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{{Short description|Restigouche-class destroyer of the Royal Canadian Navy}}
{{other ships|HMCS Chaudiere}}
{{other ships|HMCS Chaudiere}}
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|Ship identification=DDE 235
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|Ship motto=La fortune sourit aux braves (Fortune smiles on the brave)<ref name=a1>Arbuckle, p. 25</ref>
|Ship motto=La fortune sourit aux braves (Fortune smiles on the brave)<ref name=a1>Arbuckle, p. 25</ref>

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|Ship class={{sclass-|Restigouche|destroyer}}
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|Ship displacement={{convert|2800|t|abbr=on}} (deep load)
|Ship displacement={{convert|2800|t|abbr=on}} (deep load)
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'''HMCS ''Chaudière''''' was a {{sclass-|Restigouche|destroyer}} and the second vessel of her class that served in the [[Royal Canadian Navy]] and later the [[Canadian Forces]] from 1959 to 1974. She was the second Canadian naval unit to bear this name. Following the vessel's decommissioning, the ship was used as a source for spare parts for the other surviving members of her class. In 1991, ''Chaudière'' was sold for use as an [[artificial reef]] and sunk off the coast of [[British Columbia]].
'''HMCS ''Chaudière''''' was a {{sclass|Restigouche|destroyer}} and the second vessel of her class that served in the [[Royal Canadian Navy]] and later the [[Canadian Forces]] from 1959 to 1974. She was the second Canadian naval unit to bear this name. During the summer of 1974 she along with her sister ship HMCS Columbia served as the base of operations for the Esquimalt Sea Cadet Camp while being docked at the DND jetty in Colwood. This location was across the harbour from the main site of CFB Esquimalt. Following the vessel's decommissioning, the ship was used as a source for spare parts for the other surviving members of her class. In 1991, ''Chaudière'' was sold for use as an [[artificial reef]] and sunk off the coast of [[British Columbia]].


==Design and description==
==Design and description==
Based on the preceding {{sclass-|St. Laurent|destroyer|0}} design, the ''Restigouche''s had the same hull and propulsion, but different weaponry.<ref name=gardiner>Gardiner and Chumbley, p.45</ref> Initially the ''St. Laurent'' class had been planned to be 14 ships. However the order was halved, and the following seven were redesigned to take into improvements made on the ''St. Laurent''s. As time passed, their design diverged further from that of the ''St. Laurent''s.<ref name=milner248>Milner, p.248</ref>
Based on the preceding {{sclass|St. Laurent|destroyer|0}} design, the ''Restigouche''s had the same hull and propulsion, but different weaponry.<ref name=gardiner>Gardiner and Chumbley, p. 45</ref> Initially the ''St. Laurent'' class had been planned to be 14 ships. However the order was halved, and the following seven were redesigned to take into improvements made on the ''St. Laurent''s. As time passed, their design diverged further from that of the ''St. Laurent''s.<ref name=milner248>Milner, p. 248</ref>


The ships had a [[Displacement (ship)|displacement]] of {{convert|2000|t|LT}}, {{convert|2500|t|LT|abbr=on}} at deep load. They were designed to be {{convert|366|ft|m|order=flip}} [[Length overall|long]] with a [[Beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|42|ft|m|order=flip}} and a [[Draft (hull)|draught]] of {{convert|13|ft|2|in|m|order=flip}}.<ref name=gardiner/> The ''Restigouche''s had a complement of 214.<ref name=macr1>Macpherson and Barrie, p.251</ref>
The ships had a [[Displacement (ship)|displacement]] of {{convert|2000|t|LT}}, {{convert|2500|t|LT|abbr=on}} at deep load. They were designed to be {{convert|366|ft|m|order=flip}} [[Length overall|long]] with a [[Beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|42|ft|m|order=flip}} and a [[Draft (hull)|draught]] of {{convert|13|ft|2|in|m|order=flip}}.<ref name=gardiner/> The ''Restigouche''s had a complement of 214.<ref name=macr1>Macpherson and Barrie (2002), p. 251</ref>


