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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox building
{{Infobox building
| name = Pyramid of Tirana
| name = Pyramid of Tirana
| native_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Piramida
| native_name_lang = Piramida
| former_names =
| former_names =
| alternate_names = Pjeter Arbnori International Center of Culture <br> Enver Hoxha Museum
| alternate_names = Pjeter Arbnori International Center of Culture <br> Enver Hoxha Museum
| status =
| status =
| image = Tirana_Pyramid.JPG
| image = Pyramid of Tirana October 2023.jpg
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| address = Bulevardi Deshmoret e Kombit 5, 1010
| address = Bulevardi Deshmoret e Kombit 5, 1010
| location_town = [[Tirana]]
| location_town = [[Tirana]]
| location_country = [[Albania]]
| location_country = [[Albania]]
| coordinates =
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| opened_date = 14 October 1988
| opened_date = 14 October 1988
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| renovation_date = May 2023
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| architect = Pirro Vaso, Klement Kolaneci, Pranvera Hoxha and Vladimir Bregu
| architect = Pirro Vaso, Klement Kolaneci, Pranvera Hoxha and Vladimir Bregu
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The '''Pyramid of Tirana''' ({{sq|Piramida}}) is a structure and former [[museum]] located in [[Tirana]], the capital of [[Albania]]. It opened as a public house in 1988 and became a conference center in 1991 following the collapse of Communism. During the 1999 Kosovo War, the building was used as a NATO base. In 2018, a new project was unveiled that would open for Creative Technologies under the name of TUMO Center turning the Pyramid into an IT center for youth with a focus on computer programming, robotics, and start ups.
The '''Pyramid of Tirana''' ({{Langx|sq|Piramida e Tiranës}}) is a structure and former [[museum]] located in [[Tirana]], the capital of [[Albania]]. It opened as a museum in 1988 and became a conference center in 1991 following the collapse of Communism. During the 1999 Kosovo War, the building was used as a NATO base. In 2018, a new project was unveiled that would turn the pyramid into a youth IT center for Creative Technologies with a focus on computer programming, robotics, and start ups under the name of TUMO Center Tirana. The renovated structure, transformed by [[MVRDV]], was opened to the public in May 2023.


== Background ==
== History ==

=== Background ===
[[File:Brosen_tirana_hoxha_mausol.jpg|thumb|left|The Pyramid in 1996]]
[[File:Brosen_tirana_hoxha_mausol.jpg|thumb|left|The Pyramid in 1996]]
On 14 October 1988, the structure opened as the '''Enver Hoxha Museum''', originally serving as a museum about the legacy of [[Enver Hoxha]], the long-time leader of [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|Communist Albania]], who had died three years earlier. The structure was co-designed by Hoxha's daughter Pranvera Hoxha, an [[architect]], and her husband Klement Kolaneci, along with [[Pirro Vaso]] and Vladimir Bregu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.balkanweb.com/gazetav5/newsadmin/preview.php?id=55071 |title=Kolaneci: Forma e Piramidës, në harmoni me malin e Dajtit |trans-title=Kolaneci: Form of the Pyramid, in harmony with the mountain of Dajtit |language=sq |date=2009-12-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224113116/http://www.balkanweb.com/gazetav5/newsadmin/preview.php?id=55071 |archive-date=24 February 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
On 14 October 1988, the structure opened as the '''Enver Hoxha Museum''', originally serving as a museum about the legacy of [[Enver Hoxha]], the long-time leader of [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|Communist Albania]], who had died three years earlier. The structure was co-designed by Hoxha's daughter Pranvera Hoxha, an [[architect]], and her husband Klement Kolaneci, along with [[Pirro Vaso]] and Vladimir Bregu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.balkanweb.com/gazetav5/newsadmin/preview.php?id=55071 |title=Kolaneci: Forma e Piramidës, në harmoni me malin e Dajtit |trans-title=Kolaneci: Form of the Pyramid, in harmony with the mountain of Dajtit |language=sq |date=2009-12-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224113116/http://www.balkanweb.com/gazetav5/newsadmin/preview.php?id=55071 |archive-date=24 February 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
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When built, the Pyramid was said to be the most expensive individual structure ever constructed in Albania.<ref>{{cite web|author=Janine Schueller |url=https://www.inyourpocket.com/tirana/The-Pyramid_2768v |title=The Pyramid &#124; Sights &#124; Tirana |website=Inyourpocket.com |date=2014-11-23 |access-date=2016-11-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/albania/tirana/sights/architecture/pyramid |title=Pyramid in Tirana, Albania |publisher=Lonely Planet |access-date=2016-11-07}}</ref>
When built, the Pyramid was said to be the most expensive individual structure ever constructed in Albania.<ref>{{cite web|author=Janine Schueller |url=https://www.inyourpocket.com/tirana/The-Pyramid_2768v |title=The Pyramid &#124; Sights &#124; Tirana |website=Inyourpocket.com |date=2014-11-23 |access-date=2016-11-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/albania/tirana/sights/architecture/pyramid |title=Pyramid in Tirana, Albania |publisher=Lonely Planet |access-date=2016-11-07}}</ref>


