urban
English
editEtymology
editBorrowed from Middle French urbain (“belonging to a city, urban; courteous, refined, urbane”) (modern French urbain), or from its etymon Latin urbānus (“of or belonging to a city, urban; of manners or style: like those of city dwellers: cultivated, polished, refined, sophisticated”) + English -an (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’ forming adjectives). Urbānus is derived from urbs (“city; walled town; Rome”) (further etymology uncertain, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʰerdʰ- (“to encircle, enclose; a belt; an enclosure, fence”) or *werbʰ- (“to enclose”)) + -ānus (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’ forming adjectives).
For the euphemistic or proscribed term, it was coined by New York radio DJ Frankie Crocker in the early to mid-1970s as a synonym for Black music.
Pronunciation
edit- (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /ˈɜːb(ə)n/
Audio (Southern England): (file) - (General American) IPA(key): /ˈɜɹbən/
- Rhymes: -ɜː(ɹ)bən
- Hyphenation: urb‧an
Adjective
editurban (comparative more urban, superlative most urban)
- Of, pertaining to, characteristic of, or happening or located in, a city or town; of, pertaining to, or characteristic of life in such a place, especially when contrasted with the countryside.
- urban life urban traffic
- 2013 May 10, Audrey Garric, “Urban canopies let nature bloom”, in The Guardian Weekly[4], volume 188, number 22, page 30:
- As towns continue to grow, replanting vegetation has become a form of urban utopia and green roofs are spreading fast. Last year 1m square metres of plant-covered roofing was built in France, as much as in the US, and 10 times more than in Germany, the pioneer in this field. In Paris 22 hectares of roof have been planted, out of a potential total of 80 hectares.
- Living in a city or town.
- 1601, C[aius] Plinius Secundus [i.e., Pliny the Elder], “[Book XVIII.] Of Iugerum, and Actus. Of the Ancient Lawes Ordained for Cattell in Old Time. How Often and at what Times Corn and Victuals were Exceeding Cheape at Rome. What Noble and Famous Persons Addicted Themselves Wholly to Husbandrie and Tillage..”, in Philemon Holland, transl., The Historie of the World. Commonly Called, The Naturall Historie of C. Plinius Secundus. […], 1st tome, London: […] Adam Islip, →OCLC, pages 550–551:
- Inſomuch, as thoſe citizens vvere reputed for cheeſe and principall, vvho vvere poſſeſſed of land and living in the countrey: and theſe made the State, called the Ruſtick Tribes, in Rome: vvheras contrarivviſe the other eſtate, reputed the meaner in degree, vvas named the Vrbane Tribes; conſiſting of Artiſanes & ſuch like as vvere not landed perſons: into vvhich, if a man vvere transferred from any of the reſt, it vvas thought a great ſhame and diſgrace, as if hee vvere reproched for idleneſſe and negligence in husbandrie.
- 1607, Edward Topsell, “Of the Vulgar Little Mouse”, in The Historie of Fovre-footed Beastes. […], London: […] William Iaggard, →OCLC, page 504:
- The Epithets of myce are thes; ſhort, ſmall, fearful, peaceable, ridiculous, ruſtik, or country mouſe, vrbane, or citty mouſe, […]
- Having authority or jurisdiction over a city or town.
- 1651, James Howell, “Of Officers or Magistrats in Generall”, in S.P.Q.V.: A Survay of the Signorie of Venice, […], London: […] Richard Lowndes […], →OCLC, page 16:
- All theſe Magiſtrats are but temporary, and have a time limited them; the Urbane or Citty Magiſtrats ſome of them continue in office 6. months, others 8. months, others are annuall; […]
- (US, proscribed, outdated) Relating to contemporary African American culture, especially in music.
- (US, UK, euphemistic, offensive) (of inhabitants or residents) Black; African American.
Usage notes
edit- The word "urban" in a musical context came to be controversial and it was described as perpetuating and reinforcing the racial stereotyping of black communities, especially black musicians,[1] and as a "catchall for music created by Black artists, regardless of genre", leading to the music industry's replacement of it with more appropriate terms.[2]
- "Urban" as a descriptor of black inhabitants or residents is an offensive and stereotypical usage; see Dictionary.com's "Historical usage of urban" for the explanation.[3]
Alternative forms
edit- urbane (obsolete)
Antonyms
editCoordinate terms
editDerived terms
edit- antiurban
- cyburban
- exurb
- interurban
- intraurban
- peri-urban
- preurban
- rurban
- semiurban
- single-point urban interchange
- synurban
- unurban
- urban blight
- urban boarding
- urban contemporary
- urban crawl
- urban culture
- urban district
- urban dweller
- urban exploration
- urban explorer
- urban fabric
- urban fantasy
- urban fee
- urban furniture
- urbanicity
- urbanish
- urbanism
- urbanist
- urbanistic
- urbanite
- urbanitis
- urbanity
- urbanization, urbanisation
- urbanize, urbanise
- urban legend
- urban lumberjack
- urban mine
- urban mining
- urban myth
- urban Naxal
- urbanness
- urbanoid
- urbanology
- urbanonym
- urbanophilic
- urban planner
- urban planning
- urban prairie
- urban prairie
- urban regeneration
- urban-renew
- urban renew
- urban renewal
- urban renewed
- urban-renewed
- urban reserve
- urban-rural commune
- urban-rural gmina
- urban sanitary district
- urbanscape
- urban scattering
- urban sprawl
- urban studies
- urban-type settlement
- urban warfare
- urban warrior
- Whitchurch Urban
Translations
edit
|
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Kehinde Andrews (2018 August 14) “'Urban' sounds: it's time to stop using this hackneyed term for black music”, in The Guardian[1]: “Industry executives are increasingly railing against the word, which is born out of racial stereotyping of black communities.”
