Higher education: Difference between revisions

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Latest revision as of 12:37, 24 June 2024

Redirect to:

Tertiary education

From a merge: This is a redirect from a page that was merged into another page. This redirect was kept in order to preserve the edit history of this page after its content was merged into the content of the target page. Please do not remove the tag that generates this text (unless the need to recreate content on this page has been demonstrated) or delete this page.
- For redirects with substantive page histories that did not result from page merges use {{R with history}} instead.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+#REDIRECT [[Tertiary education]]
-{{short description|Academic tertiary education, such as from colleges and universities}}
-{{other uses|Higher Education (disambiguation)}}
-{{redirect|Higher learning|the film|Higher Learning{{!}}''Higher Learning''|other uses}}
-[[File:Harvard Yard in autumn, Boston, Massachusetts, 2015.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Harvard University]], an [[Ivy League]] university in the United States, routinely ranks as one of the best institutions of higher learning in the world.<ref>[https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/harvard-university-2155#:~:text=Harvard%20University' Harvard University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525033718/https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/harvard-university-2155#:~:text=Harvard%20University' |date=2022-05-25 }} at "Best Colleges, ''U.S. News & World Report'', 2022</ref>]]
+{{R from merge}}
-'''Higher education''' is [[tertiary education]] leading to the award of an [[academic degree]]. Higher education, which makes up a component of [[Tertiary education|post-secondary, third-level, or tertiary education]], is an optional final stage of [[formal learning]] that occurs after completion of [[secondary education]]. It represents levels 5, 6, 7, and 8 of the [[ISCED#2011 version|2011 version]] of the [[International Standard Classification of Education]] structure. Tertiary education at a nondegree level is sometimes referred to as [[further education]] or [[continuing education]] as distinct from higher education.
-==The right of access to higher education==
-The right of access to higher education is mentioned in a number of [[international human rights instruments]]. The [[United Nations|UN]] [[International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]] of 1966 declares, in Article 13, that "higher education shall be made equally accessible to all, on the basis of capacity, by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive introduction of free education".<ref>{{Cite wikisource|title=International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights|date=1966|anchor=Article 13}}</ref> In [[Europe]], Article 2 of the [[European Convention on Human Rights|First Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights]], adopted in 1950, obliges all signatory parties to guarantee the [[right to education]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protocol No. 1 to the Convention - Toolkit |url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/echr-toolkit/protocole-1 |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=[[Council of Europe]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327204051/https://www.coe.int/en/web/echr-toolkit/protocole-1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-==Definition==
-Higher education, also called post-secondary education, third-level or [[tertiary education]], is an optional final stage of [[formal learning]] that occurs after completion of [[secondary education]]. This consists of [[universities]], [[colleges]] and [[Polytechnic (disambiguation)|polytechnics]] that offer formal degrees beyond high school or secondary school education.
-The [[International Standard Classification of Education]] in 1997 initially classified all tertiary education together in the [[International Standard Classification of Education#1997 version|1997 version]] of its schema. They were referred to as level 5 and doctoral studies at level 6. In 2011, this was refined and expanded in the [[ISCED#2011 version|2011 version]] of the structure. Higher education at undergraduate level, masters and doctoral level became levels 6, 7, and 8. Nondegree level [[tertiary education]], sometimes referred to as [[further education]] or [[continuing education]] was reordered as level 4, with level 5 for some higher courses.<ref>[http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/Documents/isced-2011-en.pdf Revision of the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525154803/http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/Documents/isced-2011-en.pdf |date=2017-05-25 }}, Retrieved 5 April 2012.</ref>
-In the days when few pupils progressed beyond [[primary education]] or [[basic education]], the term "higher education" was often used to refer to secondary education, which can create some confusion.{{NoteTag|For example, ''Higher Education: General and Technical'', a 1933 [[National Union of Teachers]] pamphlet by [[Lord Eustace Percy]], which is actually about secondary education and uses the two terms interchangeably.}} This is the origin of the term ''[[High school (North America)|high school]]'' for various schools for children between the ages of 14 and 18 (United States) or 11 and 18 (United Kingdom and Australia).<ref>{{Cite web |title=high school |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/high-school |website=Cambridge Dictionary |access-date=2021-06-24 |archive-date=2021-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227115551/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/high-school |url-status=live }}</ref>
