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{{Short description|Second American Gemini program spaceflight}}
{{hatnote group|
{{hatnote|This article is about the 1965 U.S. space mission}}
{{redirect|Gemini-Titan II|the launch system|Titan II GLV}}
}}
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{{Use American English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2013}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2013}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
{{Infobox spaceflight
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| mission_type = Test flight
| mission_type = Test flight
⚫
| operator = [[NASA]]<ref name="Orloff">{{cite book |last1=Hacker |first1=Barton C. |last2=Grimwood |first2=James M. |title=On the Shoulders of Titans: A History of Project Gemini |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4203/toc.htm |access-date=12 September 2013 |series=NASA History Series |orig-year=First published 1977 |date=February 2003 |publisher=[[NASA]] |location=Washington, D.C. |id=NASA SP-4203 |chapter=Table of Contents |chapter-url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4203/toc.htm |archive-date=January 13, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113132344/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4203/toc.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| operator = [[NASA]]<ref name="Orloff">{{cite book |last1=Hacker|first1=Barton C.|last2=Grimwood
⚫
|first2=James M.|title=On the Shoulders of Titans: A History of Project Gemini|url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4203/toc.htm|accessdate=12 September 2013 |series=NASA History Series |origyear=First published 1977|date=February 2003 |work=NASA History Division, Office of Policy and Plans |publisher=[[NASA]] |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn= |lccn= |id=NASA SP-4203 |chapter=Table of Contents |chapterurl=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4203/toc.htm}}</ref>
| mission_duration = 18&nbsp;minutes, 16&nbsp;seconds
| mission_duration = 18&nbsp;minutes, 16&nbsp;seconds
| suborbital_range = {{convert|3422.4|km|nmi|sp=us}}
| suborbital_range = {{convert|3422.4|km|nmi|sp=us}}
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}}
}}


'''Gemini 2''' was the second [[spaceflight]] of the American [[human spaceflight]] program [[Project Gemini]]. ''Gemini 2'', like ''[[Gemini 1]]'', was an unmanned mission intended as a [[Flight test|test flight]] of the Gemini [[spacecraft]]. Unlike Gemini 1, which was placed into orbit, Gemini 2 made a [[suborbital]] flight, primarily intended to test the spacecraft's [[Atmospheric reentry|heat shield]]. It was launched on a [[Titan II GLV]] rocket. The spacecraft used for the Gemini 2 mission was later refurbished, and was subsequently launched on another suborbital flight, along with [[OPS 0855]], as a test for the US Air Force [[Manned Orbital Laboratory]]. Gemini 2 was the first craft to make more than one spaceflight since the [[X-15]], and the only one until [[Space Shuttle Columbia|Space Shuttle ''Columbia'']] flew its [[STS-2|second mission]] in 1981.
'''Gemini 2''' ('''Gemini-Titan 2'''; '''GT-2''')<ref name=NSSDCA-GEMINI2>{{cite web |url= https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=GEMINI2 |title= Gemini 2 |id= GEMINI2 |work= NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive (NSSDCA) |publisher= NASA |date= 2017 }}</ref> was the second [[spaceflight]] of the American [[human spaceflight]] program [[Project Gemini]], and was launched and recovered on January 19, 1965. Gemini 2, like [[Gemini 1]], was an uncrewed mission intended as a [[Flight test|test flight]] of the Gemini [[spacecraft]]. Unlike Gemini 1, which was placed into orbit, Gemini 2 made a [[suborbital]] flight, primarily intended to test the spacecraft's [[Atmospheric reentry|heat shield]]. It was launched on a [[Titan II GLV]] rocket. The [[Gemini spacecraft No. 2|spacecraft used for the Gemini 2 mission]] was later refurbished into the [[Gemini B]] configuration, and was subsequently launched on another suborbital flight, along with [[OPS 0855]], as a test for the US Air Force [[Manned Orbital Laboratory]]. [[Gemini spacecraft No. 2|Gemini spacecraft no. 2]] was the first craft to make more than one spaceflight since the [[X-15]], and the only one until [[Space Shuttle Columbia|Space Shuttle ''Columbia'']] flew its [[STS-2|second mission]] in 1981; it would also be the only space capsule to be reused until [[Crew Dragon Endeavour|Crew Dragon ''Endeavour'']] was launched a [[SpaceX Crew-2|second time]] in 2021.


