Jump to content

2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami

Coordinates: 38°19′19″N 142°22′08″E / 38.322°N 142.369°E / 38.322; 142.369
Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Misakubo (talk | contribs) at 09:21, 12 March 2011 (→Fukushima I and II: image added). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

2011 Sendai earthquake and tsunami
2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami is located in Japan
2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
UTC time??
Duration5 minutes [1]
Magnitude8.8–9.1  MW [2][3]
Depth24.4 km (15.2 mi)
Epicenter38°19′19″N 142°22′08″E / 38.322°N 142.369°E / 38.322; 142.369
TypeMegathrust earthquake
Areas affectedJapan (primary)
United States (tsunami)
Total damageFlooding and reports of major damage
TsunamiYes
LandslidesYes
AftershocksAt least 185 (22 above 6.0 MW)
Casualties19,759 deaths,[4] dead, 2,553 people missing[5] missing[6]

The 2011 Sendai earthquake and tsunami (東北地方太平洋沖地震, Tōhoku Chihō Taiheiyō-oki Jishin[7], literally "Tōhoku region Pacific Ocean offshore earthquake") was an 8.8 to 9.1-MW[2][8] megathrust earthquake at 05:46 UTC (14:46 local time) on 11 March 2011. The epicenter was reported to be 130 kilometres off the east coast of the Oshika Peninsula, Tōhoku, with the hypocenter at a depth of 24.4 kilometers (15.2 miles).[9][10] It was locally measured at the maximum possible 7[11] on the Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale in the northern Miyagi Prefecture, Japan.[12]

The earthquake triggered tsunami warnings and evacuations for Japan's Pacific coast and at least 20 countries, including the entire Pacific coast of North America and South America.[13][14][15] The earthquake created tsunami waves of up to 10 meters (33 ft) that struck Japan and many other countries.[8]

Around 4.4 million households in northeastern Japan were left without electricity and more than a million households without water. Many electrical generators were taken down, and at least two nuclear reactors were damaged, which prompted evacuations of the affected areas.[16] The earthquake caused extensive damage in Japan, including heavy damage to roads and railways as well as fires in many areas.

News reports indicate that 19,759 deaths,[17] people have died and 2,553 people missing[18] are missing in six different prefectures.[19] The estimates of its magnitude would make it the largest earthquake to hit Japan and one of the five largest earthquakes in the world since modern record-keeping began.[20][21][22] It is thought to have been the largest earthquake in Japan in the past 1,200 years.[23]

Earthquake

Map of the Sendai Earthquake 2011

The main earthquake was preceded by a number of large foreshocks, beginning with a 7.2 MW event on 9 March approximately 40 kilometers (25 mi) from the 11 March quake, and followed by another three on the same day in excess of 6 MW in intensity.[20] One minute prior to the earthquake, Earthquake Early Warning connected to about 1,000 seismometers in Japan sent out warnings on television of an impending earthquake to millions. This is believed to have saved innumerable lives.[24]

The earthquake occurred in the western Pacific Ocean, 130 kilometers (81 mi) east of Sendai, Honshu, Japan. Its epicenter was 373 kilometers (232 mi) from Tokyo, according to the United States Geological Survey (USGS). Multiple aftershocks were reported after the initial M8.9 quake at 14:46 local time. A magnitude 7.0 aftershock was reported at 15:06 local time, M7.4 at 15:15 local time and M7.2 at 15:26 local time.[25] Over one hundred aftershocks of magnitude 4.5 or greater have occurred since the initial quake.[26]

Initially reported as 7.9 by the USGS, the magnitude was quickly restated as 8.8 and then to 8.9 [20], and then again to either 9.0 or 9.1. [2] [8] This earthquake occurred in the Japan Trench, where the Pacific Plate is subducting beneath the North American Plate. A quake of this size usually has a rupture length of at least 480 kilometers (300 mi) and requires a long, relatively straight fault line. Because the plate boundary and subduction zone in this region is not so straight, earthquakes in this region are usually expected to be with magnitudes up to 8 to 8.5, and the magnitude of this earthquake was a surprise to some seismologists.[27] The hypocentral region of this earthquake extends from offshore Iwate to offshore Ibaraki Prefectures.[28] The Japanese Meteorological Agency said that this earthquake may have ruptured the fault zone from Iwate to Ibaraki with a length of 400 kilometers (250 mi) and a width of 200 kilometers (120 mi).[29] It has been pointed out that this earthquake may have the same mechanism as that of another large earthquake in 869, which also caused large tsunami.[30]