The ''Restigouche''s were by powered by two English Electric geared steam turbines, each driving a [[propellor shaft]], using steam provided by two [[Babcock & Wilcox]] boilers. They generated {{convert|30000|shp|kW|order=flip|lk=on}} giving the vessels a maximum speed of {{convert|28|kn|lk=in}}.<ref name=gardiner/>
The ''Restigouche''s were by powered by two English Electric geared steam turbines, each driving a [[propellor shaft|propeller shaft]], using steam provided by two [[Babcock & Wilcox]] boilers. They generated {{convert|30000|shp|kW|order=flip|lk=on}} giving the vessels a maximum speed of {{convert|28|kn|lk=in}}.<ref name=gardiner/>


The ''Restigouche''s were equipped with SPS-10, SPS-12, Sperry Mk 2 and SPG-48 radar along with SQS-501 and SQS-503 sonar.<ref name=gardiner2>Gardiner and Chumbly, p.46</ref>
The ''Restigouche''s were equipped with SPS-10, SPS-12, Sperry Mk 2 and SPG-48 radar along with SQS-501 and SQS-503 sonar.<ref name=gardiner2>Gardiner and Chumbly, p. 46</ref>


===Armament===
===Armament===
The ''Restigouche''s diverged from the ''St. Laurent''s in their weaponry. The ''Restigouche''s were equipped with two twin mounts of [[Vickers]] {{convert|3|in|mm|adj=on|0}}/70 calibre Mk 6 dual-purpose guns forward and maintained a single twin mount of [[3″/50 caliber gun|3-inch/50 calibre Mk 22 gun]]s aft used in the preceding class.<ref group=note>[[Caliber (artillery)|Calibre]] denotes the length of the barrel. In this case, 50 calibre means that the gun barrel is 50 times as long as it is in diameter</ref> A Mk 69 fire control director was added to control the new guns.<ref name=boutiller>Boutiller, p.323</ref> They were also armed with two [[Limbo (weapon)|Limbo Mk 10 mortars]] and two single [[Bofors 40 mm]] guns.<ref name=gardiner/> However the 40 mm guns were dropped in the final design.<ref name=boutiller/>
The ''Restigouche''s diverged from the ''St. Laurent''s in their weaponry. The ''Restigouche''s were equipped with two twin mounts of [[Vickers]] {{convert|3|in|mm|adj=on|0}}/70 calibre Mk 6 dual-purpose guns forward and maintained a single twin mount of [[3"/50 caliber gun|3-inch/50 calibre Mk 22 gun]]s aft used in the preceding class.<ref group=note>[[Caliber (artillery)|Calibre]] denotes the length of the barrel. In this case, 50 calibre means that the gun barrel is 50 times as long as its bore diameter</ref> A Mk 69 fire control director was added to control the new guns.<ref name=boutiller>Boutiller, p. 323</ref> They were also armed with two [[Limbo (weapon)|Limbo Mk 10 mortars]] and two single [[Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60|Bofors 40 mm]] guns.<ref name=gardiner/> However the 40 mm guns were dropped in the final design.<ref name=boutiller/>


The destroyers were also equipped beginning in 1958 with Mk 43 homing torpedoes in an effort to increase the distance between the ships and their targets. The Mk 43 torpedo had a range of {{convert|4500|yd|m|order=flip}} at {{convert|15|kn}}. They were pitched over the side by a modified [[depth charge]] thrower.<ref>Milner, p.225</ref>
From 1958 the destroyers were also equipped with Mk 43 homing torpedoes to increase the effective range of the weapons. The Mk 43 torpedo had a range of {{convert|4500|yd|m|order=flip}} at {{convert|15|kn}}. They were launched by a modified [[depth charge]] thrower.<ref>Milner, p. 225</ref>


