Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/perḱ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*perḱ-^[1]^[2]^[3]

Derived terms

*perḱ-ó-s^[1]
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸerkos (“perch, salmon”)
  - Proto-Brythonic: *erx
    - Middle Welsh: erch
      - Welsh: (obsolete) erch
  - Primitive Irish: ᚓᚏᚉᚐ (erca)
    - Middle Irish: erc (“speckled; speckled animal”)
      - Irish: earc (“lizard”)
      - Scottish Gaelic: earc (“speckled animal”)
- Proto-Hellenic: *perkós
  - Ancient Greek: *περκός (*perkós)^[4]
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: πέρκη (pérkē, “perch”)
      - → Latin: perca (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: πέρκος (pérkos, “type of hawk”)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: περκαίνω (perkaínō)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: περκάς (perkás)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: περκάζω (perkázō)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: περκόομαι (perkóomai)
*pérḱ-ont-s ~ *pr̥ḱ-n̥t-és
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pŕ̥ćáns ~ *pr̥ćatás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pŕ̥śáns ~ *pr̥śatás
    - Sanskrit: पृशत् (pr̥śat, “spotted, speckled; spotted antelope, spotted doe”)
*pérḱ-u-s ~ *pr̥ḱ-éw-s
- ⇒ *porḱw-ó-s^[1]^[2]^[5]
  - Proto-Germanic: *farwaz (“colored, colorful”) (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *farwō (“colour”) (see there for further descendants)
*pṓrḱ-s ~ *perḱ-és
- Proto-Hellenic: *pṓrx
  - Ancient Greek: πρόξ (próx, “roe deer”), προκᾰ́ς (prokás)
  - Ancient Greek: πρώξ (prṓx, “dewdrop”)
*pr̥ḱ-nó-s^[1]^[4]
- Proto-Hellenic: *prəknós, *perknós (secondary full-grade^[6])
  - Ancient Greek: περκνός (perknós, “dark, having dark spots”)
  - Ancient Greek: πρακνόν (praknón, “dark”, acc.sg.m.)
- Proto-Albanian: *prikna
  - ⇒ Proto-Albanian: *priknjā^[7]
    - Albanian: *prënjë
      - ⇒ Albanian: prënjkë (“freckle, sunspot”)
- ⇒ *pr̥ḱn-éh₂^[1]^[8]
  - Proto-Germanic: *furhnō (“trout”) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *pŕ̥ḱn-i-s^[9]
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pŕ̥ćniš
    - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pŕ̥śniṣ
      - Sanskrit: पृश्नि (pṛ́śni, “colorful, spotted”)
    - Proto-Iranian: *pŕ̥cniš
      - Middle Persian: plš (parš, “spotted, speckled”)
      - Mazanderani: برجی (barji)
*pr̥ḱ-ró-s^[10]
- Proto-Italic: *porkros
  - >? Old Latin: polcher (dissimilated from *porcer^[2], but disputed^[11])
    - Latin: pulcher (“beautiful”) (see there for further descendants)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “2. perk̑-, prek̑-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 820-821: “perk̑o-, pork̑o-, perk̑-no-, pr̥k̑-no-; *pr̥k̑-nā; *perk̑-nā; *porḱ-u̯ó-; *perk-ro-s zu *pelcro-, *polcro-”
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*perk̑-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 537: “OLat polcher dissimilated from *porcer < *porcros”
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*ferko-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 128: “*perḱ-no-”
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “περκνός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1178: “*περκός; *pr̥ḱ-n-; *perḱ-n-; *porḱ-uó-”
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*farwa-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 130: “*prḱ-ni-; *porḱ-uó-; *perḱ-no; *pérḱ-o-; *pelḱ-ro- for *perḱ-ro-”
^ Beek, Lucien van (2013) “The development of the Proto-Indo-European syllabic liquids in Greek”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name)‎^[2], page 279
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “Proto-Indo-European/perḱ-”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 344
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*furhnō-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*prḱ-neh₂-”
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “pṛ́śni-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[4] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag: “*pr̥ḱ-n-”
^ Balles, Irene (2009) “Zu den i-stämmigen Adjektiven des Lateinischen”, in Proto-language and Prehistory: Akten der XII. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, vom 11. bis 15. Oktober 2004 in Krakau (in German), Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, page 15: “*pr̥ḱró-”
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pulcher”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 496