==Mission history==
==Mission history==


===GLV===
===GLV===
The Titan II/Gemini launch vehicle was dismantled to protect it from two hurricanes in August and September 1964. The [[Multistage rocket|second stage]] of the vehicle was taken down and stored in a [[hangar]] on August 26, 1964 in preparation for [[Hurricane Cleo]], and the entire [[launch vehicle]] was subsequently dismantled and removed from [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station|Cape Kennedy Air Force Station]]'s [[Launch pad|Launch Complex]] [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 19|19]] in early September before [[Hurricane Dora]] passed over [[Cape Canaveral|Cape Kennedy]] on September 9. The Gemini launch vehicle was erected for the final time on 12 September 1964.
The Titan II/Gemini launch vehicle was dismantled to protect it from two hurricanes in August and September 1964. The [[Multistage rocket|second stage]] of the vehicle was taken down and stored in a [[hangar]] on August 26, 1964, in preparation for [[Hurricane Cleo]], and the entire [[launch vehicle]] was subsequently dismantled and removed from [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station|Cape Kennedy Air Force Station]]'s [[Launch pad|Launch Complex]] [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 19|19]] in early September before [[Hurricane Dora (1964)|Hurricane Dora]] passed over [[Cape Canaveral|Cape Kennedy]] on September 9. The Gemini launch vehicle was erected for the final time on 12 September 1964.


[[File:S64-40298.jpg|thumb|The prime and backup crews for [[Gemini 3]], [[John Young (astronaut)|John Young]] (suited), [[Wally Schirra]], [[Thomas P. Stafford]] (in shirtsleeves), and [[Gus Grissom]] (suited), practice egress from the Gemini 2 pad, in preparation for the upcoming Gemini 3 flight]]
[[File:S64-40298.jpg|thumb|The prime and backup crews for [[Gemini 3]], [[John Young (astronaut)|John Young]] (suited), [[Wally Schirra]], [[Thomas P. Stafford]] (in shirtsleeves), and [[Gus Grissom]] (suited), practice egress from the Gemini 2 pad, in preparation for the upcoming Gemini 3 flight]]
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On the second launch attempt on January 19, 1965, Gemini 2 lifted off from Launch Complex 19 at Cape Kennedy at 9:03:59&nbsp;a.m. EST (14:03:59.861 UTC).
On the second launch attempt on January 19, 1965, Gemini 2 lifted off from Launch Complex 19 at Cape Kennedy at 9:03:59&nbsp;a.m. EST (14:03:59.861 UTC).


Shortly after launch the [[Mission Control Center]] suffered a power outage. Control of the mission was transferred to a tracking ship. The outage was later traced to an overload of the electrical system from the network television equipment used to cover the launch.<ref>Chris Kraft, ''Flight'', p. 206.</ref>
Shortly after launch the [[Mission Control Center]] suffered a power outage. Control of the mission was transferred to a tracking ship. The outage was later traced to an overload of the electrical system from the network television equipment used to cover the launch.<ref>Chris Kraft, ''Flight'', p. 206.</ref>


