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| image = 2015.09.05 12.26.43 DSC00301 - Flickr - andrey zharkikh crop.jpg
| image = 2015.09.05 12.26.43 DSC00301 - Flickr - andrey zharkikh crop.jpg
| image_caption = Growing in the Farmington Bay area, [[Utah]]
| image_caption = Growing in the Farmington Bay area, [[Utah]]
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=Lansdown, R.V. |year=2013 |title=''Persicaria maculosa'' |volume=2013 |page=e.T175559A1423029 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T175559A1423029.en |access-date=20 January 2023}}</ref>
| status2 = G4
| status2_system = TNC
| status2_ref = <ref name=NatureServe/>
| genus = Persicaria
| genus = Persicaria
| species = maculosa
| species = maculosa
| authority = [[Samuel Frederick Gray|Gray]]
| authority = [[Samuel Frederick Gray|Gray]]
| synonyms_ref = <ref>[http://www.tropicos.org/Name/50002191 Tropicos, ''Persicaria maculosa'' Gray ]</ref>{{Failed verification|date=May 2019}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:695052-1 |title=Persicaria maculosa Gray |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=n.d. |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botantical Gardens |access-date=August 18, 2022}}</ref>
| synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true
| synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true
|title=<small>Synonymy</small>
|title=<small>Synonymy</small>
|''Polygonum persicaria'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]</small>
|''Persicaria mitis'' <small>Delarbre</small>
|''Persicaria mitis'' <small>Delarbre</small>
|''Persicaria persicaria'' <small>(L.) Small, nom. inval.</small>
|''Persicaria persicaria'' <small>(L.) Small</small>
|''Polygonum vernum'' <small>Raf.</small>
|''Persicaria ruderalis'' <small>C.F.Reed</small>
|''Persicaria dolichopoda'' <small>(Ohki) Nakai</small>
|''Peutalis persicaria'' <small>(L.) Raf.</small>
|''Persicaria fusiformis'' <small>(Greene) Greene</small>
|''Polygonon persicarium'' <small>(L.) St.-Lag.</small>
|''Persicaria incana'' <small>Gray</small>
|''Polygonum persicaria'' <small>L.</small>
|''Persicaria interrupta'' <small>Gray</small>
|''Persicaria pulicariodea'' <small>Montandon</small>
|''Persicaria pusilla'' <small>Gray</small>
|''Persicaria rivularis'' <small>Opiz</small>
|''Persicaria salicifolia'' <small>Gray</small>
|''Peutalis persicaria'' <small>Raf.</small>
|''Polygonon persicarium'' <small>St.-Lag.</small>
|''Polygonum biforme'' <small>Wahlenb.</small>
|''Polygonum dolichopodum'' <small>Ohki</small>
|''Polygonum fusiforme'' <small>Greene</small>
|''Polygonum niloticum'' <small>[[Carl Meissner|Meisn.]]</small>
|''Polygonum puritanorum'' <small>Fernald</small>
|''Polygonum ruderale'' <small>Salisb.</small>
|''Polygonum ruderale'' <small>Salisb.</small>
|''Polygonum serotinum'' <small>Ten.</small>
}}}}
}}}}


