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Education in Florida

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The University of Miami in Coral Gables

The Florida education system consists of public and private schools in Florida, including the State University System of Florida (SUSF), the Florida College System (FCS), the Independent Colleges and Universities of Florida (ICUF) and other private institutions, and also secondary and primary schools as well as virtual schools.

Overview

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See also: List of colleges and universities in Florida
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There are 12 public universities that comprise the State University System of Florida.[1] In addition the Florida College System comprises 28 public community colleges and state colleges.[2] In 2008 the State University System had 302,513 students.[3] Florida also has private universities, some of which comprise the Independent Colleges and Universities of Florida. In 2010, nineteen of Florida's 28 community colleges were offering four year degree programs.[4]

The state's public primary and secondary schools are administered by the Florida Department of Education (FLDOE). FLDOE also has authority over the Florida College System. The State University System is under the authority of the Florida Board of Governors.

As mandated by the Florida Constitution, Article IX, section 4, Florida has 67 school districts, one for each county.[5] All are separate from municipal government. School districts tax property within their jurisdictions to support their budgets.[5]

Florida has hundreds of private schools of all types.[6] The FLDOE has no authority over private school operations.[7] Private schools may or may not be accredited, and achievement tests are not required for private school graduating seniors. Many private schools obtain accreditation and perform achievement tests to show parents the school's interest in educational performance.

In the 2021-2022 school year, about 152,000 students in Florida were homeschooled. That number compares to about 55,000 homeschooled students in 2008 and 89,000 in 2017-2018.[8] According to the FLDOE, homeschooling parents must maintain "a portfolio of activities, records and materials showing student work" for two years; the parents must submit this portfolio to officials of their local school district if required in writing. Homeschooling students are also required to undergo, each year, one of five academic evaluation options. The parents must submit the results of the evaluation to their local school district.[8]

In August 2023, restrictions were placed on the teaching of Shakespearean plays and literature by Florida teachers in order to comply with state law.[9][10][11]

Primary and secondary schools

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As of 2023, there are 4,230 public elementary and secondary schools in Florida. This includes 941 secondary (high) schools, 588 middle schools, and 2,248 elementary schools, along with some Pre-K and others.[12] These schools collectively served 2,870,527 students through the end of the 2021-2022 school year.

As of 2021, there are 2,640 private elementary and secondary schools in Florida, collectively serving 486,830 students.[12]

Attempts to develop public schools began as early as 1831, when the Florida Education Society was founded in Tallahassee. After the Civil War, the state adopted a new constitution which established the Department of Public Instruction, headed by the Superintendent of Public Instruction. The legislature passed a law in 1869 to provide "a uniform system of public instruction, free to all the youth residing in the state between the age of six and twenty-one years", and C. Thurston Chase was appointed by the governor to serve as the first superintendent. In 1968, a constitutional revision replaced the Department of Public Instruction with the Department of Education, which is headed by the Commissioner of Education.[13]

For most of the state's history, the schools were segregated by race. Prior to the civil war, little effort was made to educate African-American children, and in fact an 1832 law made it illegal to educate black people, whether slave or free. In 1885, the state passed a law prohibiting integrated education. In 1920 the state appointed J.H. Brinson as its first supervisor of Negro education.[13] The state also maintained segregated schools for Seminoles.[14]

From the end of the Reconstruction era in the 1870s until the 1940s, the state and local governments gave far less money to all-black public schools compared to the favored white public schools. (There were no racially integrated schools.) However, many private schools for Blacks were funded by Northern philanthropy well into the 20th century. Support came from the American Missionary Association;[15] the Peabody Education Fund; the Jeanes Fund (also known as the Negro Rural School Fund); the Slater Fund; the Rosenwald Fund; the Southern Education Foundation; and the General Education Board, which was massively funded by the Rockefeller family.[16][17]

In 1954, Brown v. Board of Education, a United States Supreme Court case, declared segregated schools illegal, but few changes were made in Florida. Although a 1960 law repealed the prohibition on integration, it was not until 1963 that a black student, Chester Seabury, petitioned the Broward Board of Education, gained admittance, and became the first African-American to graduate from a white high school in Florida.[18]

School districts are organized within Florida's 67 county boundaries. Each school district has an elected Board of education which sets policy, budget, goals and approves expenditures. Management is the responsibility of a Superintendent of schools.