- ^ Sophie Lewis (2020 June 11) “Grammy Awards renames controversial "urban" category”, in CBS News[2]: “The Grammys has announced that it is dropping the term "urban" from its awards show following criticism from black artists.”
- ^ Urban[3], Dictionary.com, 2012: “5 Offensive. (used as a euphemism for Black or African American, rather than in reference to cities or their residents)”
Further reading
edit- “urban”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911, →OCLC.
- urban in Keywords for Today: A 21st Century Vocabulary, edited by The Keywords Project, Colin MacCabe, Holly Yanacek, 2018.
- Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary, Springfield, Massachusetts, G.&C. Merriam Co., 1967
- “urban”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
Anagrams
editEsperanto
editAdjective
editurban
- accusative singular of urba
German
editEtymology
editPronunciation
editAdjective
editurban (strong nominative masculine singular urbaner, comparative urbaner, superlative am urbansten)
Declension
editnumber & gender | singular | plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
masculine | feminine | neuter | |||
predicative | er ist urban | sie ist urban | es ist urban | sie sind urban | |
strong declension (without article) |
nominative | urbaner | urbane | urbanes | urbane |
genitive | urbanen | urbaner | urbanen | urbaner | |
dative | urbanem | urbaner | urbanem | urbanen | |
accusative | urbanen | urbane | urbanes | urbane | |
weak declension (with definite article) |
nominative | der urbane | die urbane | das urbane | die urbanen |
genitive | des urbanen | der urbanen | des urbanen | der urbanen | |
dative | dem urbanen | der urbanen | dem urbanen | den urbanen | |
accusative | den urbanen | die urbane | das urbane | die urbanen | |
mixed declension (with indefinite article) |
nominative | ein urbaner | eine urbane | ein urbanes | (keine) urbanen |
genitive | eines urbanen | einer urbanen | eines urbanen | (keiner) urbanen | |
dative | einem urbanen | einer urbanen | einem urbanen | (keinen) urbanen | |
accusative | einen urbanen | eine urbane | ein urbanes | (keine) urbanen |
number & gender | singular | plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
masculine | feminine | neuter | |||
predicative | er ist urbaner | sie ist urbaner | es ist urbaner | sie sind urbaner | |
strong declension (without article) |
nominative | urbanerer | urbanere | urbaneres | urbanere |
genitive | urbaneren | urbanerer | urbaneren | urbanerer | |
dative | urbanerem | urbanerer | urbanerem | urbaneren | |
accusative | urbaneren | urbanere | urbaneres | urbanere | |
weak declension (with definite article) |
nominative | der urbanere | die urbanere | das urbanere | die urbaneren |
genitive | des urbaneren | der urbaneren | des urbaneren | der urbaneren | |
dative | dem urbaneren | der urbaneren | dem urbaneren | den urbaneren | |
accusative | den urbaneren | die urbanere | das urbanere | die urbaneren | |
mixed declension (with indefinite article) |
nominative | ein urbanerer | eine urbanere | ein urbaneres | (keine) urbaneren |
genitive | eines urbaneren | einer urbaneren | eines urbaneren | (keiner) urbaneren | |
dative | einem urbaneren | einer urbaneren | einem urbaneren | (keinen) urbaneren | |
accusative | einen urbaneren | eine urbanere | ein urbaneres | (keine) urbaneren |
Further reading
editNorwegian Bokmål
editEtymology
editAdjective
editurban (neuter singular urbant, definite singular and plural urbane)
References
editNorwegian Nynorsk
editEtymology
editAdjective
editurban (neuter singular urbant, definite singular and plural urbane)
References
edit- “urban” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
Piedmontese
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
editPronunciation
editAdjective
editurban
Romanian
editEtymology
editBorrowed from French urbain, from Latin urbanus.