The quake registered a maximum 7 on the Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale in Kurihara, Miyagi Prefecture.[11][31] Three other prefectures—Fukushima, Ibaraki and Tochigi—recorded upper 6 on the JMA scale. Seismic stations in Iwate, Gunma, Saitama and Chiba Prefecture measured lower 6, recording upper 5 in Tokyo.

A local official at the hardest-hit city of Kurihara in Miyagi Prefecture, in a telephone interview by Agence France-Presse (AFP) said:

We were shaken so strongly for a while that we needed to hold on to something in order not to fall. We couldn't escape the building immediately because the tremors continued... City officials are now outside, collecting information on damage.[32]

A separate earthquake measured magnitude of 6.7 by JMA occurred at 18:59 UTC, 11 March (03:59, 12 March local time).[33] Its hypocenter was in Niigata Prefecture at a depth of 10 kilometers (6.2 miles). The quake was recorded upper 6 on the JMA intensity scale in Nagano Prefecture and lower 6 in Niigata. It also resulted in numerous aftershocks.

Tsunami

Wave height map for the tsunami from NOAA
NOAA animation of the tsunami's propagation

The earthquake triggered tsunami warnings and evacuations for Japan's Pacific coast and at least 20 countries, including the entire Pacific coast of North and South America from Alaska to Chile.[34][35][36] The tsunami warning issued by Japan was the most serious on its warning scale, implying that the wave was expected to be at least 10 meters (33 ft) high.[37] A wave that high was observed at 3:55 pm JST flooding Sendai Airport, which is located near the coast of Miyagi prefecture,[38][39] with waves sweeping aside cars and flooding various buildings as they traveled inland.[40] The impact of the tsunami in and around Sendai Airport was filmed by an NHK News helicopter, showing a number of vehicles on local roads trying to escape the approaching wave and being engulfed by it.[41] A four-meter-(13 ft) high tsunami hit Iwate Prefecture. A 0.5-meter (20 in)-high wave hit Japan's northern coast.[42][32] Reports indicate that the wall of water was higher than some Pacific islands and the danger of tsunami flooding prompted warnings for almost the entire Pacific basin.[43]

The United States West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Center issued a tsunami warning for the coastal areas of California and Oregon from Point Conception, California, to the Oregon-Washington border. Waves up to seven feet high were recorded in Maui, Hawaii. The tsunami eventually reached the west coast of the United States at 12:19PM, Pacific Time, which is more than 5,000 miles away. The tsunami rocked pleasure boats and fishing boats in a harbor in Santa Cruz [44] and Crescent City, California and in Medford, Oregon. One man in Crescent City drowned when he was pulled under the water. It is not the first time Crescent City was hit by far away tsunamis. In 1964, four and a half hours after a 9.2 earthquake rocked Anchorage, Alaska, four separate tsunamis rocked Crescent City over a two hour period, destroying 289 building and killing 12 people. In 2006, after an 8.3 earthquake struck off the Kuril Islands in the west Pacific, a surge from the earthquake damaged three docks, but fortunately, no one died. [45]

Casualties

A view across the city of Toyko, with a burning building in the distance
The aftermath of the earthquake in Tokyo

Tokyo Broadcasting System (TBS) has confirmed approximately 400 dead and approximately 700 missing in six different prefectures (also reported as over 1100 dead/missing combined).[6] Later confirmed deaths were 503 with: one in Hokkaido, three in Aomori,[46] 221 in Iwate, 129 in Miyagi, one in Yamagata, 115 in Fukushima, four in Tokyo, 13 in Ibaraki, three in Tochigi, one in Gunma, ten in Chiba, three in Kanagawa and a police estimate of 200-300 in an inaccessible coastal part near Sendai City in Miyagi. Reports of missing persons suggested 740 were unaccounted for and that 1,040 were injured.[47]

