the following year, he was arrested on 14 January with Charles Mowbray, and sentenced to four months imprisonment for incitement to riot after groups of unemployed workers looted food shops.[1][3][5] He was detained in Norwich Gaol where he was one of the last prisoners in England to be put to work on the penal treadmill.[1][2][3] In August 1887, Michael McCartan put a question in the House of Commons about Henderson's July arrest by a mounted police constable, replied to by Henry Matthews.[6] Cunninghame Graham also involved himself in the question.[7]

In 1887, Henderson annoyed Mowbray by claiming a leadership role of the "Anarchist Group." By 1888, matters were different, when Henderson joined forces with John Lincoln Mahon to organise a "Labour Party."[8] His name was linked in 1889 to Mahon's as labour agitators in hostile comment from St Stephen's Review. It referred to the London dock strike, 1889, and Henry Cecil Raikes as Postmaster-General resisting unionisation of postal workers.[9] A damning unsigned newspaper article from the time of the 1893 scandal conceded that Henderson "had a glib tongue and took a useful part in the work of administration at the time of the great dock strike."[10] He entered local politics in 1890 when he was elected to the Norwich Board of Guardians.[2]

London politics

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By 1892, Henderson was back in London, where he founded the Clapham Labour League.[3] He was one of six candidates supported by the Labour Representation League who were elected to the London County Council, representing Clapham.[1][3] These "Lib-Lab" councilors formed part of the majority Liberal-backed Progressive Party that controlled the council.[11] In 1893, he showed an interest in the National Free Labour Association of William Collison, which was not reciprocated.[12]

His membership of the council was to last only a year, however: on 9 March 1893 he was found guilty of stealing three shillings from a prostitute, and he was sentenced to four months imprisonment with hard labour.[13] Although he protested his innocence, his resignation from the council was accepted on 28 March.[14]

Later life

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Returning to Norwich, Henderson worked as a journalist.[1][3] He acted as editor for Labour Leader, a London weekly under the control of Keir Hardie and the Independent Labour Party (ILP) by the mid-1890s.[15] At this period he was a member of the Fabian Society.[16] He was involved in the Norwich Labour Church, arguing in an address published as Politics in the Pulpit that "individual sin" was "only a knot in the vast network and entanglement of social and industrial conditions".[17][18]

In 1902 Henderson was the first socialist to be elected to the city council, for the Fye Bridge ward; he failed to be re-elected, however, in 1905. He was not reconciled to the economic views of Louis Tillett, the Liberal leader: while in 1903 he could define liberalism in terms of people being able to run their own affairs, by 1906 the Liberals appeared to him inflexible on economic doctrine.[19][20] His wife Lucy was a Poor Law Guardian, and served on the council from 1920.[21] Henderson returned to the council for the rest of his life, from 1923 as an alderman.[1][3]

With Keir Hardie, Henderson attempted to adapt the ideas of Hilaire Belloc's The Servile State (1912) to socialist thinking, not though with Belloc's approval.[22] In late 1913 and early 1914 he intervened in the debate over guild socialism.[23]

Henderson was chosen as the Liberal Party candidate for East Norfolk, for the December 1918 general election. At that time he was working for the Eastern Daily Press, where he was a leader writer.[24][25] The Conservative Michael Falcon won the seat.[26] Supporting Falcon, an election letter signed Lloyd George and Bonar Law stated that Henderson "had done good work at home", but rated Falcon's service in the Sinai and Palestine campaign more highly.[27]

Peter Clarke, biographer of Stafford Cripps, suggests that Henderson, a veteran of the Socialist League of the 1880s and a "provincial ILP leader", was one of those consulted in the formation of its namesake the Socialist League of 1932, along with J. T. Murphy.[28] Its formation was a response to the split of the ILP from its Labour Party affiliation. Henderson wrote to G. D. H. Cole that the ILP should simply be allowed to go its way: but he did come to see a role for the League.[29]

Henderson served as Lord Mayor of the city in 1939–1940.[30] He was granted the freedom of the city in 1947.[2] He made arrangements for a memorial to Robert Kett for the 400th anniversary of Kett's Rebellion in 1949.[31]