Adjective
editurban m or n (feminine singular urbană, masculine plural urbani, feminine and neuter plural urbane)
Declension
editRelated terms
editSerbo-Croatian
editPronunciation
editAdjective
editȕrbān (Cyrillic spelling у̏рба̄н, definite ȕrbānī)
Declension
editsingular | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | urban | urbana | urbano | |
genitive | urbana | urbane | urbana | |
dative | urbanu | urbanoj | urbanu | |
accusative | inanimate animate |
urban urbana |
urbanu | urbano |
vocative | urban | urbana | urbano | |
locative | urbanu | urbanoj | urbanu | |
instrumental | urbanim | urbanom | urbanim | |
plural | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
nominative | urbani | urbane | urbana | |
genitive | urbanih | urbanih | urbanih | |
dative | urbanim(a) | urbanim(a) | urbanim(a) | |
accusative | urbane | urbane | urbana | |
vocative | urbani | urbane | urbana | |
locative | urbanim(a) | urbanim(a) | urbanim(a) | |
instrumental | urbanim(a) | urbanim(a) | urbanim(a) |
singular | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | urbani | urbana | urbano | |
genitive | urbanog(a) | urbane | urbanog(a) | |
dative | urbanom(u/e) | urbanoj | urbanom(u/e) | |
accusative | inanimate animate |
urbani urbanog(a) |
urbanu | urbano |
vocative | urbani | urbana | urbano | |
locative | urbanom(e/u) | urbanoj | urbanom(e/u) | |
instrumental | urbanim | urbanom | urbanim | |
plural | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
nominative | urbani | urbane | urbana | |
genitive | urbanih | urbanih | urbanih | |
dative | urbanim(a) | urbanim(a) | urbanim(a) | |
accusative | urbane | urbane | urbana | |
vocative | urbani | urbane | urbana | |
locative | urbanim(a) | urbanim(a) | urbanim(a) | |
instrumental | urbanim(a) | urbanim(a) | urbanim(a) |
Slovene
editEtymology
editUltimately from Latin urbānus.
Pronunciation
editAdjective
editurbȃn (not comparable)
Inflection
editHard | |||
---|---|---|---|
masculine | feminine | neuter | |
nom. sing. | urbán | urbána | urbáno |
singular | |||
masculine | feminine | neuter | |
nominative | urbán ind urbáni def |
urbána | urbáno |
genitive | urbánega | urbáne | urbánega |
dative | urbánemu | urbáni | urbánemu |
accusative | nominativeinan or genitiveanim |
urbáno | urbáno |
locative | urbánem | urbáni | urbánem |
instrumental | urbánim | urbáno | urbánim |
dual | |||
masculine | feminine | neuter | |
nominative | urbána | urbáni | urbáni |
genitive | urbánih | urbánih | urbánih |
dative | urbánima | urbánima | urbánima |
accusative | urbána | urbáni | urbáni |
locative | urbánih | urbánih | urbánih |
instrumental | urbánima | urbánima | urbánima |
plural | |||
masculine | feminine | neuter | |
nominative | urbáni | urbáne | urbána |
genitive | urbánih | urbánih | urbánih |
dative | urbánim | urbánim | urbánim |
accusative | urbáne | urbáne | urbána |
locative | urbánih | urbánih | urbánih |
instrumental | urbánimi | urbánimi | urbánimi |
Synonyms
editFurther reading
edit- “urban”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran
- English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʰerdʰ-
- English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *werbʰ-
- English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *-nós
- English terms borrowed from Middle French
- English terms derived from Middle French
- English terms derived from Latin
- English 2-syllable words
- English terms with IPA pronunciation
- English terms with audio pronunciation
- Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)bən
- Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)bən/2 syllables
- English lemmas
- English adjectives
- English terms with collocations
- English terms with quotations
- American English
- English proscribed terms
- British English
- English euphemisms
- English offensive terms
- English terms suffixed with -an
- Esperanto non-lemma forms
- Esperanto adjective forms
- German terms derived from Latin
- German 2-syllable words
- German terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:German/aːn
- Rhymes:German/aːn/2 syllables
- German terms with audio pronunciation
- German lemmas
- German adjectives
- Norwegian Bokmål terms derived from Latin
- Norwegian Bokmål lemmas
- Norwegian Bokmål adjectives
- Norwegian Nynorsk terms derived from Latin
- Norwegian Nynorsk lemmas
- Norwegian Nynorsk adjectives
- Piedmontese terms borrowed from Latin
- Piedmontese terms derived from Latin
- Piedmontese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Piedmontese lemmas
- Piedmontese adjectives
- Romanian terms borrowed from French
- Romanian terms derived from French
- Romanian terms derived from Latin
- Romanian lemmas
- Romanian adjectives
- Serbo-Croatian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Serbo-Croatian lemmas
- Serbo-Croatian adjectives
- Slovene terms derived from Latin
- Slovene 2-syllable words
- Slovene terms with IPA pronunciation
- Slovene lemmas
- Slovene adjectives