Officials in Wakabayashi-ku, Sendai, which was heavily damaged by tsunami waves, stated that they had found the dead bodies of 200–300 victims.[48]

By 09:30 March 11 UTC, Google Person Finder, which was previously used in the Haitian, Chilean, and Christchurch earthquakes, was collecting information about survivors and their locations.[49][50] The Next of Kin Registry NOKR is assisting the Japanese government to locate next of kin for those missing or deceased.[51]

It was reported that four passenger trains containing an unknown number of passengers disappeared in a coastal area during the tsunami.[52] Two of the trains were on the Senseki Line.[48] One of the Senseki Line trains was found derailed in the morning, and all passengers were rescued by a prefectural police helicopter.[53]

A 25-year-old man who was taking pictures of the tsunami waves in coastal Del Norte County, California, was swept out to sea and later found dead.[54]

Effect on infrastructure

Fire at the Cosmo Oil refinery in Ichihara

Port

The effects of the quake included visible smoke rising from a building in the Port of Tokyo with parts of the port areas being flooded, including soil liquefaction in Tokyo Disneyland's carpark.[55][32]

Dam failure

Kyodo News reported a dam in Fukushima Prefecture failed, washing away homes. No casualties have been counted, but the Defense Ministry reported 1,800 homes downstream were destroyed.[52]

Water

More than a million households were reported to have lost water supplies.[56]

Electricity

According to Tohoku Electric, around 4.4 million households in northeastern Japan were left without electricity.[57] Several nuclear and conventional power plants went offline after the earthquake.

Nuclear power plants

Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant, Fukushima I, Fukushima II and Tōkai nuclear power stations were automatically shut down following the earthquake. Higashidōri, also on the northeast coast, was already shut down for a periodic inspection. The Rokkasho nuclear reprocessing plant, also on the coast, was being powered by emergency diesel generators.[58]

Separately, a fire broke out at the Onagawa plant.[58] The blaze was in a building housing the turbine, which is sited separately from the plant's reactor.[59]

Fukushima I and II
File:2011-03-12 1800 NHK Sōgō channel news program screen shot.jpg
NHK Sōgō channel TV program screen shot image depicting before and after a explosion of Fukushima I Unit 1 reactor, The news was broadcasted at 18:00 (JST) March 12, 2011.
Further information: Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant and Fukushima II Nuclear Power Plant

Japan declared a state of emergency following the failure of the cooling system at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant[60], resulting in the evacuation of nearby residents.[61][59] Officials from the Japanese Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency have reported that radiation levels inside the plant are up to 1,000 times normal levels, and that radiation levels outside the plant are up to 8 times allowable limits.[62] Later, a state of emergency was also declared at the nearby Fukushima II Nuclear Power Plant, as it suffered a cooling failure as well.[16]

It was reported that The Tokyo Electric Power Company was preparing to vent contaminated steam from the reactor vessel into the atmosphere. According to Tomoko Murakami of the nuclear energy group at Japan's Institute of Energy Economics, this would not result in the release of significant radiation.[63] The cores of both reactors remain hot, however, so cooling is still required. The Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency reported that due to lack of electricity, the emergency cooling system is currently running on backup battery power.[64] Residents living within a 10-kilometer (6.2 mi) radius of the Fukushima I plant were evacuated, as well as residents within 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) of the Fukushima II plant.[65][66][67][16]

A large explosion took place at the Fukushima I plant on March 12 at 15:36 local time. Several workers were reported to be injured.[68][69] Pictures broadcast on Japanese television showed that the outer structure of reactor number 1's containment building had blown off, releasing a large cloud of dust and vapour.[70]

Oil

An oil refinery of Cosmo Oil Company was set on fire by the quake at Ichihara, Chiba Prefecture, to the east of Tokyo.[71] Major fires broke out elsewhere, such as in the city of Kesennuma.[72][73]

Transport

Japan's transport network suffered as well. Many sections of Tohoku expressway serving northern Japan have been damaged.[74] All railway services were suspended in Tokyo, with an estimated 20,000 people stranded at major stations across the city.[75] In the hours after the earthquake, some train services were resumed.[76]

Shinkansen bullet train services in and out of Tokyo were suspended, though there were no derailments; Narita and Haneda Airport both suspended operations after the quake, with most flights diverted to other airports until further notice.[32] Various train services around Japan were also cancelled, with JR East suspending all services for the rest of the day.[77] Four trains on coastal lines were reported as being out-of-contact with operators; one, a 4-car train on the Senseki Line which had derailed, had its occupants rescued shortly after 8 am the next morning.[78]

Telecommunications

Cell and phone service is suffering major disruption in the area.