Root

*perḱ-^[1]^[2]

to open, rip up
to dig

Derived terms

*perḱ-ō~*pr̥ḱ-n-és
- Proto-Germanic: *ferhô^[3]
  - Old Norse: *feri
    - Norwegian: fere (“ridge between two furrows”) (dialectal)
*pórḱ-ono-s^[4]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *párćānas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *párśānas
    - Sanskrit: पर्शान (párśāna, “chasm”)
*pórḱ-o-s (“piglet”)^[5]^[6]^[7]
*pr̥ḱ-eh₂^[8]^[9]^[10]
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸrikā (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Celtic: *enterɸrikā^[11]^[12]
    - Middle Irish: etarche
- Proto-Italic: *porkā
  - Latin: porca (see there for further descendants)
>? *pérḱ-s ~ *pr̥ḱ-és^[13]
- Proto-Germanic: *furhs (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: prapar̃šas (“ditch”)

References

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “perk̑-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 821
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*frikā-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 140/141: “*perḱ-”
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*furh-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[5], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*ferhan-”
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*furh-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[6], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*pe/orḱ-ono-”
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “porcus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 481: “*pórk-o-”
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*forko-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 140/141: “*porḱo-”
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*farha-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[7], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 129: “*porḱ-o-”
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*frikā”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 140/141: “*pr̥keh₂”
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “porca”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 481: “*prḱ-h₂-”
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*furh-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[8], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*p(o)rḱ-eh₂-”
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*furh-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[9], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*h₁enter-prḱ-ieh₂-”
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*frikā”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 140/141: “*enter-frikā”
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*furh-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[10], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*prk-”

[IEW-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “2. perk̑-, prek̑-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 820-821: “perk̑o-, pork̑o-, perk̑-no-, pr̥k̑-no-; *pr̥k̑-nā; *perk̑-nā; *porḱ-u̯ó-; *perk-ro-s zu *pelcro-, *polcro-”

[EIEC-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*perk̑-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 537: “OLat polcher dissimilated from *porcer < *porcros”

[3] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*ferko-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 128: “*perḱ-no-”

[EDG-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “περκνός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1178: “*περκός; *pr̥ḱ-n-; *perḱ-n-; *porḱ-uó-”

[EDPG-5] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*farwa-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 130: “*prḱ-ni-; *porḱ-uó-; *perḱ-no; *pérḱ-o-; *pelḱ-ro- for *perḱ-ro-”

[6] Beek, Lucien van (2013) “The development of the Proto-Indo-European syllabic liquids in Greek”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name)‎^[2], page 279

[7] Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “Proto-Indo-European/perḱ-”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 344

[8] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*furhnō-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*prḱ-neh₂-”

[9] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “pṛ́śni-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[4] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag: “*pr̥ḱ-n-”

[10] Balles, Irene (2009) “Zu den i-stämmigen Adjektiven des Lateinischen”, in Proto-language and Prehistory: Akten der XII. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, vom 11. bis 15. Oktober 2004 in Krakau (in German), Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, page 15: “*pr̥ḱró-”

[11] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pulcher”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 496

[12] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “perk̑-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 821

[13] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*frikā-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 140/141: “*perḱ-”

[14] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*furh-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[5], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*ferhan-”

[15] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*furh-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[6], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*pe/orḱ-ono-”

[16] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “porcus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 481: “*pórk-o-”

[17] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*forko-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 140/141: “*porḱo-”

[18] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*farha-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[7], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 129: “*porḱ-o-”

[19] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*frikā”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 140/141: “*pr̥keh₂”

[20] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “porca”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 481: “*prḱ-h₂-”

[Kroonen_2-21] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*furh-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[8], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*p(o)rḱ-eh₂-”

[22] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*furh-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[9], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*h₁enter-prḱ-ieh₂-”

[23] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*frikā”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 140/141: “*enter-frikā”

[24] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*furh-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[10], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 160: “*prk-”

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