malum

English

Etymology 1

From Latin malum.

Pronunciation

• enPR: mälʹəm, IPA^(key): /ˈmæ.ləm/

Noun

malum (plural malums)

1. (formal) An evil or wrongdoing.

Related terms

• mal
• malus
• malum in se
• malum prohibitum

References

• “malum”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
• “malum”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911, →OCLC.

Etymology 2

Related to Arabic مُعَلِّم (muʕallim, “teacher”).

Noun

malum (plural malums)

1. (India, nautical, historical) The mate serving on a ship with English officers and native crew.

Alternative forms

• malumi

References

• Henry Yule, A[rthur] C[oke] Burnell (1903) “malum”, in William Crooke, editor, Hobson-Jobson […] , London: John Murray, […].

Anagrams

• Mulam

Latin

Etymology 1

From malus (“evil, wicked”).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈma.lum/, [ˈmäɫ̪ʊ̃ˑ]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈma.lum/, [ˈmäːlum]

Adjective

malum

1. inflection of malus:
   1. nominative/accusative/vocative neuter singular
   2. accusative masculine singular

Noun

malum n (genitive malī); second declension

2. evil, adversity, hardship, misfortune, calamity, disaster, mischief

   Synonyms: plāga, īnfortūnium, calamitās, cāsus, cruciātus, miseria, vulnus, nūbēs, pestis

3. punishment, harm, injury, torment, misery

   Synonyms: cruciātus, pūnītiō, mercēs, poena, supplicium, vindicātiō, vindicta, animadversus, exemplum, sānctiō, pretium, noxa

   • 8 CE – 12 CE, Ovid, Sorrows 1.40:

     nūbila sunt subitīs tempora nostra malīs

     my days are clouded by sudden miseries

4. disease, illness, infirmity

   Synonyms: aegritūdō, morbus, pestis, valētūdō, labor, infirmitas, incommodum

   Antonyms: salūs, valētūdō

5. wrong-doing

   Synonyms: culpa, dēlictum, peccātum, scelus, vitium, noxa, crīmen, facinus, iniūria, error, dēlinquentia, maleficium

   Antonyms: bonum, rēctum, virtūs

6. (in the plural) bad words

Declension

Second-declension noun (neuter).

	singular	plural
nominative	malum	mala
genitive	malī	malōrum
dative	malō	malīs
accusative	malum	mala
ablative	malō	malīs
vocative	malum	mala

Descendants

• French: mal
• → English: malum
• Spanish: malo

Interjection

malum

1. damn!, fuck!, alas!, misery!
   • c. 200 BCE, Plautus, Menaechmi 2.3.389.390:

     Erotium: Certo, tibi et parasito tuo.
     Sosicles: Quoi, malum, parasito? Certo haec mulier non sana est satis.

     Certainly you did, for yourself and your parasite."
     "For whom? Fuck, parasite? Surely this woman isn't quite right in her senses.

Related terms

• malē
• malus

Etymology 2

māla rubra (red apples)

Perhaps borrowed from Doric Greek μᾶλον (mâlon, “apple”). Alternatively but less likely from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂lom. The Proto-Indo-European word in fact regularly give both mālum in Latin and μῆλον in Ancient Greek, but such reconstruction is dubious due to the fact that it is only found in some Indo-European languages. It is more likely that the Greek word was borrowed from a pre-Indo-European subratum and later borrowed into Latin. See μῆλον for more details.

Alternative forms

• mēlum (Late Latin)

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈmaː.lum/, [ˈmäːɫ̪ʊ̃ˑ]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈma.lum/, [ˈmäːlum]

Noun

mālum n (genitive mālī); second declension

2. apple (fruit)
3. any tree fruit with a fleshy exterior, e.g. quinces, pears, peaches, etc.
4. the plant Aristolochia

Declension

Second-declension noun (neuter).

	singular	plural
nominative	mālum	māla
genitive	mālī	mālōrum
dative	mālō	mālīs
accusative	mālum	māla
ablative	mālō	mālīs
vocative	mālum	māla

Derived terms

• mālum discordiae
• mālum pūnicum

Related terms

• mālus
• mēlum
• mēlō
• mēlopepō

Descendants

• Aromanian: mer, meru
• Friulian: mêl, miluç
• Italian: mela, ⇒ maliforme
• Neapolitan: mìlo, méla
• Romanian: măr
• Romansch: mail
• Spanish: mela

References

• “malum”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “malum”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• malum in Dizionario Latino, Olivetti
• malum in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• malum in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • (ambiguous) to be broken down by misfortune: in malis iacere
    
  • (ambiguous) to be hard pressed by misfortune: malis urgeri
    
  • (ambiguous) to deserve ill of a person; to treat badly: male mereri de aliquo
    
  • (ambiguous) to have a good or bad reputation, be spoken well, ill of: bene, male audire (ab aliquo)
    
  • (ambiguous) to have a good or bad reputation, be spoken well, ill of: bona, mala existimatio est de aliquo
    
  • (ambiguous) to inculcate good (bad) principles: bene (male) praecipere alicui
    
  • (ambiguous) moral science; ethics: philosophia, in qua de bonis rebus et malis, deque hominum vita et moribus disputatur
    
  • (ambiguous) my mind forebodes misfortune: animus praesāgit malum
    
  • (ambiguous) my mind forebodes misfortune: animo praesagio malum
    
  • (ambiguous) a guilty conscience: conscientia mala or peccatorum, culpae, sceleris, delicti
    
  • (ambiguous) a guilty conscience: animus male sibi conscius
    
  • (ambiguous) to be tormented by remorse: conscientia mala angi, excruciari
    
  • (ambiguous) a moral (immoral) man: homo bene (male) moratus
    
  • (ambiguous) to bless (curse) a person: precari alicui bene (male) or omnia bona (mala), salutem
    
  • (ambiguous) to manage one's affairs, household, property well or ill: rem bene (male) gerere (vid. sect. XVI. 10a)
    
  • (ambiguous) from beginning to end: ab ovo usque ad mala (proverb.)
    
  • (ambiguous) to buy dearly: magno or male emere
    
  • (ambiguous) to win, lose a fight (of the commander): rem (bene, male) gerere (vid. sect. XII. 2, note rem gerere...)
    
  • (ambiguous) I am sorry to hear..: male (opp. bene) narras (de)
    

Turkish

Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish معلوم (ma'lum), from Arabic مَعْلُوم (maʕlūm).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /maː.ˈlum/
• Hyphenation: ma‧lum

Adjective

malum

1. known, certain
2. (algebra, obsolete) known

Related terms

• malumat

Adverb

malum

1. as you know

Noun

malum (definite accusative malumu, plural malumlar)

1. (grammar, obsolete) active voice

Antonyms

• meçhul

References

• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “malum”, in Nişanyan Sözlük