According to an unnamed official from Chunghwa Telecom, the earthquake has caused "some damage" to undersea cable APCN 2 near Kita on the eastern coast of Japan but data transmission hasn't been interrupted.[79]

Economic impact

Stranded passengers on a Tokyo train. Major disruptions to train travel have occurred throughout Japan.

Economic analysts posit that ultimately, the catastrophe will improve Japan's economy, with increased job availability during restoration efforts. David Hensley of JPMorgan Chase, citing the 1989 San Francisco earthquake and the 1994 Northridge earthquake, noted that natural disasters "do eventually boost output". Takuji Okubo of Société Générale anticipated that Japan's economy will decline in March but will revive powerfully in the next months. He recalled that in January 1995 after the Kobe earthquake, industrial output dropped 2.6%, but in the next two months, it increased 2.2% and 1%, respectively. Japan's economy then accelerated substantially through the next two years, more than its former rate.[80]

Despite these optimistic long-term predictions, the quake has had significant impacts on business. Toyota has had to temporarily close three factories in the affected region, and Nissan has had to extinguish fires at two of its factories. The Bank of Japan has set up an emergency task force to ensure liquidity in the aftermath of the disaster.[81]

Financial markets

In the immediate aftermath, Japan’s Nikkei stock market index saw its futures slide 5% in after-market trading.[82] The Bank of Japan vowed to do their utmost to ensure financial market stability.[83]

Other stock markets around the world were also affected;[60] the German DAX lost 1.2% and fell to 6,978 points within minutes.[84] Bombay Stock Exchange or Sensex (India) also plunged by 0.84%.[60] Hong Kong's Hang Seng index fell by 1.8%, while South Korea's Kospi index slumped by 1.3%.[85] By the end of trading on Friday, the MSCI Asia Pacific Index had dropped by 1.8%.[86] Oil prices also dropped as a result of the closure of Japanese refineries despite the ongoing violence in Libya and expected demonstrations in Saudi Arabia. US crude dropped as low as $99.01 from $100.08 by lunchtime, with Brent Crude falling $2.62 to $112.81.[87] In Hong Kong, Financial Secretary John Tsang warned investors to "take extra care" as the earthquake may have a short term impact on the local stock market.[88]

The share prices of the biggest reinsurance companies Munich Re and Swiss Reinsurance Company fell following the earthquake on speculation that they may face losses "somewhere in the $10 billion range" even after certain costs would be absorbed by Japan’s primary insurers and the government.[89]

Response

Government response

Prime Minister Naoto Kan announced the government has mobilized the Japanese Self-Defense Forces in various earthquake disaster zones.[90] He asked the Japanese public to act calmly and tune into various media for updated information.[90][91] He also reported numerous nuclear power plants have automatically shut down to prevent damage and radiation leaks.[90] PM Kan also set up emergency headquarters in his office to coordinate the government's response.[91]

International response

Japan received condolence messages and offers of assistance from a range of international leaders. According to the United Nations, search and rescue teams from 45 countries had been offered to Japan. Japan specifically requested teams from Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, and the U.S.;[92] it also requested (via its space agency JAXA) the activation of the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters, allowing diverse satellite imagery of affected regions to be readily shared with rescue and aid organisations.[93] The United States moved naval vessels closer to Japan for the purposes of providing aid.[94] Germany is sending search and rescue specialists from the Technisches Hilfswerk.[95]

Media coverage

Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK) and Japan Satellite Television suspended their usual programming to provide ongoing coverage of the situation.[96]

