Bernard Leach
Bernard Leach | |
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Born | 5 January 1887 ![]() |
Died | 6 May 1979 ![]() |
Bernard Howell Leach CH CBE (5 January 1887 – 6 May 1979) was a British studio potter and art teacher.[1] He is regarded as the "Father of British studio pottery".[2]
Biography
[edit]Early years (Japan)
[edit]Leach was born in Hong Kong.[3] His mother Eleanor (née Sharp) died in childbirth. He spent his first three years in Japan with his father, Andrew Leach, until he moved back to Hong Kong in 1890.
Leach attended the Slade School of Fine Art and the London School of Art, where he studied etching under Frank Brangwyn.[4] Reading books by Lafcadio Hearn, he became interested in Japan. In 1909 he returned to Japan with his young wife Muriel (née Hoyle) intending to teach etching. Satomi Ton, Kojima Kikuo, and later Ryūsei Kishida were his pupils.
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In Tokyo, he gave talks and attended meetings along with Mushanokōji Saneatsu, Shiga Naoya, Yanagi Sōetsu and others from the "Shirakaba-Group",[Sub 1] who were trying to introduce western art to Japan after 250 years of seclusion. About 1911 he attended a Raku-yaki pottery party which was his first introduction to ceramics, and through introduction by Ishii Hakutei, he began to study under Urano Shigekichi 浦野繁吉 (1851–1923), who stood as Kenzan 6th in the tradition of potter Ogata Kenzan (1663–1743). Assisting as interpreter for technical terms was the potter Tomimoto Kenkichi, whom he had met already earlier. From this time Leach wrote articles for the Shirakaba.
In 1913 he also drafted covers for Shirakaba and Fyūzan.[Sub 2] Attracted by the Prussian philosopher and art scholar Alfred Westharp, who at the time was living in Peking, Leach moved to Peking in 1915. There he took on the Name 李奇聞 (for "Leach"), but returned the following year to Japan. It was the year 1919, when young Hamada Shōji visited Leach for the first time. Leach received a kiln from Kenzan and built it up in Yanagi's garden and called it Tōmon-gama. Now established as a potter, he decided to move to England.
In 1920, before leaving, he had an exhibition in Osaka, where he met the potter Kawai Kanjirō. In Tokyo, a farewell exhibition was organized.
Back in England
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Leach returned to England in 1920 on the invitation of Frances Horne. Horne was establishing a Guild of Handicrafts within the existing artist colony of St Ives in Cornwall. On the recommendation of a family friend, Edgar Skinner, she contacted Leach to suggest that he become the potter within this group. Leach and his wife Muriel were accompanied by the young Hamada Shoji and, having identified a suitable site next to the Stennack river on the outskirts of St Ives, the two established the Leach Pottery in 1920. They constructed a traditional Japanese climbing kiln or 'Noborigama (登り窯)', the first built in the West.[5] The kiln was poorly built and was reconstructed in 1923 by Matsubayashi Tsurunosuke (1894-1932).
In 1934, Leach and Mark Tobey travelled together through France and Italy, then sailed from Naples to Hong Kong and Shanghai, where they parted company, Leach heading on to Japan.
Leach formally joined the Baháʼí Faith in 1940 after being introduced to it by Mark Tobey, who was himself a Baháʼí.[6] A pilgrimage to the Baháʼí shrines in Haifa, Israel, during 1954 intensified his feeling that he should do more to unite the East and West by returning to the Orient "to try more honestly to do my work there as a Baháʼí and as an artist..."[7]
Leach promoted pottery as a combination of Western and Eastern arts and philosophies. His work focused on traditional Korean, Japanese and Chinese pottery, in combination with traditional techniques from England and Germany, such as slipware and salt glaze ware. He saw pottery as a combination of art, philosophy, design and craft – even as a greater lifestyle. A Potter's Book (1940) defined Leach's craft philosophy and techniques; it went through many editions and was his breakthrough to recognition.
