Complete set of invariants

In mathematics, a complete set of invariants for a classification problem is a collection of maps

f_{i}:X\to Y_{i}

(where $X$ is the collection of objects being classified, up to some equivalence relation $\sim$ , and the $Y_{i}$ are some sets), such that $x\sim x'$ if and only if $f_{i}(x)=f_{i}(x')$ for all $i$ . In words, such that two objects are equivalent if and only if all invariants are equal.^[1]

Symbolically, a complete set of invariants is a collection of maps such that

\left(\prod f_{i}\right):(X/\sim )\to \left(\prod Y_{i}\right)

is injective.

As invariants are, by definition, equal on equivalent objects, equality of invariants is a necessary condition for equivalence; a complete set of invariants is a set such that equality of these is also sufficient for equivalence. In the context of a group action, this may be stated as: invariants are functions of coinvariants (equivalence classes, orbits), and a complete set of invariants characterizes the coinvariants (is a set of defining equations for the coinvariants).

Examples

In the classification of two-dimensional closed manifolds, Euler characteristic (or genus) and orientability are a complete set of invariants.
Jordan normal form of a matrix is a complete invariant for matrices up to conjugation, but eigenvalues (with multiplicities) are not.

Realizability of invariants

A complete set of invariants does not immediately yield a classification theorem: not all combinations of invariants may be realized. Symbolically, one must also determine the image of

\prod f_{i}:X\to \prod Y_{i}.

References

^ Faticoni, Theodore G. (2006), "Modules and point set topological spaces", Abelian groups, rings, modules, and homological algebra, Lect. Notes Pure Appl. Math., vol. 249, Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 87–105, doi:10.1201/9781420010763.ch10, MR 2229105. See in particular p. 97.

[1] Faticoni, Theodore G. (2006), "Modules and point set topological spaces", Abelian groups, rings, modules, and homological algebra, Lect. Notes Pure Appl. Math., vol. 249, Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 87–105, doi:10.1201/9781420010763.ch10, MR 2229105. See in particular p. 97.

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