The Pyramid has sometimes been sardonically called the "Enver Hoxha [[Mausoleum]]", although this was never its intended use or official appellation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enverhoxha.ru/enver_hoxha_questions_answers_2.htm |title=Раздел "Вопросы, ответы, комментарии" сайта "Энвер Ходжа. Его жизнь и работа". Страница 2 |website=Enverhoxha.ru |access-date=2016-11-07}}</ref>
The Pyramid has sometimes been sardonically called the "Enver Hoxha [[Mausoleum]]", although this was never intended to be named like this or even used as official appellation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enverhoxha.ru/enver_hoxha_questions_answers_2.htm |title=Раздел "Вопросы, ответы, комментарии" сайта "Энвер Ходжа. Его жизнь и работа". Страница 2 |website=Enverhoxha.ru |access-date=2016-11-07}}</ref>


==Post-Communism==
===Post-Communism===
[[File:The_pyramid_of_Tirana_back_view_07.jpg|thumb|Top Media former studios at the Pyramid]]
[[File:The_pyramid_of_Tirana_back_view_07.jpg|thumb|Top Media former studios at the Pyramid]]
[[File:Deti_se_klouzaji_po_stenach_Hodzova_mauzolea_v_Tirane.jpg|thumb|Children sliding down the pyramid, 2012]]
[[File:Deti_se_klouzaji_po_stenach_Hodzova_mauzolea_v_Tirane.jpg|thumb|Children sliding down the pyramid, 2012]]
[[File:Tirana_pyramid_during_2021_reconstruction.jpg|thumb|Construction works, 2020]]
[[File:Tirana_pyramid_during_2021_reconstruction.jpg|thumb|Construction works, 2021]]
After 1991, following the [[Collapse of communism in Albania|collapse of Communism]], the Pyramid ceased its function as a museum and for several years was repurposed as a [[conference center]] and exhibition venue, as well as being rebranded with its current name. During the 1999 [[Kosovo War]], the former museum was used as a base by [[NATO]] and humanitarian organizations.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PXz93jHKsJ0C&q=Enver+Hoxha+Mausoleum&pg=PA169|title=Postcolonial disorders:Volume 8 of Ethnographic Studies in Subjectivity|author=Mary-Jo DelVecchio Good|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=2008|isbn=978-0-520-25224-0|page=169}}</ref>
After 1991, following the [[Collapse of communism in Albania|collapse of Communism]], the Pyramid ceased its function as a museum and for several years was repurposed as a [[conference center]] and exhibition venue, as well as being rebranded with its current name. During the 1999 [[Kosovo War]], the former museum was used as a base by [[NATO]] and humanitarian organizations.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PXz93jHKsJ0C&q=Enver+Hoxha+Mausoleum&pg=PA169|title=Postcolonial disorders:Volume 8 of Ethnographic Studies in Subjectivity|author=Mary-Jo DelVecchio Good|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=2008|isbn=978-0-520-25224-0|page=169}}</ref>


Since 2001, part of the Pyramid has been used as broadcasting center by Albanian media outlets [[Top Channel]] and Top Albania Radio, while the rest of the structure and the paved surrounding area (currently being used as a [[parking lot]] and bus station for [[minivans]] to [[Elbasan]]) have experienced [[dilapidation]] and [[vandalism]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Morton |first=Ella |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/atlas_obscura/2014/01/28/the_fight_to_preserve_albania_s_ugly_pyramid_of_tirana.html |title=The fight to preserve Albania's ugly Pyramid of Tirana |journal=Slate |date=2014-01-28 |access-date=2016-11-07}}</ref>
Since 2001, part of the Pyramid has been used as broadcasting center by Albanian media outlets [[Top Channel]] and Top Albania Radio, while the rest of the structure and the paved surrounding area (currently being used as a [[parking lot]] and bus station for [[minivans]] to [[Elbasan]]) have experienced [[dilapidation]] and [[vandalism]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Morton |first=Ella |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/atlas_obscura/2014/01/28/the_fight_to_preserve_albania_s_ugly_pyramid_of_tirana.html |title=The fight to preserve Albania's ugly Pyramid of Tirana |journal=Slate |date=2014-01-28 |access-date=2016-11-07}}</ref>