The Henderson School and legacy

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Henderson lived in Earlham Rise, Norwich.[32] The Henderson School in Norwich was named after him, and was a World War II foundation in 1943, for boys; the Gurney School on the same site on Bowthorpe Road was for girls. It became a secondary modern school, from which a running track remains. The Gurney Henderson school was formed by amalgamation, from 1970 being known as the Bowthorpe Comprehensive School, closing in 1991.[33][34][35][36] The Henderson Cinder Track is now part of the Henderson Park business area.[37][38]

Works

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Poetry

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Henderson began publishing poetry at the age of 16, with Alice and Other Poems (1884): he may have sent it to William Morris (there is some uncertainty in identifying the recipient of one of Morris's letters). Following his release from prison in 1887 he wrote Echoes of the Coming Day: Socialist Songs and Rhymes.[3][39] In his Pilgrims of Hope period from 1885, Morris freely gave Henderson advice in letters, in particular on writing "in a time of rising hope for the people."[40] He pointed to the need for elevated language,[41] but also of his respect for "campaigning poetry" rooted in activism.[42] In 1888 Henderson published sonnets Love Triumphant.[32] A review in To-day: Monthly Magazine of Scientific Socialism, edited by Belfort Bax and others, found these derivative.[43]

Socialist fly-bills for the 1887 Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria had on one side Socialists and the Jubilee by Frank Kitz and a poem by Henderson about the occasion on the other.[44] His work was included in the song collection Chants of Labour (1888) by Edward Carpenter:[45] "The Workers' Song of the Springtide" appeared in The Commonweal, the Socialist League newspaper, in 1886, and as "Song of the Springtide" became an anthology piece.[46][47] An Ode (1886) was reprinted in 1913 from the Manchester University Magazine.[48]

Henderson published also By the Sea: And Other Poems (1891).[49] A review in Igdrasil stated "This unpretentious little volume contains some well-written verses, directed for the most part against the conditions which hamper life in most large towns."[50] In The Christian Socialist, E.D.G. (Edgar Deacon Girdlestone) wrote "The staple of our poet's muse is indignation at mammon-worship, and the frank acknowledgment that there would be room for nothing but despair, if he did not wage battle against the lies and shams of our social life."[51] A review of the second edition noted the dedication to Frederic Charles, a Socialist League member of the Norwich branch, imprisoned in the Walsall case of 1891.[52][53]

When Alfred, Lord Tennyson died in 1892, W. E. Gladstone had a shortlist of possible replacements as Poet Laureate, which included Henderson. Others considered were Alfred Austin, Robert Bridges, Lewis Morris and William Watson. Gladstone reportedly took Henderson to be a "strong young poet", but held the prison term against him. The position was left vacant, only being filled in 1895.[54][55]

Political writings

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Henderson was an active public speaker and lecturer, who wrote books and pamphlets. His major work was a book based on a series of Norwich Labour Church sermons, and published by the Independent Labour Party (ILP) as The Case for Socialism in 1911. It built on The ABC of Socialism, a pamphlet which was its first chapter, and an agreed ILP definition of socialism. It was influential and was translated into several languages.[1][56][57]

Tommy Douglas read The Case for Socialism in 1931, alongside Walter Rauschenbusch and William Wordsworth.[58] Within the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation, also in Canada, the book was widely circulated in the 1930s.[59] Edgar Hardcastle writing in the Socialist Standard in 1946 commented on the past popularity of The Case for Socialism, and contrasted its approach based on dispossession to deal with capitalism with that of Clement Attlee in The Labour Party in Perspective (1937).[60]

Other works were:

Signatures of leading members of the Independent Labour Party in a copy of The Economic Consequences of Power Production by Fred Henderson
  • The Labour Unrest, what it is and what it portends (1911)[61]
  • The New Faith: A Study of Party Politics and the War (1915);
  • The Economic Consequences of Power Production (1931), which was read by Aldous Huxley in 1932 at the time when he was writing the play Now More Than Ever;[62]
  • Money Power and Human Life (1932);
  • Foundations For The World's New Age of Plenty (1933)[63]
  • Planning or Chaos? (3rd edn, 1935)[64]
  • Capitalism and the Consumer (1935).[2][3]

