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==[[January 4]], 1925 (Sunday)==
==[[January 4]], 1925 (Sunday)==
*Prefects throughout Italy received orders to control all "suspect" political organizations.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Murray |editor1-first=Lorraine |date=2014 |title=Italy |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica|Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |page=245 |isbn=978-1-61530-989-4 }}</ref> Over the next two days, hundreds of private homes were searched, meeting halls were closed, political groups were disbanded and newspapers were seized.<ref name="chronicle of the 20th c." /><ref>{{cite news |last=Clayton |first=John |date=January 7, 1925 |title=Italy Subdued by Fascist Leash of Mussolini | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=13 }}</ref>
*Prefects throughout Italy received orders to control all "suspect" political organizations.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Murray |editor1-first=Lorraine |date=2014 |title=Italy |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica|Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |page=245 |isbn=978-1-61530-989-4 }}</ref> Over the next two days, hundreds of private homes were searched, meeting halls were closed, political groups were disbanded and newspapers were seized.<ref name="chronicle of the 20th c." /><ref>{{cite news |last=Clayton |first=John |date=January 7, 1925 |title=Italy Subdued by Fascist Leash of Mussolini | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=13 }}</ref>
*[[Adolf Hitler]], whose [[Nazi Party]] had been banned in [[Bavaria]] since the failed [[Beer Hall Putsch]], met with the state's [[Minister-President|Minister President]] [[Heinrich Held]]. Hitler pledged total loyalty to Held and offered to help him in his fight against communists.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tague |first=James E. |date=2011 |title=The Last Field Marshal |publisher=Xlibris Corporation |page=50 |isbn=978-1-4568-3185-1 }}{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=January 2018}}</ref>
*[[Adolf Hitler]], whose [[Nazi Party]] had been banned in [[Bavaria]] since the failed [[Beer Hall Putsch]], met with the state's [[Minister-President|Minister President]] [[Heinrich Held]]. Hitler pledged total loyalty to Held and offered to help him in his fight against communists.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tague |first=James E. |date=2011 |title=The Last Field Marshal |publisher=Xlibris Corporation |page=50 |isbn=978-1-4568-3185-1 }}</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=January 2018}}
*'''Born:''' [[Veikko Hakulinen]], cross-country skier, in [[Lakhdenpokhsky District|Kurkijoki]], [[Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Karelian ASSR]] (d. 2003)
*'''Born:''' [[Veikko Hakulinen]], cross-country skier, in [[Lakhdenpokhsky District|Kurkijoki]], [[Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Karelian ASSR]] (d. 2003)
*'''Died:''' [[Nellie Cashman]], 79 or 80, Irish-born prospector
*'''Died:''' [[Nellie Cashman]], 79 or 80, Irish-born prospector

Revision as of 05:38, 28 December 2021

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The following events occurred in January 1925:

January 1, 1925 (Thursday)

January 2, 1925 (Friday)

  • Fresh violence broke out around Italy as Benito Mussolini's crackdown on opposition newspapers continued. Fascists seized or attacked newspaper presses while at least three were killed in rioting.[4] Mussolini met with King Victor Emmanuel III and requested dictatorial powers to quell the chaos. The king refused, but gave Mussolini tacit permission to act however he considered necessary within at least the appearance of constitutional legality.[5]
  • Leo Chiozza Money testified before Britain's Royal Commission that an increase in the world's population had led to the country's food situation becoming as desperate as it was during the war. "The 10 pence price of bread has doubled in recent years and looking into the future there are good prospects of its doubling again", he stated. Money recommended a "department of supply" be created to remedy the problem.[6]
  • Born: Giacomo Furia, actor, in Naples, Italy (d. 2015); Larry Harmon, entertainer (Bozo the Clown), in Toledo, Ohio (d. 2008); Eraño de Guzman Manalo, 2nd Executive Minister (Tagapamahalang Pangkalahatan) of the Iglesia ni Cristo (Church of Christ), in San Juan City, Philippines (d. 2009)
  • Died: Nikola Petroff, 51, Bulgarian wrestler

January 3, 1925 (Saturday)

  • Benito Mussolini made a pivotal speech in the Italian Chamber of Deputies. He took personal responsibility for the actions of his Blackshirts, challenged his political opponents to remove him from office and then promised to take charge of restoring order to Italy within forty-eight hours.[7] Historians now trace this speech to the beginning of Mussolini's dictatorship.[8]
  • Cyril Brownlie was sent off the field for foul play during a rough Test match against England during New Zealand's 1924–25 rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France. It was the first time such a severe sanction had ever been applied in an international rugby match. New Zealand won 17-11.[1]

January 4, 1925 (Sunday)

January 5, 1925 (Monday)

  • The two ministers from the Liberal Party in Mussolini's cabinet, Gino Sarrocchi and Alessandro Casati, turned in their resignations.[12] They were to be replaced by loyal Fascists, who were now the only party in Mussolini's Cabinet.[13]
  • Nellie Tayloe Ross of Wyoming became the first female governor in United States History.