'''''Persicaria maculosa''''' (syn. ''Polygonum persicaria'') is an [[annual plant]] in the [[Polygonaceae|buckwheat family]], [[Polygonaceae]]. Common names include '''lady's thumb''',<ref>{{ITIS| id = 20915 | taxon = ''Polygonum persicaria''| accessdate = 15 October 2007}}</ref> '''spotted lady's thumb''', '''Jesusplant''', and '''redshank'''.<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |accessdate=2016-08-16 }}</ref><ref name=grin>{{GRIN | accessdate = 2017-12-18}}</ref> It is widespread across Eurasia from Iceland south to Portugal and east to Japan.<ref>[http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/index1.php?scientific-name=persicaria+maculosa Altervista Flora Italiana, ''Persicaria maculosa'' Gray] includes photos and European distribution map</ref><ref name=jing>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=220010832 Flora of China, ''Polygonum persicaria'' Linnaeus, 1753. <big>蓼</big> liao ]</ref> It is also present as an [[introduced species|introduced]] and [[invasive species]] in North America, where it was first noted in the [[Great Lakes]] region in 1843 and has now spread through most of the continent.<ref>{{cite web |title= List of invasive species in the Great Lakes Great Lakes United / Union Saint-Laurent Grands Lacs |url= http://www.glu.org/en/node/199 |accessdate= 2009-02-07 |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090429205753/http://www.glu.org/en/node/199 |archivedate= 2009-04-29 }}</ref><ref>[http://bonap.net/MapGallery/State/Persicaria%20maculosa.png Biota of North America Program 2014 state-level distribution map]</ref>
'''''Persicaria maculosa''''' (syn. ''Polygonum persicaria'') is an [[annual plant]] in the [[Polygonaceae|buckwheat family]], [[Polygonaceae]]. Common names include '''lady's thumb''',<ref>{{ITIS| id = 20915 | taxon = ''Polygonum persicaria''| accessdate = 15 October 2007}}</ref> '''spotted lady's thumb''', '''Jesusplant''', and '''redshank'''.<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |accessdate=2016-08-16 }}</ref><ref name=grin>{{GRIN | accessdate = 2017-12-18}}</ref> It is widespread across Eurasia from Iceland south to Portugal and east to Japan.<ref>[http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/index1.php?scientific-name=persicaria+maculosa Altervista Flora Italiana, ''Persicaria maculosa'' Gray] includes photos and European distribution map</ref><ref name=jing>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=220010832 Flora of China, ''Polygonum persicaria'' Linnaeus, 1753. <big>蓼</big> liao ]</ref> It is also present as an [[introduced species|introduced]] and [[invasive species]] in North America, where it was first noted in the [[Great Lakes]] region in 1843 and has now spread through most of the continent.<ref>{{cite web |title= List of invasive species in the Great Lakes Great Lakes United / Union Saint-Laurent Grands Lacs |url= http://www.glu.org/en/node/199 |accessdate= 2009-02-07 |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090429205753/http://www.glu.org/en/node/199 |archivedate= 2009-04-29 }}</ref><ref name=NatureServe/><ref>[http://bonap.net/MapGallery/State/Persicaria%20maculosa.png Biota of North America Program 2014 state-level distribution map]</ref>


[[File:Persicaria maculosa.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Inflorescence]]
[[File:Persicaria maculosa.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Inflorescence]]
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==Ecology==
==Ecology==
In the British Isles, this plant is a weed, without natural habitat, and always associated with human activity.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Simmonds|first=N W|title=Biological flora of the British Isles. Polygonum L|journal=Journal of Ecology|volume=33|year=1945|issue=33|pages=117–143| doi = 10.2307/2256567|jstor=2256567}}</ref> It likes moist soils, particularly rich ones, and [[peat|acid peaty]] [[loams]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Long|first=H. C.|title=Weeds of arable land|journal=MAFF Bulletin|year=1938|issue=108}}</ref> It does not like lime, and [[Liming (soil)|liming]] is cited as a means to fight it.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fenton|first=E. W.|title=Poisonous and milk-staining plants|journal=Pamphlet of Edinburgh and East of Scotland College of Agriculture|year=1931|series=New series|issue=4|pages=7–31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Bond|first=W.|title=The biology and non chemical control of Redshank (''Persicaria maculosa'' Gray)|url=http://www.gardenorganic.org.uk/organicweeds/|publisher=HDRA|accessdate=13 October 2013}}</ref>
In the British Isles, this plant is a weed, without natural habitat, and always associated with human activity.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Simmonds|first=N W|title=Biological flora of the British Isles. ''Polygonum'' L|journal=Journal of Ecology|volume=33|year=1945|issue=33|pages=117–143| doi = 10.2307/2256567|jstor=2256567}}</ref> It likes moist soils, particularly rich ones, and [[peat|acid peaty]] [[loams]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Long|first=H. C.|title=Weeds of arable land|journal=MAFF Bulletin|year=1938|issue=108}}</ref> It does not like lime, and [[Liming (soil)|liming]] is cited as a means to fight it.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fenton|first=E. W.|title=Poisonous and milk-staining plants|journal=Pamphlet of Edinburgh and East of Scotland College of Agriculture|year=1931|series=New series|issue=4|pages=7–31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Bond|first=W.|title=The biology and non chemical control of Redshank (''Persicaria maculosa'' Gray)|url=http://www.gardenorganic.org.uk/organicweeds/|publisher=HDRA|accessdate=13 October 2013}}</ref>