==Service history==
==Service history==
''Chaudière'' was [[Keel laying|laid down]] on 30 July 1953 by [[Halifax Shipyards]] at [[Halifax, Nova Scotia]]. Named for a [[Chaudière River|river]] in [[Quebec]], she was the last of her class. The ship was [[Ship naming and launching|launched]] on 13 November 1957 and [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] on 14 November 1959 at Halifax with the [[Hull classification symbol (Canada)|classfication]] DDE 235. Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]] was a guest of honour at the ceremony. Upon commissioning, the ship was assigned to the [[Fifth Canadian Escort Squadron]].<ref name="macr1"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2194&dat=19591110&id=ufkxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KOQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4230,1862796 |title=New Destroyer Escort |work=Ottawa Citizen |date=10 November 1959 |pages=13 |accessdate=19 January 2016}}</ref>
''Chaudière'' was [[Keel laying|laid down]] on 30 July 1953 by [[Halifax Shipyards]] at [[Halifax, Nova Scotia]]. Named for a [[Chaudière River|river]] in [[Quebec]], she was the last of her class. The ship was [[Ship naming and launching|launched]] on 13 November 1957. While under construction the escort suffered a fire which caused $200,000 in damage in September 1958. On 4 October 1958, a visiting engineer died after falling.<ref name=barrie38>Barrie and Macpherson (1996), p. 38</ref> The ship [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] on 14 November 1959 at Halifax with the [[Hull classification symbol (Canada)|classification]] DDE 235. Prime Minister [[John Diefenbaker]] was a guest of honour at the ceremony.

Upon commissioning, the ship was assigned to the [[Fifth Canadian Escort Squadron]].<ref name="macr1"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2194&dat=19591110&id=ufkxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KOQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4230,1862796 |title=New Destroyer Escort |work=Ottawa Citizen |date=10 November 1959 |pages=13 |accessdate=19 January 2016}}</ref> In March 1961, the destroyer escort was among the ships that took part in a combined naval exercise with the [[United States Navy]] off [[Nova Scotia]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=A/S Exercise Off Nova Scotia |magazine=The Crowsnest |publisher=Queen's Printer |date=April 1961 |volume=13 |number=6 |pages=2}}</ref> ''Chaudière'' underwent shock testing off [[Florida]] in 1962. In February 1964, the ship took part in the [[NATO]] naval exercise "Magic Lantern" off [[Gibraltar]].<ref name=barrie38/>


Following the [[unification of the Canadian Armed Forces]], and the change from the Royal Canadian Navy to Maritime Command, ''Chaudière'' was transferred to the west coast to join the Second Canadian Escort Squadron.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2455&dat=19680606&id=h6YyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3uwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2906,1771658 |title=Canada's fleet has 31 ships |work=The Saturday Citizen |page=19 |date=7 June 1968 |accessdate=16 January 2016}}</ref> On 2 October 1967, she left Halifax to travel to [[CFB Esquimalt|Esquimalt]].<ref name=macr1/>
Following the [[unification of the Canadian Armed Forces]], and the change from the Royal Canadian Navy to Maritime Command, ''Chaudière'' was transferred to the west coast to join the Second Canadian Escort Squadron.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2455&dat=19680606&id=h6YyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3uwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2906,1771658 |title=Canada's fleet has 31 ships |work=The Saturday Citizen |page=19 |date=7 June 1968 |accessdate=16 January 2016}}</ref> On 2 October 1967, she left Halifax to travel to [[CFB Esquimalt|Esquimalt]].<ref name=macr1/>


Initially all seven ''Restigouche''-class ships were intended to be upgraded to the IRE refit, however due to financial reasons, ''Chaudière''{{'}}s conversion was cut and by 1970, the ship was reduced to a [[training ship]].<ref name=macr1/><ref>Milner, p.265</ref> On 23 May 1974, ''Chaudière'' was [[Ship decommissioning|paid off]] and used as a source for parts for the other members of the class.<ref name=macr1/>
Initially all seven ''Restigouche''-class ships were intended to be upgraded to the IRE refit, however due to financial reasons, ''Chaudière''{{'}}s conversion was cut and by 1970, the ship was reduced to a [[training ship]].<ref name=macr1/><ref>Milner, p. 265</ref> On 23 May 1974, ''Chaudière'' was [[Ship decommissioning|paid off]] and used as a source for parts for the other members of the class.<ref name=macr1/>


In 1989, ''Chaudière''{{'}}s [[sister ship]] {{HMCS|Kootenay|DDE 258|2}} collided with a merchant vessel and her [[Bow (ship)|bow]] was severely damaged. To repair the damage, ''Kootenay''{{'}}s damaged bow was removed and ''Chaudière''{{'}}s was installed in place.<ref name=macr1/>
In 1989, ''Chaudière''{{'}}s [[sister ship]] {{HMCS|Kootenay|DDE 258|2}} collided with a merchant vessel and her [[Bow (ship)|bow]] was severely damaged. To repair the damage, ''Kootenay''{{'}}s damaged bow was removed and ''Chaudière''{{'}}s was installed in place.<ref name=macr1/>


