Lanfang Republic
Lanfang Republic 蘭芳共和國 (Chinese) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1777–1884 | |||||||
 Map of Kongsi republics | |||||||
| Status | democratic republic | ||||||
| Capital | Dong Wan Li (東萬律) (now Mandor) | ||||||
| Common languages | Hakka, Malay, Dayak languages | ||||||
| Demonym(s) | Hakka or Lánfāngrén (蘭芳人) | ||||||
| Government | Presidential Kongsi republic | ||||||
| President | |||||||
• 1777–1795 | Lo Fong Bo | ||||||
• 1795–1799 | Jiang Wubo | ||||||
• 1799–1804 | Yan Sibo | ||||||
• 1804–1811 | Jiang Wubo | ||||||
• 1811–1823 | Song Chabo | ||||||
• 1823–1838 | Liu Taiji | ||||||
• 1838–1842 | Gu Liubo | ||||||
• 1842–1843 | Xie Guifang | ||||||
• 1843–1845 | Ye Tenghui | ||||||
• 1845–1848 | Liu Ganxing | ||||||
• 1848–1876 | Liu Asheng | ||||||
• 1876–1880 | Liu Liang | ||||||
• 1880–1884 | Liu Asheng | ||||||
| Historical era | New Imperialism | ||||||
• Founding | 1777 | ||||||
| 1884 | |||||||
| |||||||
| Today part of | Indonesia Malaysia | ||||||
| History of Indonesia |
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| Timeline |
 Indonesia portal |
The Lanfang Republic (Chinese: 蘭芳共和國; pinyin: Lánfāng Gònghéguó, Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Làn-fông Khiung-fò-koet), also known as Lanfang Company (Chinese: 蘭芳公司; pinyin: Lánfāng gōngsī), was a Chinese kongsi federation and democratic republic in Western Kalimantan. It was established by a Hakka Chinese named Lo Fong Bo in 1777 until it was ended by Dutch occupation in 1884.
Arrival of the Hakka Chinese
The sultans of Western Borneo, including Sambas, Sukadana, and Landak all imported Chinese labourers in the 18th century to work in gold or tin mines. A number of mining companies enjoyed some political autonomy,[1] but Lanfang is the best known thanks to a history written by Yap Siong-yoen, the son-in-law of the last kapitan of the Lanfang Company, which was translated into Dutch in 1885, and J.J.M. de Groot, a Dutch Sinologist who recorded Lanfang's history with the help of its last President, Liu Asheng.[2][3][4][5][6][7] None of the other Chinese mining organization in western Kalimantan left written accounts; the records of the others were documented by Dutch sinologists.[8]
Rule of President Lo Fong Bo
The founding father of the Lanfang Kongsi was President Lo Fong Bo, who hailed from Meijiang. Chinese settlers have long lived on west Kalimantan, with most engaging in trading and mining. They formed their own companies, among which was the Southern Company headed by Lo.
As the Dutch encroached upon modern-day Indonesia, Lo established the Lanfang Company in 1777 (with its capital in Mandor) to protect the Chinese settlers from Dutch oppression.[9][10][11][12][13][14] The settlers subsequently elected Low as their inaugural leader. Low implemented many democratic principles, including the idea that all matters of state must involve the consultation of the republic's citizenry. The Republic did not have a standing military, but had a defense ministry that administered a national militia based on conscription. During peacetime, the populace mostly engaged in farming, production, trading, and mining. Lanfang's administrative divisions included three tiers (province, prefecture, and county) with the people electing leaders for all levels. Lanfang was allied with Sultan Abdurrahman of the Pontianak Sultanate.[15][16][17][18][19]
Low served as head of state until his death in 1795. Afterwards, Lanfang voters elected Jiang Wubo (江戊伯) as their next president. Lanfang citizens elected a total of twelve leaders, who helped improve agricultural techniques, expand mine production, develop cultural education, and organize military training.
Dutch conquest
Up to the end, Lanfang Company's vigorous development suffered from the eventual expansion of the Dutch. The Mandor community waged a tenacious resistance, but ultimately failed due to poor weaponry. Lin Ah Sin was the last leader of Lanfang.[20] Many of Lanfang's citizens and their descendants made their way to Sumatra or Singapore. The three campaigns waged by the Dutch East Indies Army against the Lanfang Company:
- Expedition to the West Coast of Borneo (1822–24)
- Expedition against the Chinese in Montrado (1850–54)
- Chinese uprising in Mandor, Borneo (1884–85)
This last one resulted in the subjugation of the Chinese and the loss of autonomy.
See also
References
Citations
- ^ "Archived copy" 海外華人創建了世上第一個共和國. culture.singtaonet.com (in Traditional Chinese). Archived from the original on 2011-04-24. Retrieved 2010-10-31.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Groot, J.J.M. (1885), Het Kongsiwezen van Borneo: eene verhandeling over den grondslag en den aard der chineesche politieke vereenigingen in de koloniën, The Hague: M. Nijhof.
- ^ Lindsey'& Pausacker & Coppel &Institute of Southeast Asian Studies & Monash Asia Institute 2005, p. 105.
