The voiceless pharyngeal fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is an h-bar, ⟨ħ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is X\. In the transcription of Arabic, Berber (and other Afro-Asiatic languages) as well as a few other scripts, it is often written ⟨Ḥ⟩, ⟨ḥ⟩.
| Voiceless pharyngeal fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ħ | |||
| IPA number | 144 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ħ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0127 | ||
| X-SAMPA | X\ | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
Typically characterized as fricative in the upper pharynx, it is often characterized as a whispered [h].
Features
editFeatures of the voiceless pharyngeal fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is pharyngeal, which means it is articulated with the tongue root against the back of the throat (the pharynx).
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
editThis sound is the most commonly cited realization of the Semitic letter hēth, which occurs in all dialects of Arabic, Classical Syriac, Western Neo-Aramaic, Central Neo-Aramaic, Ge'ez, Tigre, Tigrinya as well as Biblical, Mishnaic and Mizrahi Hebrew. It has also been reconstructed as appearing in Ancient Egyptian, a related Afro-Asiatic language. Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, Ashkenazi Hebrew and most speakers of Modern Hebrew have merged the voiceless pharyngeal fricative with the voiceless velar (or uvular) fricative. However, phonetic studies have shown that the so-called voiceless pharyngeal fricatives of Semitic languages are often neither pharyngeal (but rather epiglottal) nor fricatives (but rather approximants).[1]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abaza | хIахъвы/kh'akh"vy | [ħaqʷə] | 'stone' | ||
| Abkhaz | ҳара/khara | [ħaˈra] | 'we' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
| Adyghe | тхьэ/tkh'ė/تحە | ⓘ | 'god' | ||
| Agul | мухI/mukh' | [muħ] | 'barn' | ||
| Amis[2] | tuduh | [tuɮuħ] | 'burn, roast' | Word-final allophone of /ʜ/. | |
| Arabic[3] | حال/ḥal | ⓘ | 'situation' | See Arabic phonology | |
| Essaouira[4] | شلوح (šlūḥ) | [ʃlɵːħ] | 'chleuh' | ||
| Archi | хIал/kh'al | [ħal] | 'state' | ||
| Central Neo-Aramaic | Turoyo | ܡܫܝܚܐ (mšìḥo) | [mʃiːħɔ] | 'Christ' | Corresponds with [x] in most other dialects. |
| Atayal | hiyan | [ħijan] | 'in/at/on him/her/it' | ||
| Avar | xIебецI/kh'ebets'/حېبېض | [ħeˈbetsʼ] | 'earwax' | ||
| Azerbaijani | əhdaş | [æħd̪ɑʃ] | 'instrument' | ||
| Chechen | xьач/ẋaç/حـاچ | ⓘ | 'plum' | ||
| English | Some speakers, mostly of Received Pronunciation[5] | horrible | [ħɒɹɪbəl] | 'horrible' | Glottal [h] for other speakers.[5] See English phonology |
| French[6] | Some speakers | faire | [feː(ă)ħ] | 'to do, to make' | |
| Galician[7] | Some dialects | gato | [ˈħatʊ] | 'cat' | Corresponds to /ɡ/ in other dialects. See Galician phonology and gheada |
| Hebrew | Mizrahi | חַשְׁמַל/ḥašmal | ⓘ | 'electricity' | Merged with [χ] for most modern speakers. See Modern Hebrew phonology. |
| Temani | אֶחָדֿ/aḥoḏ | [æˈħɔð] | 'one' | Yemenite pronunciation of the letter chet. Merged with /χ/ in most other dialects. See Yemenite Hebrew | |
| Judaeo-Spanish | Haketia | Ḥaketía | [ħakeˈti.a] | 'Haketia' | Borrowed from Arabic and Hebrew |
| Kabardian | кхъухь/ꝗvɦ/ٯّوح | ⓘ | 'ship' | ||
| Kabyle | ⴰⵃⴻⴼⴼⴰⴼ/aḥeffaf/احـفاف | [aħəfːaf] | 'hairdresser' | ||
| Kullui | [biːħ] | 'twenty' | /ħ/ historically derives from /s/ and occurs word-finally[8] | ||
| Kurdish | Most speakers | ḧol | ⓘ | 'environment' | Corresponds to /h/ in some Kurdish dialects |
| Maltese | Standard | wieħed | [wiːħet] | 'one' | |
| Nuu-chah-nulth | ʔaap-ḥii | [ʔaːpˈħiː] | 'friendly' | ||
| Sioux | Nakota | haxdanahâ | [haħdanahã] | 'yesterday' | |
| Somali | xood/حٗـود/𐒄𐒝𐒆 | ⓘ | 'cane' | See Somali phonology | |
| Tarifit | ḥemm/ⵀⵎ | [ħem] | 'goodbye' | ||
| Ukrainian[9] | нігті/nihti | [ˈnʲiħtʲi] | 'fingernails' | Allophone of /ʕ/ (which may be transcribed /ɦ/) before voiceless consonants;[9] can be fronted to [x] in some "weak positions".[9] See Ukrainian phonology | |
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:167–168)
- ^ Maddieson, Ian; Wright, Richard (October 1995). "The Vowels and Consonants of Amis — A Preliminary Phonetic Report" (PDF). Fieldwork Studies of Targeted Languages III. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics Volume 91. pp. 45–65.
- ^ Watson (2002:19)
- ^ Francisco (2019), p. 89.
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 148.
- ^ Mager, Irene (1974). A critical analysis of the teaching of French phonology (Thesis). OCLC 9841438. ProQuest 193965929.
- ^ Regueira (1996:120)
- ^ Thakur 1975, p. 181.
- ^ a b c Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995:12)
References
edit- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 978-90-04-10340-5
- Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 978-3-929075-08-3
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996), The sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4
- Regueira, Xose (1996). "Galician". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 26 (2): 119–122. doi:10.1017/s0025100300006162. S2CID 241094214.
- Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-824137-9
- Francisco, Felipe Benjamin (2019). O dialeto árabe de Essaouira: documentação e descrição de uma variedade do sul do Marrocos [The Arabic Dialect of Essaouira: Documentation and Description of a Southern Moroccan Variety] (PhD) (in Portuguese). São Paulo: University of São Paulo. doi:10.11606/T.8.2019.tde-29102019-180034. S2CID 214469852.