Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂er-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*h₂er-

to fit, to fix, to put together, to slot

Extensions

*h₂er-dʰ-
- *h₂or-dʰ-Hō
  - Proto-Italic: *ordō
    - Latin: ōrdō (see there for further descendants)
- *h₂r̥-dʰ-mó-s
  - Proto-Hellenic: *artʰmós
    - Ancient Greek: ἀρθμός (arthmós)

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂er- (51 c, 0 e)

>? *h₂er, *h₂r̥ (“thus, so”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ir
  - Eastern Baltic:
    - Latgalian: i
    - Latvian: ir
    - Lithuanian: ir̃
  - Old Prussian: ir, er
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἄρα (ára)
*h₂r-éh₁(ye)-ti
- ⇒ *h₂reh₁- (reanalyzed root)
- ⇒ *h₂er-eh₂-k-sneh₂ (possibly, maybe with root *(s)neh₁-)
  - Hellenic:
    - >? Ancient Greek: ἀράχνη (arákhnē), ἀράχνης (arákhnēs) (see there for further descendants)
  - Italic:
    - >? Latin: arānea, arāneus (see there for further descendants)
*h₂ér-dʰr-o-m
- Proto-Hellenic: *ártʰron
  - Ancient Greek: ἄρθρον (árthron)
*h₂ér-mn̥ ~ *h₂r̥-mén-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *írˀmen-, *árˀmen-
  - Proto-Slavic: *òrmę, *òrmo (“shoulder”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *ármə
  - Ancient Greek: ἅρμα (hárma)
    - Greek: άρμα (árma)
    - Classical Syriac: ܐܪܡܐ (ʔarmā)
- ⇒ *h₂er-mn̥-to-
  - Italic:
    - Latin: armenta
      - ⇒ Latin: armentum (see there for further descendants)
*h₂er-mó-s ~ *h₂r̥-mó-s
- ⇒ Old Armenian: արմուկն (armukn)
  - Armenian: արմունկ (armunk)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *írˀma-
  - Old Prussian: irmo
- Proto-Germanic: *armaz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *armós
  - Ancient Greek: ἁρμός (harmós)
    - Greek: αρμός (armós)
      - → Ottoman Turkish: آرموز (armuz, armoz)
        Turkish: armuz, armoz
    - Pontic Greek: αρμός (armós)
      - → Turkish: armoz
        → Laz: არმოზი (armozi)
- Indo-Iranian:
  - Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: ईर्म (īrmá, “arm, forequarter”)
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Avestan: 𐬀𐬭𐬨𐬀 (arma, “arm, forequarter”)
    - Ossetian: арм (arm, “hand”)
    - Khotanese: [script needed] (ārra, “arm; hand paw”)
    - Wakhi: (/⁠yurm⁠/)
      Arabic script: یؤرم
      
      Cyrillic script: юрм (yurm)
    - Yidgha: یارمه (yārmë, “shoulder”)
    - Zazaki: erme (/⁠arma⁠/), ermı (/⁠arme⁠/), harme (/⁠hārma⁠/), herme (/⁠harma⁠/)
    - Old Persian: *𐎠𐎼𐎶 (*a-r-m /⁠*arma⁠/, “arm”)
      - Middle Persian: (/⁠arm⁠/)
        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾlm)
        