==Cultivation and uses==
==Cultivation and uses==
Line 59: Line 51:


<ref name=IPNI_696241-1>{{IPNI |mode=cs1|taxon=Polygonum persicaria |authority=L. |id=696241-1 |accessdate=2019-05-09}}</ref>
<ref name=IPNI_696241-1>{{IPNI |mode=cs1|taxon=Polygonum persicaria |authority=L. |id=696241-1 |accessdate=2019-05-09}}</ref>

<ref name=NatureServe>{{cite web |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.151956/Persicaria_maculosa |title=''Persicaria maculosa'' Spotted Lady's-thumb |date=16 September 1998|publisher=NatureServe |access-date=20 January 2023}}</ref>
}}
}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Commons}}
{{Wikispecies}}
{{Wikiversity-bc}}
{{Wikiversity-bc}}
*[http://www.tropicos.org/ImageFullView.aspx?imageid=100310587 photo of herbarium specimen at Missouri Botanical Garden, collected in Missouri in 1983]
* [http://www.tropicos.org/ImageFullView.aspx?imageid=100310587 Photograph of herbarium specimen at Missouri Botanical Garden, collected in Missouri in 1983]


{{Taxonbar|from=Q161717}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q161717|from2=Q21876845}}


[[Category:Persicaria|maculosa]]
[[Category:Persicaria|maculosa]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Flora of Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of Portugal]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Samuel Frederick Gray]]

Latest revision as of 05:47, 23 January 2024

Persicaria maculosa
Growing in the Farmington Bay area, Utah

Apparently Secure  (NatureServe)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Polygonaceae
Genus: Persicaria
Species:
P. maculosa
Binomial name
Persicaria maculosa
Synonyms[3]
Synonymy
  • Persicaria mitis Delarbre
  • Persicaria persicaria (L.) Small
  • Persicaria ruderalis C.F.Reed
  • Peutalis persicaria (L.) Raf.
  • Polygonon persicarium (L.) St.-Lag.
  • Polygonum persicaria L.
  • Polygonum ruderale Salisb.

Persicaria maculosa (syn. Polygonum persicaria) is an annual plant in the buckwheat family, Polygonaceae. Common names include lady's thumb,[4] spotted lady's thumb, Jesusplant, and redshank.[5][6] It is widespread across Eurasia from Iceland south to Portugal and east to Japan.[7][8] It is also present as an introduced and invasive species in North America, where it was first noted in the Great Lakes region in 1843 and has now spread through most of the continent.[9][2][10]

Inflorescence
The ochrea: stipules fused around the stem

Description

[edit]

Persicaria maculosa is an annual herb up to 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) tall,[11] with an erect, rather floppy stem with swollen joints. The leaves are alternate and almost stalkless. The leaf blades often have a brown or black spot in the centre and are narrowly ovate and have entire margins. Each leaf base has stipules which are fused into a stem-enclosing sheath that is loose and fringed with long hairs at the upper end. The inflorescence is a dense spike. The perianth of each tiny pink flower consists of four or five lobes, fused near the base. There are six stamens, two fused carpels and two styles. The fruit is a shiny black, three-edged achene. This plant flowers from July to September in the temperate Northern Hemisphere.[8][12][13]