-===Providers===
-[[File:Deakin University Burwood Campus.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Deakin University]], one of [[Australia]]'s 43 universities]]
-<!-- In effect what we have here isw a link farm put together with no real structure-->
-In the US, higher education is provided by [[University|universities]], [[Academy|academies]], [[college]]s, [[seminary|seminaries]], [[school of music|conservatories]], and [[institute of technology|institutes of technology]], and certain college-level institutions, including [[vocational school]]s, universities of applied sciences, trade schools, and other career-based colleges that award degrees. [[Tertiary education]] at a nondegree level is sometimes referred to as [[further education]] or [[continuing education]] as distinct from higher education.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2021 |title=The Difference Between Continuing Education and Professional Development |url=https://www.columbiasouthern.edu/blog/april-2021/continuing-education-and-professional-development/ |access-date=17 October 2021 |website=[[Columbia Southern University]] |archive-date=17 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017101746/https://www.columbiasouthern.edu/blog/april-2021/continuing-education-and-professional-development/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 26, 2019 |title=6 Reasons Why Continuing Education Is Important |url=https://www.wgu.edu/blog/6-reasons-continuing-education-important1904.html |access-date=17 October 2021 |website=Western Governors University |language=en |archive-date=17 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017101745/https://www.wgu.edu/blog/6-reasons-continuing-education-important1904.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Higher education includes teaching, research, exacting applied work (e.g. in [[medical school]]s and [[dental school]]s), and social services activities of universities.<ref>Pucciarelli F., Kaplan Andreas M. (2016) [http://iranarze.ir/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/E2555.pdf Competition and Strategy in Higher Education: Managing Complexity and Uncertainty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110183417/http://iranarze.ir/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/E2555.pdf |date=2019-01-10 }}, Business Horizons, Volume 59</ref>
-<!-- US specific link farm-->
-Within the realm of teaching, it includes both the ''[[undergraduate education|undergraduate]]'' level, and beyond that, ''[[Postgraduate education|graduate-level]]'' (or ''postgraduate'' level). The latter level of education is often referred to as [[graduate school]], especially in North America. In addition to the skills that are specific to any particular degree, potential employers in any profession are looking for evidence of [[critical thinking]] and analytical reasoning skills, [[teamwork]]ing skills, [[information literacy]], [[Ethics|ethical]] judgment, [[decision-making]] skills, fluency in speaking and writing, [[problem solving]] skills, and a wide knowledge of liberal arts and sciences.<ref>{{cite press release|date=20 January 2015|title=Employers Judge Recent Graduates Ill-Prepared for Today's Workplace, Endorse Broad and Project-Based Learning as Best Preparation for Career Opportunity and Long-Term Success|url=http://www.aacu.org/press/press-releases/2015employerstudentsurveys|location=Washington, DC|publisher=[[Association of American Colleges and Universities]]|access-date=11 April 2017|archive-date=12 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412064049/http://www.aacu.org/press/press-releases/2015employerstudentsurveys|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-== History ==
-{{Hiero|House of Life <br> "library" |<hiero>pr-anx-pr</hiero>|align=right|era=egypt}}
-The oldest known institutions of higher education are credited to Dynastic Egypt, with Pr-Anx (houses of life) built as libraries and scriptoriums, containing works on law, architecture, mathematics, and medicine, and involved in the training of "swnw" and "swnwt" (male and female [[Doctor (title)|doctors]]); extant [[List of ancient Egyptian papyri|Egyptian papyri]] from the 3rd millennia BC are in several collections.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gordan |first1=Andrew H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LbGCVlFtA4C&pg=PA154 |title=The Quick and the Dead: Biomedical Theory in Ancient Egypt |last2=Shwabe |first2=Calvin W. |publisher=[[Brill Academic Publishers]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-90-04-12391-5 |series=Egyptological Memoirs |location=[[Leiden]] |pages=154}}</ref>
-In the Greek world, [[Plato's Academy]] ({{Circa|387}} - 86 BC), [[Lyceum (classical)|Aristotle's Lyceum]] ({{Circa|334}} - 86 BC) and other philosophical-mathematical schools became models for other establishments, particularly in [[Alexandria]] of Egypt, under the [[Ptolemies]].