Gemini 2 flew a ballistic suborbital arc over the [[Atlantic Ocean]] reaching a maximum altitude of {{convert|92.4|nmi|km}}. The spacecraft was run by an onboard automatic sequencer. At 6 minutes 54 seconds after launch, [[retrorocket]]s were fired. The spacecraft landed {{convert|1847.9|nmi|km|0}} downrange from the launch pad. The flight lasted 18 minutes 16 seconds. The landing was {{convert|14|nmi|km}} short of the planned impact point, and {{convert|45|nmi|km}} from the recovery aircraft carrier, the {{USS|Lake Champlain|CV-39|6}}. The spacecraft was brought aboard the carrier at 15:52 UT (10:52&nbsp;a.m. EST). Most goals were achieved, except the [[fuel cell]]s had failed before liftoff and were turned off. The spacecraft cooling system temperature also was found to be too high. The Gemini 2 spacecraft was in excellent condition. Its heat shield and retrorockets functioned as expected. The Gemini 2 mission was supported by 6,562 [[United States Department of Defense]] personnel, 67 aircraft, and 16 ships.
Gemini 2 flew a ballistic suborbital arc over the [[Atlantic Ocean]] reaching a maximum altitude of {{convert|92.4|nmi|km}}. The spacecraft was run by an onboard automatic sequencer. At 6 minutes 54 seconds after launch, [[retrorocket]]s were fired. The spacecraft landed {{convert|1847.9|nmi|km|0}} downrange from the launch pad. The flight lasted 18 minutes 16 seconds. The landing was {{convert|14|nmi|km}} short of the planned impact point, and {{convert|45|nmi|km}} from the recovery aircraft carrier, {{USS|Lake Champlain|CV-39|6}}. The spacecraft was brought aboard the carrier at 15:52 UT (10:52&nbsp;a.m. EST). Most goals were achieved, except the [[fuel cell]]s had failed before liftoff and were turned off. The spacecraft cooling system temperature also was found to be too high. The Gemini 2 spacecraft was in excellent condition. Its heat shield and retrorockets functioned as expected. The Gemini 2 mission was supported by 6,562 [[United States Department of Defense]] personnel, 67 aircraft, and 16 ships.


Gemini 2 had flight instrumentation pallets installed in the crew cabin, similar to [[Gemini 1#Instrument pallets|those in Gemini 1]].
Gemini 2 had flight instrumentation pallets installed in the crew cabin, similar to [[Gemini 1#Instrument pallets|those in Gemini 1]].


===MOL===
===MOL===
The Gemini 2 [[Reentry capsule|reentry module]] was refurbished and flown again on November 3, 1966 in a test flight for the [[United States Air Force]] [[Manned Orbiting Laboratory]] program. It was launched on a [[Titan III|Titan IIIC rocket]] on a 33-minute suborbital flight from [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 40|LC-40]] at Cape Kennedy. It is the only Gemini spacecraft to have flown with U.S. Air Force [[insignia]], but there is an unflown [[Gemini B]] spacecraft in USAF markings on display at the [[National Museum of the United States Air Force]] at [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base]] in [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]], [[Ohio]].
The Gemini 2 [[Reentry capsule|reentry module]] was refurbished and flown again on November 3, 1966, in a test flight for the [[United States Air Force]] [[Manned Orbiting Laboratory]] program. It was launched on a [[Titan III|Titan IIIC rocket]] on a 33-minute suborbital flight from [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 40|LC-40]] at Cape Kennedy. It is the only Gemini spacecraft to have flown with U.S. Air Force insignia, but there is an unflown [[Gemini B]] spacecraft in USAF markings on display at the [[National Museum of the United States Air Force]] at [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base]] in [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]], [[Ohio]].


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
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Image:Gemini2racks.jpg|Gemini 2 instrument pallets (NASA)
Image:Gemini2racks.jpg|Gemini 2 instrument pallets (NASA)


Image:Gemini2x.jpg|Gemini 2 spacecraft on display at the [[Air Force Space & Missile Museum]], [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station]], [[Florida]].
Image:Gemini2x.jpg|Gemini 2 spacecraft on display at the [[Air Force Space and Missile Museum]], [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station]], [[Florida]].