See also

References

  1. ^ NBC Nightly News (Mar. 11, 2011)
  2. ^ a b c Reilly, Michael (March 11, 2011 17:22 GMT). "Japan's quake updated to magnitude 9.0". New Scientist. Retrieved March 11, 2011. {{cite journal}}: |section= ignored (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12720489
  4. ^ "平成23年（2011年）東北地方太平洋沖地震（東日本大震災）について（第162報）（令和4年3月8日）" [Press release no. 162 of the 2011 Tohuku earthquake] (PDF). 総務省消防庁災害対策本部 [Fire and Disaster Management Agency]. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2022. Page 31 of the PDF file.
  5. ^ "平成23年（2011年）東北地方太平洋沖地震（東日本大震災）について（第162報）（令和4年3月8日）" [Press release no. 162 of the 2011 Tohuku earthquake] (PDF). 総務省消防庁災害対策本部 [Fire and Disaster Management Agency]. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2022. Page 31 of the PDF file.
  6. ^ a b "TBS News: live report and update". Tokyo Broadcasting System (TBS). Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  7. ^ 気象庁 Japan Meteorological Agency. "平成23年3月11日14時46分頃の三陸沖の地震について（第２報） 気象庁 | 平成２３年報道発表資料" (in Japanese). JP: JMA. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  8. ^ a b c "Tsunami warning center raises magnitude of Japan quake to 9.1". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Retrieved 11 March 2011. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  9. ^ "Séisme et tsunami dévastateurs: plus de 1000 morts et disparus au Japon". Le Parisien (in French). 11 March 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ "Tsunami hits north-eastern Japan after massive quake". BBC News. 11 March 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  11. ^ a b "Japan Meteorological Agency | Earthquake Information". Jma.go.jp. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  12. ^ "東北を中心に震度7の地震 宮城県で4・2メートルの津波 建物も流される". MSN産経ニュース. 11 March 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  13. ^ "TSUNAMI BULLETIN NUMBER 003". Pacific Tsunami Warning Center/NOAA/NWS. 11 March 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  14. ^ By the CNN Wire Staff (11 March 2011). "Tsunami warnings issued for at least 20 countries after quake - CNN.com". Edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 11 March 2011. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  15. ^ "PTWC warnings complete list". Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  16. ^ a b c "Official: 2 Japanese plants struggling to cool radioactive material". CNN. 11 March 2001. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
  17. ^ "平成23年（2011年）東北地方太平洋沖地震（東日本大震災）について（第162報）（令和4年3月8日）" [Press release no. 162 of the 2011 Tohuku earthquake] (PDF). 総務省消防庁災害対策本部 [Fire and Disaster Management Agency]. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2022. Page 31 of the PDF file.
  18. ^ "平成23年（2011年）東北地方太平洋沖地震（東日本大震災）について（第162報）（令和4年3月8日）" [Press release no. 162 of the 2011 Tohuku earthquake] (PDF). 総務省消防庁災害対策本部 [Fire and Disaster Management Agency]. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2022. Page 31 of the PDF file.
  19. ^ "Japan earthquake live blog: Death toll rises amid widespread destruction". CNN (blog). TimeWarner. 12 March 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
  20. ^ a b c "Magnitude 8.9 – NEAR THE EAST COAST OF HONSHU, JAPAN 2011 March 11 05:46:23 UTC". United States Geological Survey (USGS). Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  21. ^ "8.9 Earthquake in Japan, Tsunami Warning to Russia, Taiwan and South East Asia". 11 March 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  22. ^ "Japan quake – 7th largest in recorded history". 11 March 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  23. ^ "Deaths in Japan Earthquake Top 500; Nuclear Fuel May Be Melting at Reactor". Bloomberg News. 12 March 2011.
  24. ^ Foster, Peter. "Alert sounded a minute before the tremor struck". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 March 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  25. ^ "地震情報 – 2011年3月10日 15時6分 – 日本気象協会 tenki.jp"."地震情報 – 2011年3月11日 15時15分 – 日本気象協会 tenki.jp"."地震情報 – 2011年3月11日 15時26分 – 日本気象協会 tenki.jp".
  26. ^ "Earthquake Information". Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  27. ^ Maugh, Thomas H. "Size of Japan's quake surprises seismologists". latimes.com. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  28. ^ "地震調査委 想定外の連動地震 NHKニュース". .nhk.or.jp. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
  29. ^ "時事ドットコム：Ｍ８．８、死者３００人超＝行方不明５４０人以上−大津波１０ｍ・宮城で震度７". Jiji.com. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