Part of Armando Lulaj's film ''It Wears as it Grows'' ([[2011 in film|2011]]) was shot inside the Pyramid.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} In 2019, the Pyramid was also used as a filming location for part of a remake of the 1995 cult horror film ''[[Castle Freak]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mediapioneers.net/dictators-pyramid/|title=Filming in a Dictators Pyramid|website=Pioneer Media|date=2019-07-17|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref>
Part of Armando Lulaj's film ''It Wears as it Grows'' ([[2011 in film|2011]]) was shot inside the Pyramid.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-26 |title=IT WEARS AS IT GROWS Armando Lulaj 2011 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v/yIq9cFbyrvQ |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> In 2019, the Pyramid was also used as a filming location for part of a remake of the 1995 cult horror film ''[[Castle Freak]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mediapioneers.net/dictators-pyramid/|title=Filming in a Dictators Pyramid|website=Pioneer Media|date=2019-07-17|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref>


=== Possible demolition ===
==== Possible demolition ====
Numerous proposals to demolish the Pyramid and to redevelop the land of the {{convert|17000|m2|ha|adj=on}} complex for alternative uses have been made, with the most prominent proposal being the potential construction of a new [[Parliament of Albania|Albanian parliament]] building on the site.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/setimes/roundup/2010/11/03/roundup-cl-03|title=Cultural and Sports: should Pyramid be torn down?|work=Southeast European Times|access-date=2010-11-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://shtypidites.com/6523-mblidhet-komisioni-shteteror-per-ndertimin--e-parlamentit-te-ri.html|title=Mblidhet komisioni shteteror për ndërtimin e parlamentit te ri|work=Shtypi i Dites|language=sq|access-date=2010-11-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.koha.net/index.php?cid=1,16,39013|title=Parlamenti i ri i Shqipërisë, 17 mijë metra katrorë - Shqipëri - Lajme - Koha Net|access-date=2010-11-06}}</ref>
Numerous proposals to demolish the Pyramid and to redevelop the land of the {{convert|17000|m2|ha|adj=on}} complex for alternative uses have been made, with the most prominent proposal being the potential construction of a new [[Parliament of Albania|Albanian parliament]] building on the site.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/setimes/roundup/2010/11/03/roundup-cl-03|title=Cultural and Sports: should Pyramid be torn down?|work=Southeast European Times|access-date=2010-11-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://shtypidites.com/6523-mblidhet-komisioni-shteteror-per-ndertimin--e-parlamentit-te-ri.html|title=Mblidhet komisioni shteteror për ndërtimin e parlamentit te ri|work=Shtypi i Dites|language=sq|access-date=2010-11-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.koha.net/index.php?cid=1,16,39013|title=Parlamenti i ri i Shqipërisë, 17 mijë metra katrorë - Shqipëri - Lajme - Koha Net|access-date=2010-11-06}}</ref>