In September 1991, the Canadian government sold the former destroyer escort to the [[Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia]] for $1 for use as an artificial reef.<ref>Orrick, p.49</ref> The project to use the ship was saved mainly by donations from the community after government funding was cut.<ref>Orrick, p.50-1</ref> The ship was sunk in [[Sechelt Inlet]], British Columbia on 5 December 1992.<ref name=macr1/>
In September 1991, the Canadian government sold the former destroyer escort to the [[Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia]] for $1 for use as an artificial reef.<ref>Orrick, p. 49</ref> The project to use the ship was saved mainly by donations from the community after government funding was cut.<ref>Orrick, pp. 50–51</ref> The ship was sunk in [[Sechelt Inlet]], British Columbia on 5 December 1992.<ref name=macr1/>


==References==
==References==
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===Sources===
===Sources===
* {{cite book |last=Arbuckle |first=J. Graeme |date=1987 |title=Badges of the Canadian Navy |publisher=Nimbus Publishing |location=Halifax, Nova Scotia |isbn=0-920852-49-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Arbuckle |first=J. Graeme |date=1987 |title=Badges of the Canadian Navy |publisher=Nimbus Publishing |location=Halifax, Nova Scotia |isbn=0-920852-49-1}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Boutiller |editor-first=James A. |date=1982 |title=RCN in Retrospect, 1910-1968 |publisher=University of British Columbia Press |location=Vancouver |isbn=0-7748-0196-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Barrie |first=Ron |last2=Macpherson |first2=Ken |date=1996 |title=Cadillac of Destroyers: HMCS St. Laurent and Her Successors |publisher=Vanwell Publishing Limited |location=St. Catharines, Ontario |isbn=1-55125-036-5}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Gardiner |editor-first=Robert |editor-last2=Chumbley |editor-first2=Stephen |editor-last3=Budzbon |editor-first3=Przemysław |date=1995 |title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947-1995 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Maryland |isbn=1-55750-132-7}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Boutiller |editor-first=James A. |date=1982 |title=RCN in Retrospect, 1910–1968 |publisher=University of British Columbia Press |location=Vancouver |isbn=0-7748-0196-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Macpherson |first=Ken |last2=Barrie |first2=Ron |date=2002 |title=The Ships of Canada's Naval Forces 1910-2002 |edition=Third |publisher=Vanwell Publishing |location=St. Catharines, Ontario |isbn=1-55125-072-1}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Gardiner |editor-first=Robert |editor-last2=Chumbley |editor-first2=Stephen |editor-last3=Budzbon |editor-first3=Przemysław |date=1995 |title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Maryland |isbn=1-55750-132-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Macpherson |first=Ken |last2=Barrie |first2=Ron |date=2002 |title=The Ships of Canada's Naval Forces 1910–2002 |edition=Third |publisher=Vanwell Publishing |location=St. Catharines, Ontario |isbn=1-55125-072-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Milner |first=Marc |date=2010 |title=Canada's Navy: The First Century |edition=Second |publisher=University of Toronto Press |location=Toronto |isbn=978-0-8020-9604-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Milner |first=Marc |date=2010 |title=Canada's Navy: The First Century |edition=Second |publisher=University of Toronto Press |location=Toronto |isbn=978-0-8020-9604-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Orrick |first=Bob |date=2010 |title=RCN Reefs |publisher=Xlibris |isbn=978-1-4535-1880-9}}


==External links==
==External links==
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{{Restigouche class destroyer}}
{{Restigouche class destroyer}}
{{Recreational dive sites|wresit}}

{{coord|49|37.694|N|123|48.699|W|display=title}}
{{coord|49|37.694|N|123|48.699|W|display=title}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudiere, HMCS}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudiere, HMCS}}
[[Category:List of ships of the Royal Canadian Navy]]
[[Category:Restigouche-class destroyers]]
[[Category:Restigouche-class destroyers]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks of the British Columbia coast]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks of the British Columbia coast]]

Latest revision as of 22:48, 25 January 2023

For other ships with the same name, see HMCS Chaudiere.