  30. ^ "asahi.com（朝日新聞社）：「数キロ内陸まで津波」 東大地震研・佐竹教授 – 東日本大震災". Asahi.com. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
  31. ^ "Massive quake strikes northern Japan". The Daily Yomiuri. 11 March 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  32. ^ a b c d "Japan issues top tsunami warning after major quake". MediaCorp Channel NewsAsia. 11 March 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  33. ^ "JMA Earthquake Information Issued at 04:03 JST 12 Mar 2011". Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
  34. ^ "TSUNAMI BULLETIN NUMBER 003". Pacific Tsunami Warning Center/NOAA/NWS. 11 March 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  35. ^ By the CNN Wire Staff (11 March 2011). "Tsunami warnings issued for at least 20 countries after quake - CNN.com". Edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 11 March 2011. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  36. ^ "PTWC warnings complete list". Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  37. ^ "Japan hit by massive earthquake". BBC News. 11 March 2011.
  38. ^ "News: Tsunami rolls through Pacific, Sendai Airport under water, Tokyo Narita closed, Pacific region airports endangered". Avherald.com. 6 July 2001. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  39. ^ "10-meter tsunami observed in area near Sendai in Miyagi Pref". The Mainichi Daily News. 11 March 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  40. ^ "Japan 8.9-magnitude earthquake sparks massive tsunami". Herald Sun. Associated Press. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  41. ^ NHK News, ~4 pm JST.
  42. ^ "Quake causes many injuries in Japan, tsunami". Reuters. 11 March 2011.
  43. ^ "Huge tsunami kills hundreds in Japan, sweeps across Pacific". 11 March 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |name= ignored (help)
  44. ^ "Tsunami Damages Santa Cruz, Crescent City Harbors". KSBW-TV. 11 March 2011.
  45. ^ "Crescent City Docks Damaged By Tsunami". KCRA-TV. 11 March 2011.
  46. ^ Nippon Television, 12 March 2011, 16:00 JST.
  47. ^ "Latest figures on casualties resulting from Japan tsunami disaster". Bloomberg.com. 12 March 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2001.
  48. ^ a b Kyodo News, "Killer Tohoku temblor tops scale", Japan Times, 12 March 2011, retrieved 12 March 2011.
  49. ^ Shinde, Jayesh (11 March 2011). "Google Person Finder for Japan Earthquake/Tsunami launched". PC World. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  50. ^ "Person Finder: 2011 Japan Earthquake". (English)
  51. ^ "Massive quake, tsunami slams Japan List Your Emergency Contacts find Family".
  52. ^ a b By the CNN Wire Staff (22 May 1960). "Widespread destruction from Japan earthquake, tsunamis – CNN.com". Edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 12 March 2011. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  53. ^ "脱線のＪＲ仙石線車内から、県警ヘリで９人救出 : 社会 : YOMIURI ONLINE（読売新聞）". Yomiuri.co.jp. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
  54. ^ Shanie-Hutzell, Rene (11 March 2011). "NorCal man drowns trying to photograph tsunami". fox5sandiego.com. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
  55. ^ "Tokyo Disneyland hit by liquefaction after quake". MediaCorp Channel NewsAsia. 11 March 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  56. ^ http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/12/japan-tsunami-nuclear-meltdown
  57. ^ "People near Japan nuke plant told to leave – Yahoo!7".
  58. ^ a b "Japan initiates emergency protocol after earthquake". Nuclear Engineering International. 11 March 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  59. ^ a b "Japan Declares 'Nuclear Emergency' after Quake". The Guardian. 11 March 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  60. ^ a b c "Fear of Nuclear Radiation Leak Aftermath Japan Earthquake". The World Reporter. Retrieved 12 March 2011. Cite error: The named reference "TWR" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  61. ^ "Japan Tsunami". BBC News. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  62. ^ "Radioactive Material May Have Leaked from Japanese Reactor". CNN International. 11 March 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  63. ^ "asahi.com（朝日新聞社）：福島原発炉内蒸気、外に逃す作業検討　放射能漏れの恐れ – 社会".
