DDG9912
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This is basically the new account of DanielWhernchend (and now the main account). See also my userpage at English Wikipedia.
I think that the Indonesian word surat cinta is also becoming a doublespeak for "hate letter" in recent few years. I am working on Appendix:Telugu verbs. I don't know why words for "dandruff" in many languages have obscure etymology. Contrary to the popular belief, colloquial Indonesian is not always very innovative, since it retains old Proto-Malayic final syllable *-eC instead of -aC (malem ~ malam, a conservative feature!).
I think that Indonesian has several de facto dialects. Also, vulgarities > interjections > modal particles.
Why Indonesian should be no longer considered as a register of Malay, but an offshoot of it:
- Grammars of both languages have diverged: Malay boleh is the equivalent of Indonesian bisa, meaning "can".
- Vocabularies of both languages have also diverged. However, there are some interchange between their vocabularies.
My speech
editHow most Indonesians pronounce English words
edit- Lack of vowel length.
- /æ/ → /ɛ/.
- /eɪ/, /oʊ/ → /e/, /o/.
- Final obstruent devoicing.
- Rhotic accent, unlike as in neighbouring Malaysia or Singapore.
- Yod coalescence, sometimes occuring before /u/.
- /ð/, /θ/ → /d/, /t/.
- Confusion of /v/ and /f/, shared with Dutch English and some Dutch dialects.
- Occasional omission of plurals, including -s (similar to spoken French), likely due to the lack of plurals common in Indonesian.
Spelling variations in Indonesian names
edit- Use of Dutch digraphs, such as ch, sj, oe, and ie, due to the influence of Van Ophuijsen spelling.
- Doubled letters, which are actually pronounced as single.
- Other silent letters, such as h after consonants or in few other cases, t (as in my name Danisht) or c (as in Priscilla).
- Variation between -y- / -w- and -i- / -u-, especially when adjacent to vowels and being word-finally.
- Eccentric letters.
Other notes on Indonesian names
edit- Indonesian modern naming customs have more similarities with those in the Mediterranean basin and the Middle East, particularly southern European and the Levant.
- The reason why there are only few "very popular" names in Indonesia, it is because many of the younger people have irregular spellings on their names (see above), rendered as distinct names.
- Southern Romance (incl. Spanish and Italian) name suffixes -iana, -ina and -ita are common in female names.
- Note that full names are mostly only stressed on the first name. Indonesian names are in fact treated as a single name.
- Muhammad is technically a name prefix in Indonesian, if there is such, then the person is called with the following names onwards.
Grammatical notes
edit- I think, the lowercase forms of proper nouns (e.g. bali, madura, india) should be classified as adjectives, since when affixed still remain lowercase (jawa → kejawaan). Please note that these are not used to refer to people, language, nationality, or culture; but instead only for animals, plants, or objects (the example jeruk bali is correct, but orang bali is incorrect).
- In most European and Central Asian languages (exceptions: Turkish, Dutch, English), there are not just consistently lowercase demonyms, but also lowercase month and day names. Turkish and Dutch usually (but not always) have such month-day names.
- "No grammatical adjectives in Indonesian" is wrong.
Burmese phonology nowadays
edit- /ʔ/ is now silent, effectively phonemicizing the checked tone.
- /θ/ tends to be pronounced as dental /t̪/, drifting the original stop equivalent to the alveolar series.
Resources
editMy classification on Malayo-Polynesian languages
edit- Malayo-Polynesian
- Malayo-Chamic
- Malayic
- Chamic
- Sumatran
- Malayo-Chamic