        Classical Persian: ارم (arm, “arm”)
- Italic:
  - Latin: armus m (“forequarter”), arma n pl (“arms, weapons”), (possibly) rāmus (“branch, bough, limb”) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *h₂r̥-mo-d-yéti
  - Proto-Hellenic: *armóďďō
    - Ancient Greek: ἁρμόζω (harmózō)
- ⇒ *h₂r̥-mo-n-ih₂
  - Hellenic:
    - Ancient Greek: ἁρμονίᾱ (harmoníā)
      - → Latin: harmonia (see there for further descendants)
      - → Russian: гармония (garmonija)
*h₂er-mr̥
- Proto-Tocharian:
  - Tocharian B: āmpär^[1]
*h₂ér-ti-s ~ *h₂r̥-téy-s
- >? Proto-Germanic: *ardiz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥tíṣ
    - Sanskrit: ऋति (ṛtí, “prosperity”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *Hártiš
    - Avestan: 𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬌𐬙𐬌 (arəⁱti, “reward”)
- Proto-Italic: *artis
  - Latin: ars (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Tocharian: *ārtsä^[2]
  - Tocharian A: ārts
  - Tocharian B: artsa
*h₂ér-tus ~ *h₂r̥-téw-s
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: արդ (ard)
    - Armenian: արդ (ard), արդուկ (arduk)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἀρτύς (artús), ἀρτύω (artúō)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥túš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥túṣ
    - Sanskrit: ऋतु (ṛtú) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian: *Hr̥túš
    - Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬎 (ratu, “judgement; period of time”)
    - Khotanese: [script needed] (rūtā, “season”)
    - Sogdian: (/⁠rətu ~ ratu⁠/, “period of 10 seconds”)
      Manichaean script: 𐫡𐫤𐫇 (rtw), 𐫡𐫤𐫤𐫇 (rttw)
    - Middle Persian: (/⁠rad⁠/, “chief, master; judge”)
      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (lt')
      - Classical Persian: رد (rad, “sage, wise man”)
      - → Aramaic: ܪܕ (rd /⁠rad⁠/, “ruler”)
- Proto-Italic: *artus
  - Latin: artus
    - Italian: arto
- Proto-Tocharian: *ārtw-^[3]
  - Tocharian A: ārt-
  - Tocharian B: ārtt-
*h₂ér-yos
- Proto-Germanic: *arjaz
  - Proto-West Germanic: *ari
  - Proto-Norse: *ᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ (*arjaʀ) (attested in ᚨᚱᛃᛟᛊᛏᛖᛉ (arjosteʀ))
    - Old Norse: *err
  - Gothic: *𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌹𐍃 (*arjis)
*h₂ér-yōs ~ *h₂r-is-és
- ⇒ *h₂ér-(h₁)-isō
  - Hellenic:
    - Ancient Greek: ἀρείων (areíōn)
- ⇒ *h₂ér-is-to-s
  - Hellenic:
    - Ancient Greek: ἄριστος (áristos)
- ⇒ *h₂r-is-teró-s
  - Hellenic:
    - Ancient Greek: ἀριστερός (aristerós)
      - Greek: αριστερός (aristerós)
*h₂ór-o-m
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háram
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háram
    - Sanskrit: अरम् (áram)
      - Sanskrit: अलम् (alam)
        → Hindustani: (learned)
        Hindi: अलम् (alam), अलं (alam)
        Urdu: الم
  - Proto-Iranian: *Háram
    - Avestan: 𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨 (ar^əm, “fitting”)
*h₂r̥-tó-s
- Hellenic:
  - ⇒ Ancient Greek: ἁμαρτή (hamartḗ) (combined with ἅμα (háma)), ὁμαρτέω (homartéō, combined with ὁμός (homós), ὁμοῦ (homoû))
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥tás (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *artos
  - Latin: artus
    - Italian: arto

Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Anatolian: *ʔor- (< o-grade form *h₂or-, with the laryngeal neutralized before */o/)
  - Lycian: [script needed] (ara-, “rite”)
  - Hittite: 𒀀𒀀𒊏 (āra, “right, proper”)
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: առնեմ (aṙnem), յարեմ (yarem), յարմար (yarmar), (possibly) անարի (anari), (possibly) արմանամ (armanam) (see there for further descendants)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *arьmò, *arь̀mъ (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ὅμηρος (hómēros) (with ὁμός (homós), ὁμοῦ (homoû))
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: अर (ará), आर (āra, “spoke (of a wheel)”)
- Proto-Tocharian: *ārӓñce (possibly)^[4]
  - Tocharian B: arañce (“heart”)
- Proto-Tocharian: *ārwer (“ready”)^[5]
  - Tocharian A: ārwar
  - Tocharian B: ārwer

References

^ Isebaert, Lambert (1977) “Notes de lexicologie tokharienne I-II”, in Orbis: bulletin international de documentation linguistique (in French), volume 26: “āmpär”
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “artsa”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 27
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “ārtt-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 55
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “arañce”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 23
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “ārwer”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 57

[1] Isebaert, Lambert (1977) “Notes de lexicologie tokharienne I-II”, in Orbis: bulletin international de documentation linguistique (in French), volume 26: “āmpär”

[2] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “artsa”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 27

[3] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “ārtt-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 55

[4] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “arañce”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 23

[5] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “ārwer”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 57

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