-In South Asia, the city of [[Taxila]]{{when|date=December 2020}}, later the great Buddhist monastery of [[Nalanda]] ({{Circa|427}} - 1197 CE), attracted students and professors even from distant regions.<ref>Radha Kumud Mookerji, ''Ancient Indian education: Brahmanical and Buddhist'' (2nd ed.). Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1989</ref>
-In China, the [[Han dynasty]] established chairs to teach the [[Four Books and Five Classics|Five Confucean Classics]], in the Grand School, [[Taixue]] ({{Circa|3}} - 1905 CE), to train cadres for the imperial administration.<ref>Étienne Balazs, ''La Bureaucratie céleste (recherches sur l’économie et la société de la Chine traditionnelle)'', Paris, Gallimard, 1968</ref><ref>Peter Tze Ming Ng, « Paradigm Shift and the State of the Field in the Study of Christian Higher Education in China », in ''Cahiers d’Extrême-Asie'', 2001, n° 12, pp. 127-140</ref> All these higher-learning institutions became models for other schools within their sphere of cultural influence.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}
-In 425 CE, the Byzantine emperor [[Theodosius II]] innovated as he established the [[Pandidakterion]], with a faculty of 31 professors, to train public servants. In the 7th and 8th centuries, "cathedral schools" were created in Western Europe. Meanwhile, the first Medresahs were founded in the Moslem empire –&nbsp;initially mere primary schools in the premises of major mosques, which gradually evolved toward secondary, later higher education. However high the intellectual level of these schools could be, it would be anachronistic to call them "universities". Their organization and purposes were markedly different from the corporations of students and teachers, independent from both the Church and the State, which established themselves from the 12th century in Western Europe as ''Universitas Studiorum''.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}
-[[File:Archiginnasio-bologna02.png|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Bologna University]], [[Italy]], established in AD 1088, is the [[List of oldest universities in continuous operation|world's oldest university in continuous operation]].]]
-<!-- Istanbul [what university??] has a better claim to being the oldest university, though it suffered name change- see comments in GBR site.-->
-According to [[UNESCO]] and ''[[Guinness World Records]]'', the [[University of al-Qarawiyyin]] in [[Fez, Morocco]] is the [[List of oldest universities in continuous operation|oldest existing continually operating]] higher educational institution in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/oldest-university|title=Oldest higher-learning institution, oldest university|website=Guinness World Records|access-date=2021-06-24|archive-date=2014-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007183911/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/3000/oldest-university|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Medina of Fez|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/170|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=7 April 2016|archive-date=19 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919192617/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/170|url-status=live}}</ref> and is occasionally referred to as the oldest university by scholars.<ref>Verger, Jacques: "Patterns", in: Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=5Z1VBEbF0HAC&pg=PA35 A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages]'', Cambridge University Press, 2003, {{ISBN|978-0-521-54113-8}}, pp.&nbsp;35–76 (35)</ref> Undoubtedly, there are older institutions of higher education, for example, the [[University of Ez-Zitouna]] in Montfleury, [[Tunis]], was first established in 737. The [[University of Bologna]], Italy, founded in 1088, is the world's oldest university in continuous operation,<ref>[http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/results/2007/overall_rankings/worlds_oldest_universities/  Top Universities] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117202932/http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/results/2007/overall_rankings/worlds_oldest_universities/ |date=17 January 2009 }} ''World University Rankings'' Retrieved 6 January 2010</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite book |author=Paul L. Gaston |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyjnHZ1IIlgC&pg=PA18 |title=The Challenge of Bologna |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-57922-366-3 |page=18 |access-date=7 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="Hunt Janin 2008">Hunt Janin: "The university in medieval life, 1179–1499", McFarland, 2008, {{ISBN|0-7864-3462-7}}, p. 55f.</ref><ref name="Ridder-Symoens 1992">de Ridder-Symoens, Hilde: [https://books.google.com/books?id=5Z1VBEbF0HAC ''A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124110224/https://books.google.com/books?id=5Z1VBEbF0HAC&printsec=frontcover |date=2022-11-24 }}, Cambridge University Press, 1992, {{ISBN|0-521-36105-2}}, pp. 47–55</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1= |first1= |title=The Porticoes of Bologna |url=https://whc.unesco.org/fr/listesindicatives/5010/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815212252/https://whc.unesco.org/fr/listesindicatives/5010/ |archive-date=15 August 2020 |access-date=16 August 2020 |website=UNESCO Centre du patrimoine mondial |language=fr}}</ref> and the first university in the sense of a higher-learning and degree-awarding institute, as the word ''universitas'' was coined at its foundation.