George Catlin in the American Political Science Review commended the answer given in A Planned Society (1932) by George Henry Soule Jr. to the issue raised by The Economic Consequences of Power Production.[65]

Pamphlets included:

  • Socialism and Liberty (1907)[66]
  • Socialism and Tariff Reform[67]
  • Socialism of the I.L.P. (1922)[68]
  • The Socialist Goal (1931)[69]
  • The Social Credit Illusion (1934, Vancouver), based on a speech there in November of that year.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Obituary: Mr. Fred Henderson Early Days Of The Labour Movement". The Times. 19 July 1957. p. 14.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Papers of J.F. Henderson, Socialist Writer". Norfolk Record Office online catalogue. Norfolk Record Office. Archived from the original on 6 November 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Boos, Florence. "Biographical Notes". William Morris's Socialist Diary. William Morris Internet Archive. Archived from the original on 12 December 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
  4. ^ The Labour Monthly. Vol. 38. Labour Publishing Company. 1956. p. 144.
  5. ^ "William Morris's Socialist Diary". www.marxists.org. Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  6. ^ "LAW AND POLICE—ARREST OF MR. FRED HENDERSON, AT NORWICH. (Hansard, 4 August 1887)". api.parliament.uk. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  7. ^ Parliament, Great Britain (1887). The Parliamentary Debates. Vol. CCCXVIII. R. Bagshaw. p. 1553.
  8. ^ Thompson, Edward Palmer (1999). William Morris: Romantic to Revolutionary. Merlin Press. pp. 517–518. ISBN 978-0-85036-205-3.
  9. ^ St. Stephen's Review. 1889. p. 12.
  10. ^ "The Larcenous City Councillor". The Evening Star, Dunedin. 5 May 1893. p. 3.
  11. ^ "The London County Council Election". The Times. 7 March 1892. p. 10.
  12. ^ Collison, William (1913). The Apostle of Free Labour : the life story of William Collison, founder and general secretary of the National Free Labour Association, told by himself. London: Hurst and Blackett. p. 31.
  13. ^ "A London County Councillor Sent to Jail". Freeman's Journal. 10 March 1893.
  14. ^ "London County Council". Daily News. 29 March 1893.
  15. ^ Brake, Laurel; Demoor, Marysa (2009). Dictionary of Nineteenth-century Journalism in Great Britain and Ireland. Academia Press. p. 339. ISBN 978-90-382-1340-8.
  16. ^ Naylor, James (2016). The Fate of Labour Socialism: The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation and the Dream of a Working-Class Future. University of Toronto Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-4426-2909-7.
  17. ^ Lee, Robert (2006). Rural Society and the Anglican Clergy, 1815-1914: Encountering and Managing the Poor. Boydell Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-84383-202-7.
  18. ^ Pierson, Stanley (1960). "John Trevor and the Labor Church Movement in England, 1891–1900". Church History. 29 (4): 469 and note 36. doi:10.2307/3161930. ISSN 1755-2613. JSTOR 3161930. S2CID 162436479. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  19. ^ Bernstein, George L. (1983). "Liberalism and the Progressive Alliance in the Constituencies, 1900–1914: Three Case Studies". The Historical Journal. 26 (3): 622 and note 15. doi:10.1017/S0018246X00021087. ISSN 0018-246X. JSTOR 2639083. S2CID 153721375. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  20. ^ Biagini, Eugenio F.; Reid, Alastair J.; F, Biagini Eugenio (1999). Currents of Radicalism: Popular Radicalism, Organised Labour and Party Politics in Britain, 1850-1914. Cambridge University Press. p. 259. ISBN 978-0-521-39455-0. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  21. ^ Labour Party (Great Britain) (1931). Report of the Annual Conference. Labour Representation Committee. p. 61.
  22. ^ Biagini, Eugenio F.; Reid, Alastair J.; F, Biagini Eugenio (1999). Currents of Radicalism: Popular Radicalism, Organised Labour and Party Politics in Britain, 1850-1914. Cambridge University Press. p. 281 and note 45. ISBN 978-0-521-39455-0. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  23. ^ Barrow, Logie; Bullock, Ian (1996). Democratic Ideas and the British Labour Movement, 1880–1914. Cambridge University Press. p. 267. ISBN 978-0-521-02414-3.