Image:Gemini2xrear.jpg|Gemini 2 spacecraft on display at the Air Force Space and Missile Museum, Cape Canaveral.
Image:Gemini2xrear.jpg|Gemini 2 spacecraft on display at the Air Force Space and Missile Museum, Cape Canaveral.
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==References==
==References==
{{Include-NASA}}
{{Include-NASA}}
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Commons category}}
*[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19650018359_1965018359.pdf Manned Space Flight Network Performance Analysis for the GT-2 Mission - NASA - May 14, 1965 (PDF)]
*[https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19650018359_1965018359.pdf Manned Space Flight Network Performance Analysis for the GT-2 Mission - NASA - May 14, 1965 (PDF)]
*[https://mira.hq.nasa.gov/history/ws/hdmshrc/all/main/DDD/39982.pdf NASA Gemini 2 press kit - December 4. 1964]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090621232257/https://mira.hq.nasa.gov/history/ws/hdmshrc/all/main/DDD/39982.pdf NASA Gemini 2 press kit - December 4. 1964]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3t3cIGqEM2I presentation on the Gemini 2 and the Manned Orbital Laboratory spacecraft on display at the Air Force Space and Missile Museum]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3t3cIGqEM2I presentation on the Gemini 2 and the Manned Orbital Laboratory spacecraft on display at the Air Force Space and Missile Museum]
*{{YouTube| K6f6sKFbDD8 | Gemini II reentry at real speed - HD source }}


{{Gemini program|state=expanded}}
{{Gemini program|state=expanded}}
{{NASA space program}}
{{NASA space program}}
{{Authority control}}


⚫
{{Use American English|date=January 2014}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gemini 02}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gemini 02}}
[[Category:Project Gemini missions]]
[[Category:Project Gemini missions]]
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[[Category:Spacecraft launched by Titan rockets]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by Titan rockets]]
[[Category:Spacecraft which reentered in 1965]]
[[Category:Spacecraft which reentered in 1965]]
[[Category:January 1965 events]]

Latest revision as of 17:32, 25 March 2024

This article is about the 1965 U.S. space mission "Gemini-Titan II" redirects here. For the launch system, see Titan II GLV.

Gemini 2
The atmospheric re-entry of Gemini 2 viewed through a pilot's window
Mission typeTest flight
OperatorNASA[1]
Mission duration18 minutes, 16 seconds
Range3,422.4 kilometers (1,847.9 nmi)
Apogee171.1 kilometers (92.4 nmi)
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftGemini SC2
ManufacturerMcDonnell
Start of mission
Launch dateJanuary 19, 1965, 14:03:59.861 (1965-01-19UTC14:03:59Z) UTC
RocketTitan II GLV, s/n 62-12557
Launch siteCape Kennedy LC-19
End of mission
Recovered byUSS Lake Champlain
Landing dateJanuary 19, 1965, 14:22:14 (1965-01-19UTC14:22:15Z) UTC
Landing site16°36′N 49°46′W / 16.600°N 49.767°W / 16.600; -49.767

Gemini 2 (Gemini-Titan 2; GT-2)[2] was the second spaceflight of the American human spaceflight program Project Gemini, and was launched and recovered on January 19, 1965. Gemini 2, like Gemini 1, was an uncrewed mission intended as a test flight of the Gemini spacecraft. Unlike Gemini 1, which was placed into orbit, Gemini 2 made a suborbital flight, primarily intended to test the spacecraft's heat shield. It was launched on a Titan II GLV rocket. The spacecraft used for the Gemini 2 mission was later refurbished into the Gemini B configuration, and was subsequently launched on another suborbital flight, along with OPS 0855, as a test for the US Air Force Manned Orbital Laboratory. Gemini spacecraft no. 2 was the first craft to make more than one spaceflight since the X-15, and the only one until Space Shuttle Columbia flew its second mission in 1981; it would also be the only space capsule to be reused until Crew Dragon Endeavour was launched a second time in 2021.