January 6, 1925 (Tuesday)

January 7, 1925 (Wednesday)

January 8, 1925 (Thursday)

  • A joint manifesto signed by the leaders of the parties "on the Aventine" condemned Mussolini's suppression of dissent, writing, "The whole country can bear witness to the fact that the pretext of this policy is a ridiculous lie as no conspiracy is threatening the country and no attempt has been made against the laws." The manifesto suggested that Mussolini resign.[17]
  • Born: Helmuth Hübener, anti-Nazi youth activist, in Hamburg, Germany (d. 1942)
  • Died: George Bellows, 42, American artist

January 9, 1925 (Friday)

  • British economist George Paish said that another war in Europe was inevitable unless Germany's reparations payments were reduced and the French were to leave the Rhineland. He also warned that "Germany will not make the mistake she made the last time, in having Russia as an enemy, but will have that nation as a friend. Germany and Russia will be able to overrun Europe and establish a military despotism."[18]
  • Born: Lee Van Cleef, film actor, in Somerville, New Jersey (d. 1989)

January 10, 1925 (Saturday)

January 11, 1925 (Sunday)

January 12, 1925 (Monday)

January 13, 1925 (Tuesday)

January 14, 1925 (Wednesday)

January 15, 1925 (Thursday)

January 16, 1925 (Friday)

  • Blues artist Huddie Ledbetter, more popularly known as Lead Belly, was granted a full pardon by Texas governor Pat Morris Neff, having served the minimum seven years of his prison sentence after killing one of his own relatives in a fight over a woman. Neff had been impressed by a religiously-themed song about forgiveness that Lead Belly had written and performed for him during a visit he made to the prison the previous year.[24]
  • Italy passed a new electoral bill containing a controversial provision for "plural voting". Double votes were to be given to academians, professors, those with diplomas, knights, military officers, those with any military decorations, officeholders, certain business personnel, all those paying a direct tax of 100 lira or more, and fathers of at least five children. Triple votes were to be given to members of the royal family, members of high nobility, cardinals, highly decorated war veterans, high officeholders, or anyone who met three conditions for double votes. The opposition blasted the provision as disproportionately favouring the wealthy, but Mussolini contended that it would help to encourage educated and productive Italians.[25][26]
  • Died: Aleksey Kuropatkin, 76, Russian general and Imperial Russian Minister of War

January 17, 1925 (Saturday)

  • Miriam A. Ferguson became the first female governor of Texas and the second in United States history.
  • Italy's Chamber of Deputies repealed the "plural voting" provision in the electoral bill passed the previous day. Mussolini consented to the change upon the advice of labour leaders within his party who feared it would draw too much resentment from the working class.[26]
  • Born: Duane Hanson, sculptor, in Alexandria, Minnesota (d. 1996)

January 18, 1925 (Sunday)

January 19, 1925 (Monday)

January 20, 1925 (Tuesday)

  • The Soviet–Japanese Basic Convention was signed, in which Japan and the Soviet Union restored diplomatic relations and reached a number of agreements on matters that had previously been disputed between them, including that of the northern part of Sakhalin Island, which Japan agreed to withdraw from in exchange for oil and coal concessions.[3]

January 21, 1925 (Wednesday)

  • Chancellor Hans Luther casually admitted in a speech to the Reichstag that his Cabinet had discussed changing the form of government, but had decided to remain a constitutional republic. The statement fueled charges from republicans that Luther was preparing to restore the German monarchy, as his Cabinet included several known monarchists.[29]
  • The Soviet Union held mass demonstrations culminating in five minutes of silence in observation of the first anniversary of Vladimir Lenin's death.[30]
  • Born: Charles Aidman, actor, in Frankfort, Indiana (d. 1993); Arnold Skaaland, professional wrestler and manager, in White Plains, New York (d. 2007)

January 22, 1925 (Thursday)

January 23, 1925 (Friday)

January 24, 1925 (Saturday)

January 25, 1925 (Sunday)

  • The tomb of Tutankhamun was reopened in Egypt so Howard Carter could resume his archaeological work.[33] Carter was disappointed to find that the pall which had covered the sarcophagus was now ruined because someone in Egypt's antiquities department had carelessly stored it in a wooden shed that did not provide adequate protection from sunlight.[34]
  • Died: Alexander Kaulbars, 80, Russian general and explorer

January 26, 1925 (Monday)

January 27, 1925 (Tuesday)

January 28, 1925 (Wednesday)

January 29, 1925 (Thursday)

January 30, 1925 (Friday)

January 31, 1925 (Saturday)