  24. ^ "n/a". The Times. 7 December 1918. p. 10.
  25. ^ Simonis, H. (1917). The Street of Ink : an intimate history of journalism. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 194.
  26. ^ Carr, Richard (2016). Veteran MPs and Conservative Politics in the Aftermath of the Great War: The Memory of All That. Routledge. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-317-00241-3.
  27. ^ Carr, Richard (2010). "The Phoenix Generation at Westminster:@ Great War Veterans Turned Tory MPs, Democratic Political Culture, and the path of British Conservatism from the Armistice to the Welfare State" (PDF). ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk. School of History, University of East Anglia. p. 92. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  28. ^ Clarke, Peter (2003). The Cripps Version: The Life of Sir Stafford Cripps, 1889-1952. Penguin Books, Limited. p. 55 note 215. ISBN 978-0-14-028691-5.
  29. ^ Pimlott, Ben (1971). "The Socialist League: Intellectuals and the Labour Left in the 1930s". Journal of Contemporary History. 6 (3): 24. doi:10.1177/002200947100600302. JSTOR 259876. S2CID 162319446.
  30. ^ "Norwich Mayors, Lord Mayors and Sheriffs". Norwich City Council. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
  31. ^ Griffiths, Clare V. J. (10 May 2007). Labour and the Countryside: The Politics of Rural Britain 1918-1939. OUP Oxford. p. 47 note 99. ISBN 978-0-19-928743-7. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  32. ^ a b Reilly, Catherine W. (1994). Late Victorian Poetry, 1880-1899: An Annotated Biobibliography. Mansell. p. 219. ISBN 978-0-7201-2001-1.
  33. ^ The Education Authorities Directory and Annual. Vol. 65. School Government Publishing Company. 1968. p. 472.
  34. ^ "Henderson Secondary Modern School (formerly) Track". www.runtrackdir.com. Archived from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  35. ^ Rogaly, B.; Taylor, B. (2009). Moving Histories of Class and Community: Identity, Place and Belonging in Contemporary England. Springer. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-230-31919-6. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  36. ^ James, Derek (31 January 2017). "Remembering the dedication of the Sage of Earlham Rise". Eastern Daily Press. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  37. ^ "Training Venues - Tri-Anglia". www.tri-anglia.co.uk. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  38. ^ James, Derek (16 January 2013). "Memories of the Henderson School which opened in war-torn Norwich". Norwich Evening News. Archived from the original on 22 June 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  39. ^ Morris, William (1987). The Collected Letters of William Morris. Vol. II Part B 1885-1888. Princeton University Press. p. 460 note 2. ISBN 978-1-4008-5893-4. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  40. ^ Thompson, Edward Palmer (1999). William Morris: Romantic to Revolutionary. Merlin Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-85036-205-3.
  41. ^ Thompson, Edward Palmer (1999). William Morris: Romantic to Revolutionary. Merlin Press. p. 672. ISBN 978-0-85036-205-3.
  42. ^ MacCarthy, Fiona (1995). William Morris: A Life for Our Time. Faber & Faber. p. 513. ISBN 978-0-571-26583-1.
  43. ^ To-day: Monthly Magazine of Scientific Socialism. British Print. and Publishing Company. 1888. pp. 152–153. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  44. ^ Lemire, Eugene D. (1977). "The Socialist League Leaflets and Manifestoes: An Annotated Checklist". International Review of Social History. 22 (1): 24. doi:10.1017/S002085900000540X. ISSN 0020-8590. JSTOR 44581763.
  45. ^ Young, David Murray (2003). "People, place and party: the social democratic federation 1884-1911" (PDF). core.ac.uk. Durham University. p. 64. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  46. ^ "The Workers' Song of the Springtide" (PDF). The Commonweal. Vol. 2, no. 23. 19 June 1886. p. 91. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
