Cauchy matrix
In mathematics, a Cauchy matrix, named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy, is an m×n matrix with elements aij in the form
where and are elements of a field , and and are injective sequences (they contain distinct elements).
The Hilbert matrix is a special case of the Cauchy matrix, where
Every submatrix of a Cauchy matrix is itself a Cauchy matrix.
Cauchy determinants
[edit]The determinant of a Cauchy matrix is clearly a rational fraction in the parameters and . If the sequences were not injective, the determinant would vanish, and tends to infinity if some tends to . A subset of its zeros and poles are thus known. The fact is that there are no more zeros and poles:
The determinant of a square Cauchy matrix A is known as a Cauchy determinant and can be given explicitly as
- (Schechter 1959, eqn 4; Cauchy 1841, p. 154, eqn. 10).
It is always nonzero, and thus all square Cauchy matrices are invertible. The inverse A−1 = B = [bij] is given by
- (Schechter 1959, Theorem 1)
where Ai(x) and Bi(x) are the Lagrange polynomials for and , respectively. That is,
with
Generalization
[edit]A matrix C is called Cauchy-like if it is of the form
Defining X=diag(xi), Y=diag(yi), one sees that both Cauchy and Cauchy-like matrices satisfy the displacement equation
(with for the Cauchy one). Hence Cauchy-like matrices have a common displacement structure, which can be exploited while working with the matrix. For example, there are known algorithms in literature for
- approximate Cauchy matrix-vector multiplication with ops (e.g. the fast multipole method),
- (pivoted) LU factorization with ops (GKO algorithm), and thus linear system solving,
- approximated or unstable algorithms for linear system solving in .
Here denotes the size of the matrix (one usually deals with square matrices, though all algorithms can be easily generalized to rectangular matrices).
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- Cauchy, Augustin-Louis (1841). Exercices d'analyse et de physique mathématique. Vol. 2 (in French). Bachelier.
- A. Gerasoulis (1988). "A fast algorithm for the multiplication of generalized Hilbert matrices with vectors" (PDF). Mathematics of Computation. 50 (181): 179–188. doi:10.2307/2007921. JSTOR 2007921.
- I. Gohberg; T. Kailath; V. Olshevsky (1995). "Fast Gaussian elimination with partial pivoting for matrices with displacement structure" (PDF). Mathematics of Computation. 64 (212): 1557–1576. Bibcode:1995MaCom..64.1557G. doi:10.1090/s0025-5718-1995-1312096-x.
- P. G. Martinsson; M. Tygert; V. Rokhlin (2005). "An algorithm for the inversion of general Toeplitz matrices" (PDF). Computers & Mathematics with Applications. 50 (5–6): 741–752. doi:10.1016/j.camwa.2005.03.011.
- S. Schechter (1959). "On the inversion of certain matrices" (PDF). Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation. 13 (66): 73–77. doi:10.2307/2001955. JSTOR 2001955.
- TiIo Finck, Georg Heinig, and Karla Rost: "An Inversion Formula and Fast Algorithms for Cauchy-Vandermonde Matrices", Linear Algebra and its Applications, vol.183 (1993), pp.179-191.
- Dario Fasino: "Orthogonal Cauchy-like matrices", Numerical Algorithms, vol.92 (2023), pp.619-637. url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11075-022-01391-y .