Midlife
[edit]Leach advocated simple and utilitarian forms. His ethical pots stand in opposition to what he called fine art pots, which promoted aesthetic concerns rather than function.[8] Popularized in the 1940s after the publication of A Potter's Book, his style had lasting influence on counter-culture and modern design in North America during the 1950s and 1960s. Leach's pottery produced a range of "standard ware" handmade pottery for the general public. He continued to produce pots which were exhibited as works of art.[9]
Many potters from all over the world were apprenticed at the Leach Pottery, and spread Leach's style and beliefs. His British associates and trainees include Michael Cardew, Katherine Pleydell-Bouverie, David Leach (his son), Janet Darnell (whom Leach married in 1956) and William Marshall. Another of his students at St Ives was William Worrall who became chief craftsman at the Chalice Well crafts guild in Glastonbury and Muriel Bell, co-founder of the Lanchester Marionettes.[10] His American apprentices include Warren MacKenzie (who likewise influenced many potters through his teaching at the University of Minnesota), Byron Temple. He was a major influence on New Zealand potter Len Castle who travelled to London to spend time working with him in the mid-1950s. Another apprentice was an Indian potter Nirmala Patwardhan who developed the so-called Nirmala glaze based on an 11th-century Chinese technique. His four Canadian apprentices, John Reeve, Glenn Lewis, Michael Henry and Ian Steele helped to shape the pottery scene in Vancouver and the Canadian west coast during the 1960 and 1970s.[11][12] The Cypriot potter Valentinos Charalambous trained with Leach in 1950-51.[13][14]
Leach was instrumental, with Muriel Rose, in organising the only International Conference of Potters and Weavers in July 1952 at Dartington Hall, where he had been working and teaching.[15] It included exhibitions of British pottery and textiles since 1920, Mexican folk art, and works by conference participants, among them Shoji Hamada and US-based Bauhaus potter Marguerite Wildenhain. Another important contributor was Japanese aesthetician Soetsu Yanagi, author of The Unknown Craftsman. According to Brent Johnson, "The most important outcome of the conference was that it helped organize the modern studio pottery movement by giving a voice to the people who became its leaders…it gave them [Leach, Hamada and Yanagi] celebrity status…[while] Marguerite Wildenhain emerged from Dartington Hall as the most important craft potter in America."[16] He was an active member of the Red Rose Guild.[17]
Later years
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Leach continued to produce work until 1972 and never ended his passion for travelling. He continued to write about ceramics even after losing his eyesight.[18][19]
The Victoria and Albert Museum in London held a major exhibition of his art in 1977.[20]
The Leach Pottery remains in operation, accompanied by a museum displaying many pieces by Leach and his students.[21]
Honours
[edit]- Charles Fergus Binns Medal for Excellence in Ceramics, 1950[22]
- Japan Foundation Cultural Award, 1974[23]
- Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour, 1973 (UK)[24]
- Order of the Sacred Treasure, 1966 (Japan)[25]
- Commander of the Order of the British Empire, 1962[26]
Edmund de Waal's book
[edit]Edmund de Waal, British ceramic artist and writer, was apprenticed to the potter Geoffrey Whiting, a disciple of Leach, at the King's School, Canterbury in the early 1980's.[27] He has said that to move on, he had to address Leach directly. "It’s anxiety of influence – you choose which father to kill, and in my case it was Leach."[28] He researched Leach's papers and journals in the archive room of the Japanese Folk Crafts Museum.[29]
De Waal's book, the first critical monograph on Leach, was published in 1998.[30] He described it as "the first 'de-mystifying' study of Leach", writing in the last chapter: "In the West, Leach has been seen as 'a natural child of the East', someone who 'understood' Japan by birthright and in an almost mystical way. In the East, he has been credited with seeing deeper into the culture of Japan than any Westerner since Lafcadio Hearn".[31][32]
Studying the circumstances of his grounding in Japanese culture, he pointed out that Leach could "barely speak" Japanese at the time of his training with Kenzan VI.[33] De Waal also notes that poetry used in the tradition of Kenzan I would not be legible to Leach, who would straightforwardly say that he could not read Japanese texts.[34] Leach did learn to speak the language to a conversational standard, however; recordings of this are held by the Mingei Film Archive and the Crafts Study Centre, Farnham.[35] The book acknowledges Leach's strength as an artist, his sophisticated mark-making and sensitivity to the surface qualities of the clay, while providing an examination of the Orientalism in his thinking and making.[36]
Writings (selected)
[edit]- 1940: A Potter's Book. London: Faber and Faber
- New edition, with introductions by Soyetsu Yanagi and Michael Cardew. London: Faber and Faber, 1976, ISBN 978-0-571-10973-9
- 1978: Beyond East and West: Memoirs, Portraits and Essays. London: Faber and Faber
- New edition, London: Faber and Faber, ISBN 978-0-571-11692-8
- 1988: Drawings, Verse & Belief Oneworld Publications; 3rd edition, ISBN 978-1-85168-012-2
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Cortazzi, Hugh. "Review of Emmanuel Cooper's Bernard Leach Life & Work Archived 2 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine, japansociety.org.uk; accessed 16 June 2015.