A previous proposal for the site to become a new [[opera]] theater was approved but cancelled shortly after construction work began. The exterior marble tiles covering the structure were removed to a depot outside of Tirana.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VcaV6AC5IZ4 |title=Piramida që ha paratë e shqiptarëve |publisher=[[YouTube]] |date=2009-09-26 |access-date=2016-11-07}}</ref> The proposed demolition of the Pyramid itself became a point of controversy among some leading foreign architects, who have both supported and opposed it. Historian [[Ardian Klosi]] initiated a petition against the demolition of the structure, gathering around 6000 signatures.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://top-channel.tv/english/civil-movement-hands-petition-against-pyramid-demolition/|title=Civil Movement hands petition against Pyramid demolition|work=Top Channel|language=en|access-date=2018-01-03}}</ref> A study published in 2015 but undertaken in 2013 suggests that the majority of citizens of Tirana were against the demolition.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Iacono, F. |author2=Këlliçi K.L. |date=2015|title=Of Pyramids and Dictators: Memory, Work and the Significance of Communist Heritage in Post-Socialist Albania|url=http://revistas.jasarqueologia.es/index.php/APJournal/article/view/66|journal=Arqueologia Publica|volume=5|pages=97–122}}</ref>
A previous proposal for the site to become a new [[opera]] theater was approved but cancelled shortly after construction work began. The exterior marble tiles covering the structure were removed to a depot outside of Tirana.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VcaV6AC5IZ4 |title=Piramida që ha paratë e shqiptarëve |publisher=[[YouTube]] |date=2009-09-26 |access-date=2016-11-07}}</ref> The proposed demolition of the Pyramid itself became a point of controversy among some leading foreign architects, who have both supported and opposed it. Historian [[Ardian Klosi]] initiated a petition against the demolition of the structure, gathering around 6000 signatures.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://top-channel.tv/english/civil-movement-hands-petition-against-pyramid-demolition/|title=Civil Movement hands petition against Pyramid demolition|work=Top Channel|language=en|access-date=2018-01-03}}</ref> A study published in 2015 but undertaken in 2013 suggests that the majority of citizens of Tirana were against the demolition.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Iacono, F. |author2=Këlliçi K.L. |date=2015|title=Of Pyramids and Dictators: Memory, Work and the Significance of Communist Heritage in Post-Socialist Albania|url=http://revistas.jasarqueologia.es/index.php/APJournal/article/view/66|journal=Arqueologia Publica|volume=5|pages=97–122}}</ref>


It was announced in 2017 that the Pyramid will not be demolished, but refurbished.
It was announced in 2017 that the Pyramid would not be demolished, but refurbished.


===Youth IT Center===
====Youth IT Center====


In 2018, a new project was unveiled that would turn the Pyramid into an IT center for youth called [[Tumo Center for Creative Technologies|TUMO]] Tirana, with a focus on computer programming, robotics, and start ups. The project consists in building staircases on the sides of the pyramid, and glass coverage areas for increased natural light.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mvrdv.nl/projects/312/the-pyramid-of-tirana|title = The Pyramid of Tirana}}</ref>
In 2018, a new project was unveiled that would turn the Pyramid into an IT center for youth called [[Tumo Center for Creative Technologies|TUMO]] Tirana, with a focus on computer programming, robotics, and start ups. The project consists in building staircases on the sides of the pyramid, and glass coverage areas for increased natural light.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mvrdv.nl/projects/312/the-pyramid-of-tirana|title = The Pyramid of Tirana}}</ref>
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==See also==
==See also==
*[[Enver Hoxha]]
*[[Enver Hoxha]]
*[[The Pyramid (Kadare novel)]]
*[[The Pyramid (Kadare novel)|''The Pyramid'' (Kadare novel)]]
*[[Tumo Center for Creative Technologies]]
*[[Tumo Center for Creative Technologies]]


Latest revision as of 03:08, 19 October 2024

Not to be confused with Pyramiden Museum.

Pyramid of Tirana
Map
Alternative namesPjeter Arbnori International Center of Culture
Enver Hoxha Museum
General information
AddressBulevardi Deshmoret e Kombit 5, 1010
Town or cityTirana
CountryAlbania
Opened14 October 1988
RenovatedMay 2023
Design and construction
Architect(s)Pirro Vaso, Klement Kolaneci, Pranvera Hoxha and Vladimir Bregu
Website
piramida.edu.al

The Pyramid of Tirana (Albanian: Piramida e Tiranës) is a structure and former museum located in Tirana, the capital of Albania. It opened as a museum in 1988 and became a conference center in 1991 following the collapse of Communism. During the 1999 Kosovo War, the building was used as a NATO base. In 2018, a new project was unveiled that would turn the pyramid into a youth IT center for Creative Technologies with a focus on computer programming, robotics, and start ups under the name of TUMO Center Tirana. The renovated structure, transformed by MVRDV, was opened to the public in May 2023.