<ref name="Ridder-Symoens 1992"/><ref>[http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/results/2007/overall_rankings/worlds_oldest_universities/  Top Universities] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117202932/http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/results/2007/overall_rankings/worlds_oldest_universities/ |date=17 January 2009 }} ''World University Rankings'' Retrieved 6 January 2010</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name="Hunt Janin 2008">Hunt Janin: "The university in medieval life, 1179–1499", McFarland, 2008, {{ISBN|0-7864-3462-7}}, p. 55f.</ref> <!--- The article [[List of oldest universities in continuous operation]] has some excellent source material about how what we think of as a "university" comes from Europe, starting around 1088; institutions of higher learning obviously pre-date that, but aren't universities as we now consider the term - and the article also has information on them.-->
-===20th century===
-Since [[World War II]], developed and many developing countries have increased the participation of the age group who mostly studies higher education from the elite rate, of up to 15 per cent, to the mass rate of 16 to 50 per cent.<ref>Trow, Martin (1973) [https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED091983.pdf Problems in the transition from elite to mass higher education] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411222820/https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED091983.pdf |date=2019-04-11 }}. Carnegie Commission on Higher Education, Berkeley, http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED091983&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED091983 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603174218/http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED091983&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED091983 |date=2012-06-03 }}, accessed 1 August 2013</ref><ref>Brennan, John (2004) The social role of the contemporary university: contradictions, boundaries and change, in Center for Higher Education Research and Information (ed.)</ref><ref>Ten years on: changing education in a changing world (Buckingham: The Open University Press), https://www.open.ac.uk/cheri/documents/ten-years-on.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525155320/https://www.open.ac.uk/cheri/documents/ten-years-on.pdf |date=25 May 2017 }}, accessed 9 February 2014</ref> In many developed countries, participation in higher education has continued to increase towards universal or, what Trow later called, open access, where over half of the relevant age group participate in higher education.<ref>Trow, Martin (2007) [2005] [https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt96p3s213/qt96p3s213.pdf Reflections on the transition from elite to mass to universal access: forms and phases of higher education in modern societies since WWII] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411222823/https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt96p3s213/qt96p3s213.pdf |date=2019-04-11 }}, Springer International Handbooks of Education volume 18, 2007, 243-280</ref> Higher education is important to national [[economy|economies]], both as an industry, in its own right, and as a source of trained and educated personnel for the rest of the economy. College educated workers have commanded a measurable wage premium and are much less likely to become unemployed than less educated workers.<ref name="Simkovic">{{cite journal |ssrn=1941070 | title=Risk-Based Student Loans| date=5 September 2011| last1=Simkovic| first1=Michael|journal=Washington and Lee Law Review}}</ref><ref name="OECD">OECD, Education at a Glance (2011)</ref>
-===21st century===
-In recent years, universities have been criticized for permitting or actively encouraging [[grade inflation]].<ref>{{Citation|last1=Gunn|first1=Andrew|last2=Kapade|first2=Priya|date=25 May 2018|title=The university grade inflation debate is going global|website=University World News|url=http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20180523095429859#.|access-date=23 June 2019|quote=The grading process has been compromised as universities are incentivised to meet the demands of their customers and graduate more students with top grades to boost their institutional ranking.|archive-date=26 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526133916/http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20180523095429859#.|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Baker|first=Simon|date=28 June 2018|title=Is grade inflation a worldwide trend?|website=The World University Rankings|publisher=Times Higher Education|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/grade-inflation-worldwide-trend|access-date=23 June 2019|quote=Departments where enrollments were falling felt under pressure to relax their grading practices to make their courses more attractive, leading to an “arms race” in grade inflation.|archive-date=25 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025154342/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/grade-inflation-worldwide-trend|url-status=live}}</ref> Also, the supply of graduates in many fields of study is exceeding the demand for their skills, aggravating [[graduate unemployment]], [[underemployment]], [[overqualification]], [[credentialism and educational inflation]].