- ^ "Bernard Leach (1887 – 1979)". British Council. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
- ^ White, Moira (2 November 2022). "Mid-20th century British ceramics in Aotearoa". Tuhinga. 33: 33–46. doi:10.3897/tuhinga.33.82337. ISSN 2253-5861.
- ^ "Bernard Leach Life & Work". The Japan Society of the UK. Archived from the original on 28 September 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
- ^ Leach, Bernard. (1990). Hamada, Potter. Foreword by Warren MacKenzie. Kodansha International 1990 [1975]
- ^ "Pioneering pottery sought unity of East and West". Bahá’í World News Service. 14 October 2020. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
- ^ Weinberg, Robert (1999). Spinning the Clay into Stars: Bernard Leach and the Baháʼí Faith, pp. 21, 29.
- ^ "Twentieth Century British Ceramics in the Victoria and Albert Museum". Studio Potter Magazine. 16 May 2007. Archived from the original on 16 May 2007. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
- ^ "The Leach Pottery: a living tradition". Ceramic Review. 26 February 2021. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
- ^ E.S.F. (8 October 2002). "A Midland Woman's Diary". Evening Despatch. Birmingham, UK. p. 8.
- ^ Lambley, Alex. "Mingei and its Transnational Reception: The Translation and Appropriation of Mingei Theory and Practice by Bernard Leach's four Vancouver Apprentices (1958-1979)". The Leach Pottery. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
- ^ Allison, Glenn (2011). Thrown : British Columbia's apprentices of Bernard Leach and their contemporaries. Vancouver, BC: Morris and Helen Belkin Art Gallery. ISBN 978-1-908966-99-5. OCLC 890000099.
- ^ Marion Whybrow, The Leach Legacy: St Ives Pottery and its Influence (1996)
- ^ "Valentinos CHARALAMBOUS | Cornwall Artists Index". Cornwall Artists Index. Archived from the original on 29 June 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
- ^ Vacher, Jean (2006). Muriel Rose: A Modern Crafts Legacy. Farnham. ISBN 978-0-9554374-0-3. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Johnson, Brent, "A Matter of Tradition" in Marguerite Wildenhain and the Bauhaus: An Eyewitness Anthology, (Dean and Geraldine Schwarz, eds.), p. __.
- ^ Backemeyer, Sylvia (2000). Making their mark: art, craft and design at the Central School, 1896-1966. London: Herbert Press. p. 114. ISBN 0713658622.
- ^ "Omnibus: The Art of the Potter". genome.ch.bbc.co.uk. 2 February 1975. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
Sun 2nd Feb 1975 ... 88-year-old Bernard Leach, now nearly blind ...
- ^ Leach, Bernard; Hogben, Carol; Victoria and Albert Museum (1978). The art of Bernard Leach. Internet Archive. New York : Watson-Guptill Publications. ISBN 978-0-8230-0263-4.
- ^ Houston, John (1977). The Art of Bernard Leach: a Loan Retrospective Exhibition, March to May 1977. Catalogue of the exhibition held at the Victoria and Albert Museum. Victoria and Albert Museum.
- ^ "The Leach Pottery". The Leach Pottery. Archived from the original on 12 February 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
- ^ "Ceramic Profs, Seniors Attend ACS Conclave" (PDF). Fiat Lux. Vol. 36, no. 21. Alfred University. 25 April 1950. p. 1. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
- ^ "Awards and Special Prizes: Recipients List". The Japan Foundation - The Japan Foundation Awards. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
- ^ Bernard Leach archive: bio notes
- ^ Sims, Barbara R. (1998). Unfurling the Divine Flag in Tokyo, p. 66. Archived 3 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ van Kerkhoff, Sonja. "Arts Dialogue : Bahá´í Association for the Arts". bahai-library.com. Archived from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
- ^ Ceramics: Art and Perception, No. 54, 2003.