The Florida Constitution allows districts to either elect the superintendent in a popular election (the default provision) or choose (via popular election) to allow the school board to appoint the superintendent. As of 2010, school boards in 25 districts (Alachua, Brevard, Broward, Charlotte, Collier, Duval, Flagler, Hernando, Hillsborough, Indian River, Lake, Lee, Manatee, Miami-Dade, Okeechobee, Orange, Osceola, Palm Beach, Pinellas, Polk, Saint Johns, Saint Lucie, Sarasota, Seminole, and Volusia) appointed the superintendent; the remaining districts elect their superintendent.[19]

Education Week evaluated Florida's schools for 2010, fifth in the nation overall, with As for student testing, teacher accountability and progress on closing the achievement gap. It gave the state an F for per-pupil spending.[20]

In 2011, the liberal[21] Center for American Progress stated that for half the states it studied, it found no correlation between spending and achievement after allowing for cost of living, and students living in poverty.[20] The Center commended Florida as one of two states that provides annual school-level productivity evaluations which report to the public how well school funds are being spent at the local level.[22][23]

Florida's public-school revenue per student and spending per $1000 of personal income usually rank in the bottom 25 percent of U.S. states.[24][25] Average teacher salaries rank near the middle of U.S. states.[26]

Florida public schools have consistently ranked in the bottom 25 percent of many national surveys and average test-score rankings before allowances for race are made.[27] When allowance for race is considered, a 2007 US Government list of test scores shows Florida white fourth graders performed 13th in the nation for reading (232), 12th for math (250); while black fourth graders were 11th for math (225), 12th for reading (208).[28] White eighth graders scored 30th for math (289) and 36th for reading (268). Neither score was considered statistically significant from average. Black eighth graders ranked 19th on math (259), 25th on reading (244).

In 2002, voters approved a constitutional amendment to limit class size in public schools starting in the 2010-11 school year from 18 in lower grades to 23 in high school. This was phased in by the legislature from 2003 to 2009, to promote compliance when the amendment took effect.[29] As of March 2011, 28 school districts had failed to comply and owed fines, which were to be redistributed to districts that were in compliance.[30]

Florida, like other states, appears to substantially undercount dropouts in reporting.[31]

Some school districts had backed up the start of the academic year well into August in order to complete the semester and exams before the December holiday break. In 2006, the legislature required districts to start no earlier than two weeks before the end of August,[citation needed] but that was changed in 2015 to no earlier than August 10.[32] The state requires that each school teach for 180 days. Private schools may be open for more than 170 days.[33]

Florida does not handpick the best students to take the Advanced Placement exams.[34]

In 2010, there were about 60,750 foreign-born children of illegal immigrants attending public schools. The cost per year averaged $9,035 annually. The total cost of educating these children is over $548 million.[35]

Paddling students for discipline is legal in Florida.[36]

History

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Florida had a voucher system for low-income families from failing school districts from 1999 until 2006. In the final year, 750 students out of 190,000 eligible made this choice. The state paid an average of $4,000 per student as opposed to the $7,206 per student attending public schools.

The system was overturned by the Florida Supreme Court for violating separation of church and state, since some students used these for church schools.[37]

Between 2000 and 2008, school enrollment increased 6%, the number of teachers 20%.[38]

For 2012, StudentsFirst, a political lobbying organization, ranked Florida second among the fifty states, for policy related to education reform.[39]

Sports

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As in most areas, high schools compete in sports in two types of division. One, because of logistical and geographical constraints, is necessarily local. That is, large schools play small ones in the same area. A second division is based on school population and is statewide. Eventually, schools with the best records in this type of division will meet each other for seasonal playoffs to determine the state champion.

Competition is under the auspices of the Florida High School Athletic Association.

Funding

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In the fiscal year 2007-2008, the Florida Educational Enhancement Trust Fund received $1.28 billion from the Florida Lottery, passing the billion-dollar mark for the sixth time in the lottery's 20-year history. As of 2009, the current lottery's total contribution since start-up was more than $19 billion. [40]

School choice

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Main article: School choice in Florida
Florida Education
  Homeschool
  EdChoice
  Private school
  Charter school
  Magnet school
  Public school

Florida provides various voucher programs allowing K-12 students to enroll in schools outside their local school district, including other public schools, private schools, home schooling and charter schools.