<ref>{{Citation|last1=Coates|first1=Ken|last2=Morrison|first2=Bill|year=2016|title=Dream Factories: Why Universities Won't Solve the Youth Jobs Crisis|place=Toronto|publisher=Dundurn Books|pages=232|url=https://www.dundurn.com/books_/t22117/a9781459733770-dream-factories|isbn=9781459733770|access-date=2021-09-21|archive-date=2021-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921081833/https://www.dundurn.com/books_/t22117/a9781459733770-dream-factories|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last1=Brown|first1=Phillip|last2=Lauder|first2=Hugh|last3=Ashton|first3=David|year=2012|title=The Global Auction: The Broken Promises of Education, Jobs, and Incomes|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=208|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-global-auction-9780199926442?cc=us&lang=en&|isbn=9780199926442|access-date=2020-12-11|archive-date=2021-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310171126/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-global-auction-9780199926442?cc=us&lang=en&|url-status=live}}</ref> Some commentators have suggested that the [[Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education#Higher_education|impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education]] is rapidly making certain aspects of the traditional higher education system obsolete.<ref>{{Citation|last=Kaplan|first=Andreas|year=2021|title=Higher education at the crossroads of disruption: the university of the 21st century|publisher=Emerald Publishing|url=https://books.emeraldinsight.com/page/detail/Higher-Education-at-the-Crossroads-of-Disruption/?k=9781800715042|isbn=9781800715042|access-date=2021-04-14|archive-date=2021-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129073826/https://books.emeraldinsight.com/page/detail/Higher-Education-at-the-Crossroads-of-Disruption/?k=9781800715042|url-status=live}}</ref>
-==Statistics==
-A 2014 report by the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] states that by 2014, 84 percent of young people were completing upper secondary education over their lifetimes, in high-income countries. Tertiary-educated individuals were earning twice as much as median workers. In contrast to historical trends in education, young women were more likely to complete upper secondary education than young men.  Additionally, access to education was expanding and growth in the number of people receiving university education was rising sharply. By 2014, close to 40 percent of people aged 25–34 (and around 25 percent of those aged 55–64), were being educated at university.<ref name="ReportOECD">{{cite news|author=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|author-link=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|date=September 2014|title=Higher levels of education paying off for young, says OECD|url=http://www.oecd.org/edu/eag.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=11 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628230324/http://www.oecd.org/edu/eag.htm|archive-date=28 June 2013}}</ref>
-===Recognition of studies===
-The [[Lisbon Recognition Convention]] stipulates that degrees and periods of study must be recognised in all of the Signatory Parties of the convention.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lisbon Recognition Convention |url=https://www.coe.int/t/dg4/highereducation/recognition/lrc_EN.asp |website=coe.int |access-date=28 May 2019 |archive-date=28 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528140655/https://www.coe.int/t/dg4/highereducation/recognition/lrc_EN.asp |url-status=live }}</ref>
-<!-- ==Gallery==
-<gallery>
-'''following is an off focus gallery of nice uni pictures, that gives no indication of the subject-just locations they use'''
-File:Var 132.jpg|Courtyard, Al-Qarawiyyin University, Fes, Morocco
-File:Bologna-vista02.jpg|[[University of Bologna]], located in [[Bologna, Italy|Bologna]], Italy, is the oldest ''university'' created under that name in the world.<ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2017/world-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats Top Universities] ''World University Rankings'' Retrieved 2010-1-6</ref><ref>[http://www.eng.unibo.it/PortaleEn/University/Our+History/default.htm Our History] - Università di Bologna</ref><ref>{{cite book |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=wyjnHZ1IIlgC&q=the+oldest+university+in+the+world+Bologna&pg=PA18 |title = The Challenge of Bologna |author= Paul L. Gaston |year=2010|page=18|isbn=978-1-57922-366-3 }}</ref>
-File:Templo y Ex Convento, Santiago Tlatelolco.jpg|[[Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco]], located in [[Mexico City]], [[Mexico]], was the first and oldest European school of higher learning in the [[Americas]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/101392426|title=The first college in America: Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco.|location=Washington DC|year=1936|author1=Steck|author2=Francis Borgia}}</ref> and the first and oldest major school of interpreters and translators in the [[New World]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.openedition.org/uop/336?lang=es|title=The Imperial College of Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco|author=Lourdes Arencibia Rodriguez}}</ref>
-File:College Hall U Penn.JPG|The [[University of Pennsylvania]] considers itself the first institution in the [[United States of America]] to use the term "university" in its name.
-File:KingsCollegeChapelWest.jpg|The [[University of Cambridge]] is an institution of higher learning in [[Cambridge]], [[United Kingdom]].