Taxonomy

[edit]

The species was first described, as Polygonum persicaria, by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.[14] It was first successfully transferred to the genus Persicaria by Samuel Frederick Gray in 1821, under the name Persicaria maculosa.[15] The name "Persicaria persicaria" cannot be used because tautonyms – binomial names that use the same word for both the genus and the species epithet – are prohibited by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, and a replacement name (nomen novum) must be used.[16] For this reason the transfer of the species to Persicaria by John Kunkel Small in 1903, which used the tautonym, is invalid.[17]

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

Persicaria maculosa is native to Europe and Asia, where it can be mistaken for Polygonum minus. The latter has narrower leaves, usually less than 1 cm wide. It has been introduced to North America and is naturalised throughout the mainland continent,[18] growing along roadsides, riverbanks, and on fallow ground. In the United States, it is very similar to Pennsylvania smartweed, but redshank has a fringe of hairs at the top of the ochrea, something which Pennsylvania smartweed lacks. The species has also been found in New Zealand and Australia.[19][20]

Ecology

[edit]

In the British Isles, this plant is a weed, without natural habitat, and always associated with human activity.[21] It likes moist soils, particularly rich ones, and acid peaty loams.[22] It does not like lime, and liming is cited as a means to fight it.[23][24]

Cultivation and uses

[edit]

Persicaria maculosa contains persicarin and tannins. The young leaves may be eaten as a leaf vegetable.[11] It is often seen as a weed and rarely cultivated. A yellow dye can be produced from this plant with alum used as a mordant.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Lansdown, R.V. (2013). "Persicaria maculosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T175559A1423029. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T175559A1423029.en. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
  2. ^ a b "Persicaria maculosa Spotted Lady's-thumb". NatureServe. 16 September 1998. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
  3. ^ "Persicaria maculosa Gray". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botantical Gardens. n.d. Retrieved August 18, 2022.
  4. ^ "Polygonum persicaria". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 15 October 2007.
  5. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2016-08-16.
  6. ^ "Persicaria maculosa". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2017-12-18.
  7. ^ Altervista Flora Italiana, Persicaria maculosa Gray includes photos and European distribution map
  8. ^ a b Flora of China, Polygonum persicaria Linnaeus, 1753. 蓼 liao
  9. ^ "List of invasive species in the Great Lakes Great Lakes United / Union Saint-Laurent Grands Lacs". Archived from the original on 2009-04-29. Retrieved 2009-02-07.
  10. ^ Biota of North America Program 2014 state-level distribution map
  11. ^ a b Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC 244766414.
  12. ^ "Redshank: Persicaria maculosa". NatureGate. Retrieved 2013-12-30.
  13. ^ Flora of North America, Persicaria maculosa Gray, 1821. Spotted lady's-thumb, redshank, renouée persicaire
  14. ^ "Polygonum persicaria L." International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 2019-05-09.
  15. ^ "Persicaria maculosa Gray". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 2019-05-09.
  16. ^ International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) see section 23.4
  17. ^ "Persicaria persicaria Small". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 2019-05-09.
  18. ^ USDA
  19. ^ Atlas of Living Australia, Persicaria maculosa Gray, Jesus Plant
  20. ^ IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Persicaria maculosa
  21. ^ Simmonds, N W (1945). "Biological flora of the British Isles. Polygonum L". Journal of Ecology. 33 (33): 117–143. doi:10.2307/2256567. JSTOR 2256567.
  22. ^ Long, H. C. (1938). "Weeds of arable land". MAFF Bulletin (108).
  23. ^ Fenton, E. W. (1931). "Poisonous and milk-staining plants". Pamphlet of Edinburgh and East of Scotland College of Agriculture. New series (4): 7–31.
  24. ^ Bond, W. "The biology and non chemical control of Redshank (Persicaria maculosa Gray)". HDRA. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Persicaria maculosa.
Wikiversity has bloom time data for Persicaria maculosa on the Bloom Clock
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