From the school year 2019-20 through the school year 2022-2023, enrollment in Florida's private schools grew to 445,000 students, an increase of 47,000. During the same period, the number of homeschooled children in the state rose to 154,000, an increase of 50,000.[41]

Public colleges and universities

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In 2010, the annual tuition alone, at Florida's 12 public universities was $4,886, third lowest in the country.[42] The average cost total for books, tuition, fees, and living expenses, is $15,500 compared to $16,140 average for the country.[43]

In an attempt to save money, entering students may take nationally standardized Advanced Placement exams. In 2010, 67, 741 Florida seniors took the exam. 33,712 scored 3 or more, sufficient for advanced placement.[44] A total of 307,000 Florida students took AP exams in 2010. 64,000 scored a minimum of three or more; 43,000 scoring a four or higher.[45]

State University System of Florida

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The State University System of Florida manages and funds Florida's twelve public universities and a public Liberal Arts college:

In 2009, the system employed 45,000 people statewide. The budget was $4.1 billion for community colleges and universities.[46]

In 2000, the governor and the state legislature abolished the Florida Board of Regents, which long had governed the State University System of Florida, and created boards of trustees to govern each university. As is typical of executive-appointed government boards, the appointees so far have predominantly belonged to the governor's party. This effect has not been without controversy.[47] In 2002, former governor and then-U.S. Senator Bob Graham (Dem.) led a constitutional-amendment ballot referendum designed to restore the board-of-regents system. Voters approved. Therefore, the legislature created the Florida Board of Governors; however, each university still maintains a board of trustees which work under the board of governors. During Florida's 2007 legislative session, Governor Charlie Crist signed into law SB-1710, which allowed the board of governors to allow a tuition differential for the University of Florida, Florida State University, and the University of South Florida. This legislation ultimately created a tier system for higher education in Florida's State University System.[48]

Florida College System

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The Florida College System manages and funds Florida's 28 public community colleges and state colleges, with over 100 locations throughout the state of Florida.[49]

Private colleges and universities

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The Independent Colleges and Universities of Florida is an association of around 30 private, educational institutions in the state of Florida.[50] The association reported that their member institutions enrolled over 121,000 students in the fall of 2006.[51]