History
Canada
NameChaudière
NamesakeChaudière River
BuilderHalifax Shipyards Ltd., Halifax
Laid down30 July 1953
Launched13 November 1957
Commissioned14 November 1959
Decommissioned23 May 1974
IdentificationDDE 235
MottoLa fortune sourit aux braves (Fortune smiles on the brave)[1]
Honours and
awards
  • Atlantic 1944
  • Normandy 1944
  • Biscay 1944[1]
FateSunk as artificial reef off British Columbia in 1992.
BadgeVert, three cotises in bend wavy or, debruised in the center with a plate voided, the inner edge evicted.[1]
General characteristics
Class and typeRestigouche-class destroyer
Displacement2,800 t (2,800 long tons; 3,100 short tons) (deep load)
Length366 ft (111.6 m)
Beam42 ft (12.8 m)
Draught14 ft (4.3 m)
Propulsion
  • 2-shaft English-Electric geared steam turbines
  • 2 Babcock & Wilcox boilers
  • 30,000 shp (22,000 kW)
Speed28 knots (52 km/h; 32 mph)
Range4,750 nautical miles (8,800 km; 5,470 mi) at 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph)
Complement214
Sensors and
processing systems
  • 1 × SPS-12 air search radar
  • 1 × SPS-10B surface search radar
  • 1 × Sperry Mk.2 navigation radar
  • 1 × SQS-501 high frequency bottom profiler sonar
  • 1 × SQS-502 high frequency mortar control sonar
  • 1 × SQS-503 hull mounted active search sonar
  • 1 × SQS-10 hull mounted active search sonar
  • 1 × Mk.69 gunnery control system with SPG-48 director forward
  • 1 × GUNAR Mk.64 GFCS with on-mount SPG-48 director aft
Electronic warfare
& decoys		1 × DAU HF/DF (high frequency direction finder)
Armament
  • 1 × 3-inch/70 Mk.6 Vickers twin mount forward
  • 1 × 3-inch/50 Mk.33 FMC twin mount aft
  • 2 × Mk NC 10 Limbo ASW mortars
  • 2 × single Mk.2 "K-gun" launchers with homing torpedoes
  • 1 × 103 mm Bofors illumination rocket launchers

HMCS Chaudière was a Restigouche-class destroyer and the second vessel of her class that served in the Royal Canadian Navy and later the Canadian Forces from 1959 to 1974. She was the second Canadian naval unit to bear this name. During the summer of 1974 she along with her sister ship HMCS Columbia served as the base of operations for the Esquimalt Sea Cadet Camp while being docked at the DND jetty in Colwood. This location was across the harbour from the main site of CFB Esquimalt. Following the vessel's decommissioning, the ship was used as a source for spare parts for the other surviving members of her class. In 1991, Chaudière was sold for use as an artificial reef and sunk off the coast of British Columbia.

Design and description

[edit]

Based on the preceding St. Laurent-class design, the Restigouches had the same hull and propulsion, but different weaponry.[2] Initially the St. Laurent class had been planned to be 14 ships. However the order was halved, and the following seven were redesigned to take into improvements made on the St. Laurents. As time passed, their design diverged further from that of the St. Laurents.[3]

The ships had a displacement of 2,000 tonnes (2,000 long tons), 2,500 t (2,500 long tons) at deep load. They were designed to be 112 metres (366 ft) long with a beam of 13 metres (42 ft) and a draught of 4.01 metres (13 ft 2 in).[2] The Restigouches had a complement of 214.[4]

The Restigouches were by powered by two English Electric geared steam turbines, each driving a propeller shaft, using steam provided by two Babcock & Wilcox boilers. They generated 22,000 kilowatts (30,000 shp) giving the vessels a maximum speed of 28 knots (52 km/h; 32 mph).[2]

The Restigouches were equipped with SPS-10, SPS-12, Sperry Mk 2 and SPG-48 radar along with SQS-501 and SQS-503 sonar.[5]

Armament

[edit]

The Restigouches diverged from the St. Laurents in their weaponry. The Restigouches were equipped with two twin mounts of Vickers 3-inch (76 mm)/70 calibre Mk 6 dual-purpose guns forward and maintained a single twin mount of 3-inch/50 calibre Mk 22 guns aft used in the preceding class.[note 1] A Mk 69 fire control director was added to control the new guns.[6] They were also armed with two Limbo Mk 10 mortars and two single Bofors 40 mm guns.[2] However the 40 mm guns were dropped in the final design.[6]