- ^ ed. Gerber &Guang 2006, p. 164.
- ^ ed. Reid & Alilunas-Rodgers 1996, p. 169.
- ^ ed. Blussé & Zurndorfer & Zürcher 1993, p. 288.
- ^ Chin 1981, p. 19.
- ^ Heidhues 2001:169
- ^ Gernet 1996, p. 489.
- ^ YUNOS 2011. Archived 2014-07-14 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "The Eurozone as a Lan Fang Republic" 2012
- ^ Zheng 1982, p. 40.
- ^ Wang 1994, p. 87.
- ^ "The Sarawak Museum Journal, Volume 19" 1971, p. 119.
- ^ "The Sarawak Museum Journal" 1959, p. 671.
- ^ Heidhues 2003, p. 65.
- ^ Heidhues 2003, p. 103.
- ^ Luo & Luo 1941,
- ^ 羅 1961,
- ^ Irwin 1955, p. 173.
Sources
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- Chin, John M. (1981). The Sarawak Chinese (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press, Incorporated. ISBN 0195804708. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
- Gakuen, Seijō (1967). Uchida, Naosaku; Ikeda, Kōtarō (eds.). Social and economic aspects of Japan: Seijo Gakuen jubilee year, 1917-1967. Economic Institute of Seijo University. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
- Gerber, James; Guang, Lei, eds. (2006). Agriculture and Rural Connections in the Pacific, 1500-1900. Vol. 13 of The Pacific World: Lands, Peoples And History of the Pacific, 1500–1900 (illustrated ed.). Ashgate/Variorum. ISBN 0754639789. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
- Gernet, Jacques (1996). A History of Chinese Civilization (illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521497817. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
- Heidhues, Mary F. Somers (2003). Golddiggers, Farmers, and Traders in the "Chinese Districts" of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Vol. 34 of Southeast Asia publications series (illustrated ed.). SEAP Publications. ISBN 0877277338. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Irwin, Graham (1955). Nineteenth-century Borneo: A Study in Diplomatic Rivalry. Part 15 of Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. M. Nijhoff. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Lindsey, Timothy; Pausacker, Helen; Coppel, Charles A. (2005). Lindsey, Timothy; Pausacker, Helen; Coppel, Charles A. (eds.). Chinese Indonesians: remembering, distorting, forgetting (illustrated ed.). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9812302867.
- Luo, Xianglin; Luo, Fangbo (1941). Luo Fangbo suo jian Boluozhou Kundian Lanfang da zong zhi kao (illustrated ed.). Retrieved 24 April 2014.
- 羅, 香林 (1961). 西婆羅洲羅芳伯等所建共和國考. 中國學社. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
- Museum für Völkerkunde zu Leipzig (1997). Jahrbuch des Museums für Völkerkunde zu Leipzig, Volume 41. Lit-Verlag. ISBN 3825834328. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
- Oelschlägel, Anett C.; Nentwig, Ingo; Taube, Jakob, eds. (2005). "Roter Altai, gib dein Echo!": Festschrift für Erika Taube zum 65. Geburtstag (in German). Contributor: Erika Taube. Leipziger Universitätsverlag. ISBN 3865830625. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Reece, Bob; Persatuan Kesusasteraan Sarawak (1993). Datu Bandar Abang Hj. Mustapha of Sarawak: some reflections of his life and times. Sarawak Literary Society. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
- Reid, Anthony; Alilunas-Rodgers, Kristine, eds. (1996). Sojourners and Settlers: Histories of Southeast China and the Chinese (illustrated, reprint ed.). University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0824824466. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
- Reid, Anthony (2008). Reid, Anthony (ed.). The Chinese Diaspora in the Pacific. Vol. 16 of The Pacific World Lands, Peoples and History of the Pacific, 1500–1900. Ashgate. ISBN 978-0754657491. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
- Yong, Paul (1994). A dream of freedom: the early Sarawak Chinese (2, illustrated ed.). Pelanduk Publications. ISBN 9679783774. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
- YUNOS, ROZAN (May 23, 2011). "Saga of Lanfang Republic". THE BRUNEI TIMES. BANDAR SERI BEGAWAN. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
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- Zheng, Dekun (1969). Archaeology in Sarawak (illustrated ed.). Heffer. ISBN 0852700113. Archived from the original on Jul 20, 2006. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- "The Eurozone as a Lan Fang Republic". Manifesta Journal. 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
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{{cite book}}:|author=has generic name (help) - Excerpta Indonesica, Issues 58-62. Contributors: Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (Netherlands). Afdeling Documentatie Modern Indonesie, Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (Netherlands). Bibliotheek. Centre for Documentation of Modern Indonesia, Royal Institute of Linguistics and Anthropology. 1998. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
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External links
- Kongsi federations
- Chinese diaspora in Southeast Asia
- Former countries in Southeast Asia
- Former countries in Borneo
- Former republics
- Precolonial states of Indonesia
- States and territories disestablished in 1884
- States and territories established in 1777
- 18th-century establishments in Indonesia
- Chinese-speaking countries and territories