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Mercer, Derrik (1989). Chronicle of the 20th Century. London: Chronicle Communications Ltd. p. 326. ISBN 978-0-582-03919-3.
  2. ^ "Marines Guard U.S. College in Nanking, China". Chicago Daily Tribune. January 3, 1925. p. 1.
  3. ^ a b c d "Chronology 1925". indiana.edu. 2002. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
  4. ^ "Italian Riots Defy Iron Fist of Mussolini". Chicago Daily Tribune. January 3, 1925. p. 2.
  5. ^ Sullivan, Brian R. (2014). My Fault: Mussolini as I Knew Him. New York: Enigma Books. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-936274-39-0.
  6. ^ "Food Situation in Britain Bad as During War". Chicago Daily Tribune. January 3, 1925. p. 3.
  7. ^ Pugliese, Stanislao G., ed. (2004). Fascism, Anti-fascism, and the Resistance in Italy: 1919 to the Present. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 69. ISBN 0-7425-3123-6.
  8. ^ Dell'Orto, Giovanna (2013). American Journalism and International Relations. Cambridge University Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-107-03195-1.
  9. ^ Murray, Lorraine, ed. (2014). Italy. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. p. 245. ISBN 978-1-61530-989-4.
  10. ^ Clayton, John (January 7, 1925). "Italy Subdued by Fascist Leash of Mussolini". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 13.
  11. ^ Tague, James E. (2011). The Last Field Marshal. Xlibris Corporation. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-4568-3185-1.
  12. ^ "Mussolini Supreme in New Crisis". Franklin News-Herald. Franklin, Pennsylvania. January 5, 1925. p. 1.
  13. ^ "Bayonets Give Mussolini Full Power in Italy". Chicago Daily Tribune: 1. January 6, 1925.
  14. ^ "Madison Square Garden III". Ballparks.com. Munsey & Suppes. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
  15. ^ "Jan. 6, 1925: Nurmi Breaks Two World Records". This Day in History. A&E Networks.
  16. ^ "The Immortal Al Jolson". The Museum of Family History. 2008. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
  17. ^ Clayton, John (January 9, 1925). "Opposition in Bitter Attack on Mussolini". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 4.
  18. ^ "Briton Sees New War Unless French Evacuate Rhineland". Chicago Daily Tribune. January 10, 1925. p. 3.
  19. ^ "Klan Kicked Out of Kansas Home by State Courts". Chicago Daily Tribune. January 11, 1925. p. 3.
  20. ^ Hendley, Nate (2010). Al Capone: Chicago's King of Crime. Five Rivers Chapmanry. ISBN 978-0-9865427-2-5.
  21. ^ May, Allan (1999). "Whacked By the Good Guys". Allan R. May. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
  22. ^ "The Commission for Relief in Belgium". Public Relations of the Commission for Relief in Belgium. Gay & Fisher. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
  23. ^ Bevans, Charles Irving (1969). Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America, 1776–1949, Volume 2. United States Department of State. pp. 504–505.
  24. ^ Cray, Ed (2004). Ramblin' Man: The Life and Times of Woody Guthrie. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. p. 192. ISBN 0-393-32736-1.
  25. ^ Clayton, John (January 10, 1925). "Mussolini Law to Cut Italian Workers' Vote". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 4.
  26. ^ a b Skene, Don (January 18, 1925). "Mussolini Lets Chamber Change Election Bill". Chicago Daily Tribune: 19.
  27. ^ "Muncie Police Snare Chapman, King of Crooks". Chicago Daily Tribune. January 19, 1925. p. 16.
  28. ^ Seldes, George (January 20, 1925). "Luther to Back Dawes Plan, He Tells Reichstag". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 2.
  29. ^ Seldes, George (January 22, 1925). "Admits German Cabinet Talked Monarchy Plan". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 7.
  30. ^ Tumarkin, Nina (1997). Leinin Lives!: The Lenin Cult in Soviet Russia (Second Ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 237. ISBN 0-674-52431-4.
  31. ^ a b Aversano, Earl J. "The 1925 Serum Run to Nome – A Synopsis". Balto's True Story. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
  32. ^ Tucker, Kenneth (2012). Eliot Ness and the Untouchables (Second ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 49–50. ISBN 978-0-7864-4996-5.
  33. ^ Carter, Howard (2010). The Tomb of Tut-Ankh-Amen, Volume II. Cambridge University Press. p. xviii. ISBN 978-1-108-01815-9.
  34. ^ Parker, A. Stanley (January 26, 1925). "Sun Destroys 3,000 Yr. Old Pall of Tut". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  35. ^ Seldes, George (January 28, 1925). "Many Injured in Kaiser Birthday Riot in Berlin". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 13.
  36. ^ a b Aversano, Earl J. "The 1925 Serum Run to Nome – A Synopsis (Page 2)". Balto's True Story. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
  37. ^ Rigby, Richard (March 14, 2014). "Sapajou's Shanghai". China Heritage Quarterly. China Heritage Project. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  38. ^ Powell, John (January 29, 1925). "Shanghai 'Falls' Before Company of Mercenaries". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 6.
  39. ^ "20 Die, 20 Hurt in Panic During Shanghai Fight". Chicago Daily Tribune. January 30, 1925. p. 5.
  40. ^ Kamousis, Dimitris. "Incorporating the Ecumenical Patriarchate into Modern Turkey: The Legacy of the 1924 Patriarchal Election". When Greeks and Turks Meet: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Relationship Since 1923. Ed. Vally Lytra. Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2014. 236. ebook.
  41. ^ "Floyd Collins Museum". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
  42. ^ Aversano, Earl J. "The 1925 Serum Run to Nome – A Synopsis (Page 3)". Balto's True Story. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
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