-File:McGill University Arts Building2.JPG|[[McGill University]] is an institution of higher learning in [[Montreal|Montreal]], Quebec, Canada and one of two Canadian members of the [[Association of American Universities]].
-File:Moskva MGU 3.jpg|The [[Moscow State University]] is an institution of higher learning in [[Moscow]], [[Russia]].
-File:Tsinghua University - Grand auditorium.JPG|The [[Jeffersonian architecture]] of [[Tsinghua University]], an institution of higher learning in [[Beijing]], [[China]].
-File:University of Tokyo - Gogetsusai 2010.JPG|The [[University of Tokyo]] is an institution of higher learning in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].
-File:Faculdade de Direito da USP 01.jpg|The [[University of São Paulo]] is an institution of higher learning in [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]].
-</gallery>
--->
-== See also ==
-{{Portal|Education}}
-{{div col}}
-* [[:Category:Higher education by country]]
-* [[List of higher education associations and alliances]]
-* [[College and university rankings]]
-* [[Governance in higher education]]
-* [[Graduation]]
-* [[Higher education accreditation]]
-* [[Higher education bubble]]
-* [[Higher education policy]]
-* [[Higher Education Price Index]]
-* [[Institute]]
-* [[UnCollege]]
-* ''[[Hochschule]]''
-* [[League of European Research Universities]]
-* [[Technical and Further Education]] (TAFE)
-{{div col end}}
-===Higher education by country===
-*[[Tertiary education in Australia]]
-*[[Higher education in Canada]]
-*[[Higher education in Ukraine]]
-*[[Universities in the United Kingdom]]
-*[[Higher education in the United States]]
-*[[Higher education in the Philippines]]
-*[[Higher education in Portugal]]
-== Notes ==
-{{NoteFoot}}
-== References ==
-{{Reflist}}
-== Further reading ==
-* {{cite book |last1=Alkamel |first1=Mohammed Adulkareem A. |last2=Chouthaiwale |first2=Santosh S. |last3=Yassin |first3=Amr Abdullatif |last4=AlAjmi |first4=Qasim |last5=Albaadany |first5=Hanan Yahia |date=March 2021 |chapter=Online Testing in Higher Education Institutions During the Outbreak of COVID-19: Challenges and Opportunities |editor1-last=Arpaci |editor1-first=Ibrahim |editor2-last=Al-Emran |editor2-first=Mostafa |editor3-last=Al-Sharafi |editor3-first=Mohammed A. |editor4-last=Marques |editor4-first=Gonçalo |title=Emerging Technologies During the Era of COVID-19 Pandemic |location=[[Cham, Switzerland]] |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |series=Studies in Systems, Decision and Control |volume=348 |pages=349–363 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-67716-9_22 |isbn=978-3-030-67715-2 |pmc=7980164 |s2cid=232322223 }}
-* {{cite book |last1=Kaplan |first1=Andreas |date=2021 |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/doi/10.1108/9781800715011 |title=Higher Education at the Crossroads of Disruption: The University of the 21st Century |publisher= Emerald |doi=10.1108/9781800715011 | isbn=978-1-80071-504-2|s2cid=233594353 }}
-* [https://www.coe.int/en/web/higher-education-and-research/publications Council of Europe Higher Education Series]
-==External links==
-{{Commons category|Higher education}}
-{{Wiktionary}}
-*[http://www.ashe.ws/ Association for the Study of Higher Education]
-*[http://www.aera.net/ American Educational Research Association]
-*[https://web.archive.org/web/20000522113207/http://www.worldbank.org/education/tertiary/ World Bank Tertiary Education]
-{{S-start}}
-{{s-bef
-| before = [[Grade 13]]
-}}
-{{s-ttl
-| title = Higher education
-| years = age varies (usually 18-22)
-}}
-{{s-aft
-| after = [[Graduate school]]
-}}
-{{S-end}}
-{{Academic degrees}}
-{{Navboxes
-| title = Higher education by region
-| list =
-{{Africa topic|Higher education in}}
-{{Asia topic|Higher education in}}
-{{Europe topic|Higher education in}}
-{{North America topic|Higher education in}}
-{{Oceania topic|Higher education in}}
-{{South America topic|Higher education in}}
-}}
-{{Schools}}
-{{Education stages}}
-{{Authority control}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Higher Education}}
 [[Category:Higher education| ]]
 [[Category:Educational stages]]