Mission history

[edit]

GLV

[edit]

The Titan II/Gemini launch vehicle was dismantled to protect it from two hurricanes in August and September 1964. The second stage of the vehicle was taken down and stored in a hangar on August 26, 1964, in preparation for Hurricane Cleo, and the entire launch vehicle was subsequently dismantled and removed from Cape Kennedy Air Force Station's Launch Complex 19 in early September before Hurricane Dora passed over Cape Kennedy on September 9. The Gemini launch vehicle was erected for the final time on 12 September 1964.

The prime and backup crews for Gemini 3, John Young (suited), Wally Schirra, Thomas P. Stafford (in shirtsleeves), and Gus Grissom (suited), practice egress from the Gemini 2 pad, in preparation for the upcoming Gemini 3 flight

Many ground tests were carried out on the Gemini 2 and Titan rocket in November 1964. On November 24, Gemini-Titan (GT) 2 successfully completed the Wet Mock Simulated Launch, a full-scale countdown exercise which included propellant loading. Procedures for flight crew suiting and spacecraft ingress and egress were practiced during simulated launch. The prime flight crew for Gemini 3 donned pressure suits and full biomedical instrumentation, assisted by their backup crew and the space suit bioinstrumentation and aeromedical personnel who would participate in the GT-3 launch operation. As a result of this practice operation, it was established that all physical examinations, bioinstrumentation sensor attachment, and suit donning would be done in the pilot ready room at Launch Complex 16.

Gemini 2 had been scheduled for launch on December 9, 1964. On that date, the countdown reached zero and the first stage engines were ignited. The launch vehicle's Malfunction Detection System detected technical problems due to a loss of hydraulic pressure and shut down the engines about one second after ignition.

On the second launch attempt on January 19, 1965, Gemini 2 lifted off from Launch Complex 19 at Cape Kennedy at 9:03:59 a.m. EST (14:03:59.861 UTC).

Shortly after launch the Mission Control Center suffered a power outage. Control of the mission was transferred to a tracking ship. The outage was later traced to an overload of the electrical system from the network television equipment used to cover the launch.[3]

Gemini 2 flew a ballistic suborbital arc over the Atlantic Ocean reaching a maximum altitude of 92.4 nautical miles (171.1 km). The spacecraft was run by an onboard automatic sequencer. At 6 minutes 54 seconds after launch, retrorockets were fired. The spacecraft landed 1,847.9 nautical miles (3,422 km) downrange from the launch pad. The flight lasted 18 minutes 16 seconds. The landing was 14 nautical miles (26 km) short of the planned impact point, and 45 nautical miles (83 km) from the recovery aircraft carrier, USS Lake Champlain. The spacecraft was brought aboard the carrier at 15:52 UT (10:52 a.m. EST). Most goals were achieved, except the fuel cells had failed before liftoff and were turned off. The spacecraft cooling system temperature also was found to be too high. The Gemini 2 spacecraft was in excellent condition. Its heat shield and retrorockets functioned as expected. The Gemini 2 mission was supported by 6,562 United States Department of Defense personnel, 67 aircraft, and 16 ships.

Gemini 2 had flight instrumentation pallets installed in the crew cabin, similar to those in Gemini 1.

MOL

[edit]

The Gemini 2 reentry module was refurbished and flown again on November 3, 1966, in a test flight for the United States Air Force Manned Orbiting Laboratory program. It was launched on a Titan IIIC rocket on a 33-minute suborbital flight from LC-40 at Cape Kennedy. It is the only Gemini spacecraft to have flown with U.S. Air Force insignia, but there is an unflown Gemini B spacecraft in USAF markings on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio.

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

  1. ^ Hacker, Barton C.; Grimwood, James M. (February 2003) [First published 1977]. "Table of Contents". On the Shoulders of Titans: A History of Project Gemini. NASA History Series. Washington, D.C.: NASA. NASA SP-4203. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
  2. ^ "Gemini 2". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive (NSSDCA). NASA. 2017. GEMINI2.
  3. ^ Chris Kraft, Flight, p. 206.
[edit]
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