From 1958 the destroyers were also equipped with Mk 43 homing torpedoes to increase the effective range of the weapons. The Mk 43 torpedo had a range of 4,100 metres (4,500 yd) at 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph). They were launched by a modified depth charge thrower.[7]

Service history

[edit]

Chaudière was laid down on 30 July 1953 by Halifax Shipyards at Halifax, Nova Scotia. Named for a river in Quebec, she was the last of her class. The ship was launched on 13 November 1957. While under construction the escort suffered a fire which caused $200,000 in damage in September 1958. On 4 October 1958, a visiting engineer died after falling.[8] The ship commissioned on 14 November 1959 at Halifax with the classification DDE 235. Prime Minister John Diefenbaker was a guest of honour at the ceremony.

Upon commissioning, the ship was assigned to the Fifth Canadian Escort Squadron.[4][9] In March 1961, the destroyer escort was among the ships that took part in a combined naval exercise with the United States Navy off Nova Scotia.[10] Chaudière underwent shock testing off Florida in 1962. In February 1964, the ship took part in the NATO naval exercise "Magic Lantern" off Gibraltar.[8]

Following the unification of the Canadian Armed Forces, and the change from the Royal Canadian Navy to Maritime Command, Chaudière was transferred to the west coast to join the Second Canadian Escort Squadron.[11] On 2 October 1967, she left Halifax to travel to Esquimalt.[4]

Initially all seven Restigouche-class ships were intended to be upgraded to the IRE refit, however due to financial reasons, Chaudière's conversion was cut and by 1970, the ship was reduced to a training ship.[4][12] On 23 May 1974, Chaudière was paid off and used as a source for parts for the other members of the class.[4]

In 1989, Chaudière's sister ship Kootenay collided with a merchant vessel and her bow was severely damaged. To repair the damage, Kootenay's damaged bow was removed and Chaudière's was installed in place.[4]

In September 1991, the Canadian government sold the former destroyer escort to the Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia for $1 for use as an artificial reef.[13] The project to use the ship was saved mainly by donations from the community after government funding was cut.[14] The ship was sunk in Sechelt Inlet, British Columbia on 5 December 1992.[4]

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Calibre denotes the length of the barrel. In this case, 50 calibre means that the gun barrel is 50 times as long as its bore diameter

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Arbuckle, p. 25
  2. ^ a b c d Gardiner and Chumbley, p. 45
  3. ^ Milner, p. 248
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Macpherson and Barrie (2002), p. 251
  5. ^ Gardiner and Chumbly, p. 46
  6. ^ a b Boutiller, p. 323
  7. ^ Milner, p. 225
  8. ^ a b Barrie and Macpherson (1996), p. 38
  9. ^ "New Destroyer Escort". Ottawa Citizen. 10 November 1959. p. 13. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
  10. ^ "A/S Exercise Off Nova Scotia". The Crowsnest. Vol. 13, no. 6. Queen's Printer. April 1961. p. 2.
  11. ^ "Canada's fleet has 31 ships". The Saturday Citizen. 7 June 1968. p. 19. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  12. ^ Milner, p. 265
  13. ^ Orrick, p. 49
  14. ^ Orrick, pp. 50–51

Sources

[edit]
  • Arbuckle, J. Graeme (1987). Badges of the Canadian Navy. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Nimbus Publishing. ISBN 0-920852-49-1.
  • Barrie, Ron; Macpherson, Ken (1996). Cadillac of Destroyers: HMCS St. Laurent and Her Successors. St. Catharines, Ontario: Vanwell Publishing Limited. ISBN 1-55125-036-5.
  • Boutiller, James A., ed. (1982). RCN in Retrospect, 1910–1968. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 0-7748-0196-4.
  • Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen; Budzbon, Przemysław, eds. (1995). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-132-7.
  • Macpherson, Ken; Barrie, Ron (2002). The Ships of Canada's Naval Forces 1910–2002 (Third ed.). St. Catharines, Ontario: Vanwell Publishing. ISBN 1-55125-072-1.
  • Milner, Marc (2010). Canada's Navy: The First Century (Second ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-9604-3.
[edit]

49°37.694′N 123°48.699′W / 49.628233°N 123.811650°W / 49.628233; -123.811650

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