Additionally, there are many colleges and universities that are not affiliated with the ICUF.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "State University System of Florida - Universities". Retrieved 28 June 2018.
  2. ^ "Florida Public Universities: List of Public Colleges and Schools". Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  3. ^ "flbog.org". ww12.flbog.org.
  4. ^ Spitzer, Michelle (6 February 2011). "BCC ponders 4-year degrees". Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. pp. 1A.
  5. ^ a b "Florida State Constitution, Article IX: Education". Florida Legislature. Archived from the original on 2008-12-08. Retrieved 2009-01-22.
  6. ^ "Florida Private Schools". Private School Review. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  7. ^ "Choosing a Private School". Florida Department of Education. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  8. ^ a b "Home Education" (PDF). Florida Department of Education. Retrieved October 7, 2023.
  9. ^ Patterson, Jeff (August 8, 2023). "'Teachers are frightened': Hillsborough schools putting restrictions on Shakespeare to avoid sexual content". WFLA-TV. Archived from the original on August 14, 2023. Retrieved August 13, 2023.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  10. ^ Lichtenberg, Drew (August 13, 2023). "Make Shakespeare Dirty Again". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 13, 2023. Retrieved October 11, 2023.
  11. ^ Lichtenberg, Drew (September 10, 2023). "Shakespeare's 'Sublimely, Disturbingly Smutty Effect' Must Endure". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 10, 2023. Retrieved October 11, 2023.
  12. ^ a b "Digest Dashboard - Florida". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved May 29, 2024.
  13. ^ a b "National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Florida's Historic Black Public Schools". US Department of the Interior National Park Service. p. 33. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  14. ^ Kersey Jr., Harry A. (July 1970). "Educating the Seminole Indians of Florida, 1879-1970". Florida Historical Quarterly. 49 (1): 16–35. JSTOR 30145818. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  15. ^ Joe M. Richardson, Christian Reconstruction: The American Missionary Association and Southern Blacks, 1861–1890 (1986).
  16. ^ Stephanie Deutsch, You Need a Schoolhouse: Booker T. Washington, Julius Rosenwald, and the Building of Schools for the Segregated South (Northwestern University Press, 2015).
  17. ^ James Christopher Carbaugh, "The philanthropic confluence of the General Education Board and the Jeanes, Slater, and Rosenwald Funds: African-American education in South Carolina, 1900-1930" (PhD dissertation, Clemson University, 1997;  ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 9833440.)
  18. ^ "New busing proposals bring a return to anger". Miami Herald. Miami, Florida. June 4, 1989. pp. 1G, 4G.
  19. ^ "Salaries of Elected County Constitutional Officers and School District Officials for Fiscal Year 2009-10" Florida Legislative Committee on Intergovernmental Relations, September 2009
  20. ^ a b Reed, Matt (1 February 2011). "Brevard cannot count on charters". Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. pp. 1B.
  21. ^ E.g.,
  22. ^ "Return on Educational Investment" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-25. Retrieved 2014-01-16.
  23. ^ The other is Texas
  24. ^ "Elementary-Secondary Per Pupil Expenditure Amounts by State:2004-05". Public Education Finances 2005 (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. April 2007. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-08. Retrieved 2007-09-13.
  25. ^ "Table 12:States Ranked According to Relation of Elementary-Secondary Public School System Finance Amounts to $1,000 Personal Income:2004-2005" (XLS). U.S.Census Bureau. Retrieved 2007-09-13.
  26. ^ "Teacher Pay Review" (PDF). Florida Department of Education. May 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-25. Retrieved 2007-09-13. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  27. ^ Matus, Ron (6 March 2005). "Schools still rank near the bottom". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved 2007-09-05.
  28. ^ US Department of Education Archived 2009-08-25 at the Wayback Machine retrieved June 14, 2008
  29. ^ "Class Size Reduction Amendment". Florida Department of Education. 2011-04-02.
  30. ^ Ryan, Mackenzie (March 29, 2011). "Schools sacrifice for size". Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. pp. 1A.
  31. ^ Ramirez, Eddy (May 26 – June 2, 2008). Keeping Count of Students Who Drop Out. U.S. News & World Report.
  32. ^ Solochek, Jeffrey S. (27 July 2016). "Why Florida schools are starting so early this year". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  33. ^ "404". ACSI. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  34. ^ Gillum, Jack (February 4, 2010). "Nearly 60% pass test in Brevard". Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. pp. 3A.
  35. ^ Reed, Matt (January 25, 2011). "$700M paid for illegal migrants". Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. pp. 1B.
  36. ^ Bath, Alison (April 23, 2012). "Paddling A divisive form of discipline". Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. pp. 4A.
  37. ^ Bush, Jeb (March 4, 2009). NO:Choice forces educators to improve. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
  38. ^ Will, George F. (6 June 2010). "Column:the teacher bailout". Washington Post. Washington, DC. pp. A15.
  39. ^ Ryan, MacKenzie (January 8, 2013). "News". Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. pp. 8B.
  40. ^ "Florida Lottery Contributions". Florida Lottery. 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-08-06. Retrieved 2009-09-06. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  41. ^ Atterbury, Andrew (May 26, 2024). "School choice programs have been wildly successful under DeSantis. Now public schools might close". Politico. Retrieved May 26, 2024.
  42. ^ "The week that was:Florida tuition 3rd lowest in US". Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. 31 October 2010. pp. 12B. Archived from the original on 1 November 2010.
  43. ^ "Florida's colleges good value, survey says". Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. 6 January 2010. pp. 6A.
  44. ^ "Tallahassee:Number of state students taking AP exams rises". Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. 10 February 2011. pp. 6B.
  45. ^ Rockwell, Lilly (April 8, 2011). "Lawmakers consider tougher AP test scores". Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. pp. 5B.
  46. ^ "College presidents unite to protest education cuts". Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. Associated Press. 24 April 2009. pp. 8B.
  47. ^ Klein, Barry (8 May 2001). "Bush's trustees mostly in GOP". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved 2007-09-05.
  48. ^ Zaragosa, Luis; Kennedy, John (28 June 2007). "Tuition will jump at 3 universities". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-05.
  49. ^ "Florida Colleges". Florida Department of Education. Archived from the original on 2009-12-01. Retrieved 2009-12-03.
  50. ^ "ICUF – Independent Colleges and Universities of Florida".
  51. ^ Atherton, Blair (August 2006). "2005-2006 Accountability Report: Quality, Productivity, Diversity, and Access" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-08-08. Retrieved 2007-09-14.
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