- ^ Wullschläger, Jackie (28 March 2014). "Lunch with the FT: Edmund de Waal". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
- ^ de Waal, Edmund.The Hare with Amber Eyes: a hidden inheritance. Vintage, 2011, p. 3. ISBN 978-0-09-953955-1.
- ^ Leach, Bernard; De Waal, Edmund, eds. (1997). Bernard Leach. St. Ives artists. London: Tate Gallery Publ. ISBN 978-1-85437-227-7.
Though Leach wrote extensively on himself and his work, there has been no biography or critical monograph published.
- ^ de Waal, Edmund. "Prof. Edmund de Waal". University of Westminster. Archived from the original on 6 December 2005. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
- ^ Leach, Bernard; De Waal, Edmund, eds. (1997). Bernard Leach. St. Ives artists. London: Tate Gallery Publ. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-85437-227-7.
- ^ Leach, Bernard; De Waal, Edmund, eds. (1997). Bernard Leach. St. Ives artists. London: Tate Gallery Publ. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-85437-227-7.
- ^ Leach, Bernard; De Waal, Edmund, eds. (1997). Bernard Leach. St. Ives artists. London: Tate Gallery Publ. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-85437-227-7.
- ^ "The life and legacy of Bernard Leach | Apollo Magazine". Apollo Magazine. 20 December 2020. Archived from the original on 20 December 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
- ^ Leach, Bernard; De Waal, Edmund, eds. (1997). Bernard Leach. St. Ives artists. London: Tate Gallery Publ. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-85437-227-7.
Further reading
[edit]- Olding, Simon. (2010). The Etchings of Bernard Leach, Crafts Study Centre.
- Johnson, Brent. (2007). "A Matter of Tradition"
- Cooper, Emmanuel. (2003). Bernard Leach Life & Work. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-09929-0 (cloth)
- Johnson, Brent. (2007). "A Matter of Tradition" in Wildenhain and the Bauhaus: An Eyewitness Anthology Dean and Geraldine Schwarz, eds.. Decorah, Iowa: South Bear Press. ISBN 978-0-9761381-2-9 (cloth)
- Watson, Oliver. (1997). Bernard Leach: Potter and Artist, London: Crafts Council.
- Weinberg, Robert. (1999). Spinning the Clay into Stars: Bernard Leach and the Baháʼí Faith. Oxford: George Ronald Publishers. ISBN 978-0-85398-440-5 (paper)
- Ohara Museum of Art/Asahi Shimbun (1980): An Exhibition of the Art of Bernard Leach. Catalogue in Japanese.
- Sōetsu Yanagi: The Unknown Craftsman. Foreword by Shōji Hamada. Adapted by Bernard Leach. Kodansha International, 1972.
- Leach, Bernard. (1990). Hamada, Potter. Foreword by Warren MacKenzie. Kodansha International 1990 [1975].
External links
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- Leach Pottery
- Further information Archived 6 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- Studio Pottery
- Leach Source Collection and Bernard Leach Archive held at the Crafts Study Centre and hosted online by the Visual Arts Data Service (VADS)
- Historic Leach pottery at Stoke-on-Trent Museums
- "Accidental Masterpiece". Ceramics. Victoria and Albert Museum. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 23 July 2007.
- "Bernard Leach, 'Cup and Saucer'". Ceramics. Victoria and Albert Museum. Retrieved 9 December 2007.
- 1887 births
- 1979 deaths
- Arts and Crafts movement artists
- English potters
- St Ives artists
- Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
- Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour
- British people of Hong Kong descent
- English Bahá'ís
- Converts to the Bahá'í Faith
- 20th-century Bahá'ís
- Recipients of the Order of the Sacred Treasure, 2nd class
- Cornish pottery
- 20th-century ceramists
- Mingei
- British ceramicists
- Member of Red Rose Guild
- Craft Centre of Great Britain member