以故

Chinese

		to use; according to; so as to to use; according to; so as to; in order to; by; with; because; Israel (abbrev.)	happening; instance; reason happening; instance; reason; cause; deceased; old
trad. (以故)		以	故
simp. #(以故)		以	故
alternative forms		已故

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): yǐgù

  (Zhuyin): ㄧˇ ㄍㄨˋ

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)
    • Hanyu Pinyin: yǐgù
    • Zhuyin: ㄧˇ ㄍㄨˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: yǐgù
    • Wade–Giles: i³-ku⁴
    • Yale: yǐ-gù
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yiiguh
    • Palladius: игу (igu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /i²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku⁵¹/
    • Homophones:

      [Show/Hide]
      edit edit 已故 以故

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• Middle Chinese: yiX kuH

Rime
Character	以	故
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	以 (36)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	之 (19)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	羊己切	古暮切
Baxter	yiX	kuH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/jɨX/	/kuoH/
Pan Wuyun	/jɨX/	/kuoH/
Shao Rongfen	/ieX/	/koH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/jɨX/	/kɔH/
Li Rong	/iəX/	/koH/
Wang Li	/jĭəX/	/kuH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/iX/	/kuoH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yǐ	gù
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ji5	gu3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*ləʔ  kˤa(ʔ)-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*lɯʔ  kaːs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	以	故
Reading #	1/1	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yǐ	gù
Middle Chinese	‹ yiX ›	‹ kuH ›
Old Chinese	/*ləʔ/	/*kˁa(ʔ)-s/
English	take, use	fact; reason
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	以	故
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	14929	4228
Phonetic component	以	古
Rime group	之	魚
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	以	顧
Old Chinese	/*lɯʔ/	/*kaːs/

Conjunction

以故

1. (Classical) because of this

   • 方急時，不及召下兵，以故荊軻逐秦王，而卒惶急無以擊軻，而乃以手共搏之。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     方急时，不及召下兵，以故荆轲逐秦王，而卒惶急无以击轲，而乃以手共搏之。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Zhanguo Ce, circa 5^th – 3^rd centuries BCE

     Fāng jí shí, bùjí zhào xià bīng, yǐgù Jīng Kē zhú qínwáng, ér zú huángjí wúyǐ jī Kē, ér nǎi yǐ shǒu gòng bó zhī. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Synonyms

edit

• 乃末 (Shanghainese)
• 以是 (yǐshì) (Classical Chinese)
• 因此 (yīncǐ)
• 因而 (yīn'ér)
• 從而／从而 (cóng'ér)
• 所以
• 故 (gù) (literary)
• 故此 (gùcǐ)
• 故而 (gù'ér)
• 於是／于是 (yúshì)
• 於是乎／于是乎 (yúshìhū) (literary)
• 是以 (shìyǐ) (literary)
• 是故 (shìgù) (literary)
• 此以 (cǐyǐ) (literary)
• 為此／为此 (wèicǐ)

 

Dialectal synonyms of 所以 (“so; therefore”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		是以, 是故, 故, 以, 以是, 以故
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		所以, 因此, 因而, 故, 故此, 故而
Northeastern Mandarin	Taiwan	所以
	Singapore	所以
Southwestern Mandarin	Guilin	所以
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	所以
Cantonese	Guangzhou	所以, 故此
	Hong Kong	所以
	Singapore (Guangfu)	所以
Gan	Nanchang	故是
Hakka	Meixian	所以, 故此
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	故所, 所以
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	故所, 所以, 故所以
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	所以
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	所以
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	所以, 故所
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	所以
Huizhou	Jixi	所以上
Northern Min	Jian'ou	故此
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	故此
Southern Min	Xiamen	所以
	Quanzhou	所以
	Zhangzhou	所以
	Tainan	所以
	Penang (Hokkien)	所以
	Singapore (Hokkien)	所以
	Manila (Hokkien)	所以
	Wenchang	所以
Wu	Shanghai	所以, 咾, 葛咾, 因此, 故所以 dated, 故而 dated, 所以緣故 dated, 為此緣故 dated, 因此緣故 dated
	Shanghai (Chongming)	故所以
Xiang	Loudi	故所以