  64. ^ "Japan Orders Evacuation from Near Nuclear Plant after Quake". Bloomberg. 11 March 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  65. ^ "Yahoo News". 11 March 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  66. ^ "District Name evacuation instruction: City Ookuma (夫沢District 1, District 2夫沢, District 3夫沢,小入野, Kazuhisa Hiroshi) Futabachō (Hosoya, Koriyama, Niiyama, Shimozyou, Yamada, Hamano)". Fukushima Prefecture. 11 March 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  67. ^ Impact to TEPCO's Facilities due to Miyagiken-Oki Earthquake (as of 7 am), TEPCO News website, press release as of 7 am JST.
  68. ^ "JAPAN: NHK TV, WORKERS INJURED IN FUKUSHIMA EXPLOSION". Retrieved 12 March 2011.
  69. ^ "Report: Explosion near Japanese nuclear plant". CNN.
  70. ^ "WRAPUP 10-Explosion at Japan's quake-hit nuclear plant - media". Reuters. 12 March 2011.
  71. ^ Japan earthquake causes oil refinery inferno Daily Telegraph, London, 11 March 2011
  72. ^ "Video: Entire Japanese city on fire after earthquake – Telegraph". The Daily Telegraph. 11 March 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  73. ^ "Blaze engulfs northeast Japan waterfront after quake". Reuters. 11 March 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  74. ^ "Fears of massive death toll as ten-metre tall tsunami races across Pacific after sixth largest earthquake in history hits Japan". Daily Mail. 11 March 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  75. ^ NHK News, 23:30 JST
  76. ^ "Many Rail Services In Tokyo Suspended After Quake". NIKKEI. 12 March 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
  77. ^ "JR東日本：列車運行情報". Traininfo.jreast.co.jp. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  78. ^ "脱線のＪＲ仙石線車内から、県警ヘリで９人救出 : 社会 : YOMIURI ONLINE（読売新聞）". Yomiuri.co.jp. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
  79. ^ "Chunghwa Telecom: "Some Damage" To Undersea Cable Near Kita After Japan Quake". Wallstreet Journal. 11 March 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  80. ^ Wiseman, Paul; Rugaber, Christopher S. (11 March 2011). "Quake and tsunami a blow to fragile Japan economyR". San Francisco Chronicle. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 11 March 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  81. ^ Christopher Anstey and Mayumi Otsuma (11 March 2011). "BOJ Pledges Support on Japan Earthquake; Toyota Halts Output". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
  82. ^ Reuters 10:05 am GMT 11 Mar 2011 Comments. "Japan earthquake: market reaction". Telegraph. Retrieved 11 March 2011. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  83. ^ "BOJ to Work to Ensure Financial Market Stability". 11 March 2011.
  84. ^ "Erdbeben Japan: Riesige Flutwelle spült Trümmer übers Land". Zeit Online (in German). 11 March 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  85. ^ "Japan earthquake hits global markets". The Telegraph. 11 March 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
  86. ^ "Roubini Says Earthquake Is 'Worst Thing' at Worst Time for Japan Economy". Bloomberg. 11 March 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
  87. ^ "Oil prices drop after Japan quake". Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 11 March 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  88. ^ "FS warns of quake impact on shares". RTHK. 12 March 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
  89. ^ http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-11/european-reinsurers-fall-leading-u-s-carriers-lower-on-quake.html
  90. ^ a b c Christopher Anstey (11 March 2011). "Kan Mobilizes Forces, BOJ Pledges Liquidity After Quake".
  91. ^ a b Nikkei Inc. (11 March 2011). "Govt Takes Emergency Steps, Kan Asks People To Stay Calm". Nikkei.com.
  92. ^ Nebehay, Stephanie (11 March 2011). "Japan requests foreign rescue teams, UN says". Reuters. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  93. ^ "Disaster Charter – Earthquake in Japan". Disasterscharter.org. 28 May 2010. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
  94. ^ "Obama: Japan earthquake potentially 'catastrophic'". msnbc.com. 11 March 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  95. ^ "Erdbeben in Japan – Angst vor der Kernschmelze – Panorama – sueddeutsche.de". Süddeutsche Zeitung. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  96. ^ NHK News, 2:40 pm JST.

Template:Wikinews2

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2011 Sendai earthquake.
Live media coverage
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2011_Tōhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami&oldid=418433862"