  47. ^ Waters, Chris (1990). British Socialists and the Politics of Popular Culture, 1884-1914. Stanford University Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-8047-1758-8. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  48. ^ A Selection of the Verses from The Manchester University Magazine, 1868 - 1912. Manchester University Press. 1913. p. 47. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  49. ^ Henderson, Fred (1892). By the Sea: And Other Poems. T. F. Unwin. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  50. ^ Igdrasil. Vol. III. G. Allen. September 1891. p. 159. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  51. ^ Christian Socialist: A Journal for Those who Work and Think. W. Reeves. 1891. p. 106. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  52. ^ Publishers' Circular and Booksellers' Record of British and Foreign Literature, Volume 57, July to December 1892. 1892. p. 542. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  53. ^ Bantman, Constance (2013). The French Anarchists in London, 1880–1914: Exile and Transnationalism in the First Globalisation. Oxford University Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-78138-658-3. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  54. ^ Matthew, H. C. G. (2001). Gladstone 1809-1898. Clarendon Press. p. 595. ISBN 978-0-19-158427-5. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  55. ^ Manchester Review. 1959. p. 227.
  56. ^ Morris, William (1987). The Collected Letters of William Morris. Vol. II, Part B: 1885-1888. Princeton University Press. p. 473. ISBN 978-1-4008-5893-4. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  57. ^ Morris, William (1996). Reform and Revolution: Three Early Socialists on the Way Ahead. Thoemmes. p. xix. ISBN 978-1-85506-467-6. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  58. ^ Thomas, Lewis H. (1984). The Making of a Socialist: The Recollections of T.C. Douglas. University of Alberta. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-88864-082-6. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  59. ^ Buckner, Phillip; Francis, R. Douglas (2006). Canada and the British World: Culture, Migration, and Identity. UBC Press. p. 298. ISBN 978-0-7748-4031-6. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  60. ^ Hardcastle, Edgar (November 1946). "Labourism proposes—capitalism disposes". Socialist Standard. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
  61. ^ Wrigley, Chris (2003). A Companion to Early Twentieth-Century Britain. John Wiley & Sons. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-470-99881-6. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  62. ^ Huxley, Aldous (1970). Letters of Aldous Huxley. Harper & Row. p. 357. ISBN 978-0-06-013937-7.
  63. ^ Office, Library of Congress Copyright (1933). Catalog of Copyright Entries. Part 1. [A] Group 1. Books. New Series. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  64. ^ Griffiths, Clare V. J. (2007). Labour and the Countryside: The Politics of Rural Britain 1918-1939. OUP Oxford. p. 368. ISBN 978-0-19-928743-7.
  65. ^ Catlin, George E. G. (1932). "America Faces the Future. Edited By Charles A. Beard. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 1932. Pp. xviii, 416.) - The Road Ahead. By Harry W. Laidler. (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company. 1932. Pp. 501.) - A Planned Society. By George Soule. (New York: The Macmillan Company. 1932. Pp. ix, 295.) - A Program for America. By Will Durant. (New York: Simon and Schuster. 1931. Pp. 146.) - Man and Technics. By Oswald Spengler. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 1932. Pp. 104.)". American Political Science Review. 26 (4): 732. doi:10.2307/1946544. JSTOR 1946544.
  66. ^ Henderson, Fred (1907). Socialism and Liberty. Clarion Press. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  67. ^ Henderson, Fred. Socialism and tariff reform. National Labour Press. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2021 – via catalog.hathitrust.org.
  68. ^ Bullock, Ian (2017). Under Siege: The Independent Labour Party in Interwar Britain. Athabasca University Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-77199-155-1. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  69. ^ Henderson, Fred (1931). The Socialist Goal. Labour Party. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
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