History

[edit]

Background

[edit]
The Pyramid in 1996

On 14 October 1988, the structure opened as the Enver Hoxha Museum, originally serving as a museum about the legacy of Enver Hoxha, the long-time leader of Communist Albania, who had died three years earlier. The structure was co-designed by Hoxha's daughter Pranvera Hoxha, an architect, and her husband Klement Kolaneci, along with Pirro Vaso and Vladimir Bregu.[1]

When built, the Pyramid was said to be the most expensive individual structure ever constructed in Albania.[2][3]

The Pyramid has sometimes been sardonically called the "Enver Hoxha Mausoleum", although this was never intended to be named like this or even used as official appellation.[4]

Post-Communism

[edit]
Top Media former studios at the Pyramid
Children sliding down the pyramid, 2012
Construction works, 2021

After 1991, following the collapse of Communism, the Pyramid ceased its function as a museum and for several years was repurposed as a conference center and exhibition venue, as well as being rebranded with its current name. During the 1999 Kosovo War, the former museum was used as a base by NATO and humanitarian organizations.[5]

Since 2001, part of the Pyramid has been used as broadcasting center by Albanian media outlets Top Channel and Top Albania Radio, while the rest of the structure and the paved surrounding area (currently being used as a parking lot and bus station for minivans to Elbasan) have experienced dilapidation and vandalism.[6]

Part of Armando Lulaj's film It Wears as it Grows (2011) was shot inside the Pyramid.[7] In 2019, the Pyramid was also used as a filming location for part of a remake of the 1995 cult horror film Castle Freak.[8]

Possible demolition

[edit]

Numerous proposals to demolish the Pyramid and to redevelop the land of the 17,000-square-metre (1.7 ha) complex for alternative uses have been made, with the most prominent proposal being the potential construction of a new Albanian parliament building on the site.[9][10][11]

A previous proposal for the site to become a new opera theater was approved but cancelled shortly after construction work began. The exterior marble tiles covering the structure were removed to a depot outside of Tirana.[12] The proposed demolition of the Pyramid itself became a point of controversy among some leading foreign architects, who have both supported and opposed it. Historian Ardian Klosi initiated a petition against the demolition of the structure, gathering around 6000 signatures.[13] A study published in 2015 but undertaken in 2013 suggests that the majority of citizens of Tirana were against the demolition.[14]

It was announced in 2017 that the Pyramid would not be demolished, but refurbished.

Youth IT Center

[edit]

In 2018, a new project was unveiled that would turn the Pyramid into an IT center for youth called TUMO Tirana, with a focus on computer programming, robotics, and start ups. The project consists in building staircases on the sides of the pyramid, and glass coverage areas for increased natural light.[15]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Kolaneci: Forma e Piramidës, në harmoni me malin e Dajtit" [Kolaneci: Form of the Pyramid, in harmony with the mountain of Dajtit] (in Albanian). 3 December 2009. Archived from the original on 24 February 2014.
  2. ^ Janine Schueller (23 November 2014). "The Pyramid | Sights | Tirana". Inyourpocket.com. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  3. ^ "Pyramid in Tirana, Albania". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  4. ^ "Раздел "Вопросы, ответы, комментарии" сайта "Энвер Ходжа. Его жизнь и работа". Страница 2". Enverhoxha.ru. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  5. ^ Mary-Jo DelVecchio Good (2008). Postcolonial disorders:Volume 8 of Ethnographic Studies in Subjectivity. University of California Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-520-25224-0.
  6. ^ Morton, Ella (28 January 2014). "The fight to preserve Albania's ugly Pyramid of Tirana". Slate. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  7. ^ "IT WEARS AS IT GROWS Armando Lulaj 2011". YouTube. 26 August 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  8. ^ "Filming in a Dictators Pyramid". Pioneer Media. 17 July 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  9. ^ "Cultural and Sports: should Pyramid be torn down?". Southeast European Times. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
  10. ^ "Mblidhet komisioni shteteror për ndërtimin e parlamentit te ri". Shtypi i Dites (in Albanian). Retrieved 6 November 2010.
  11. ^ "Parlamenti i ri i Shqipërisë, 17 mijë metra katrorë - Shqipëri - Lajme - Koha Net". Retrieved 6 November 2010.
  12. ^ "Piramida që ha paratë e shqiptarëve". YouTube. 26 September 2009. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  13. ^ "Civil Movement hands petition against Pyramid demolition". Top Channel. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
  14. ^ Iacono, F.; Këlliçi K.L. (2015). "Of Pyramids and Dictators: Memory, Work and the Significance of Communist Heritage in Post-Socialist Albania". Arqueologia Publica. 5: 97–122.
  15. ^ "The Pyramid of Tirana".
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41°19′24.28″N 19°49′16.49″E / 41.3234111°N 19.8212472°E / 41.3234111; 19.8212472

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