Wikipedia

Visa requirements for Spanish citizens

Visa requirements for Spanish citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Spain.

As of January 2024, Spanish citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 194 countries and territories, ranking the ordinary Spanish passport 1st in terms of travel freedom (tied with France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and Singapore) according to the Henley Passport Index.[1]

Visa requirements map

edit
 
Visa requirements for Spanish citizens holding ordinary passports
  Spain
  Freedom of movement
  Visa not required / ESTA / eTA / eVisitor
  Visa on arrival
  eVisa
  Visa available both on arrival or online
  Visa required prior to arrival

Visa requirements

edit

This table doesn't document the situation during Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Country Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes (excluding departure fees) Reciprocity
  Afghanistan Visa required[2] 90 days √
  Albania Visa not required[3] 90 days √
  Algeria Visa required[4] 90 days √
  Andorra Visa not required[5]
  • ID card valid.
  • Under bilateral agreements, Spain, Portugal and France have a special treatment and priority that includes simplified procedures for obtaining residence and work permits.
 √
  Angola Visa not required[6] 30 days
  • 30 days per trip, but no more than 90 days within any 1 calendar year for tourism purposes only.[7]
  • Visitors must have a return/onward ticket and a hotel reservation confirmation.[8]
  • An International Certificate of Vaccination is required.
 X
  Antigua and Barbuda Visa not required[9] 6 months √
  Argentina Visa not required[10] 90 days √
  Armenia Visa not required[11] 180 days X
  Australia eVisitor[12] 90 days
  • ETA is also Available for Spanish Citizens but solely through a travel agent, airline, specialist service provider or an Australian visa office outside Australia
  • 90 days on each visit in 12-month period if granted.
 √
  Austria Freedom of movement[13] √
  Azerbaijan eVisa[14][15] 30 days X
  Bahamas Visa not required[16] 3 months √
  Bahrain eVisa / Visa on arrival[17] 14 days X
  Bangladesh Visa on arrival[18] 30 days
  • Not available at all entry points.[19]
 X
  Barbados Visa not required[20] 3 months √
  Belarus Visa not required[21] 30 days[22]
  • Visa-free until 31 December 2024.[23]
 X
  Belgium Freedom of movement[24] √
  Belize Visa not required[25] X
  Benin eVisa[26][27] 30 days
  • Must have an international vaccination certificate.
 X
  Bhutan eVisa[28][29]
  • e-Visa available from Nov. 2022.
 √
  Bolivia Visa not required[30] 90 days X
  Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa not required[31] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 6-month period.
  • ID card valid
 √
  Botswana Visa not required[32] 90 days
  • 90 days within year period.
 X
  Brazil Visa not required[33] 90 days
  • Spanish citizens visiting Brazil must have a return ticket, proof of paid accommodation or a certified invitation letter of a sponsor and a proof of funds.[34]
 √
  Brunei Visa not required[35] 90 days √
  Bulgaria Freedom of movement[36] √
  Burkina Faso eVisa / Visa on arrival[37][38] 1 month X
  Burundi Visa on arrival[39] 1 month X
  Cambodia eVisa / Visa on arrival[40][41] 30 days X
  Cameroon eVisa[42][43]
  • Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.
 √
  Canada eTA[44] 6 months
  • eTA required if arriving by air.[45]
 √
  Cape Verde Visa not required[46] 30 days
  • Must register online at least five days prior to arrival.[47]
 X
  Central African Republic Visa required[48] √
  Chad Visa required[49] √
  Chile Visa not required[50] 90 days √
  China Visa not required[51] 15 days X
  Colombia Visa not required[55] 90 days
  • 90 days – extendable up to 180-days stay within a one-year period.
 √
  Comoros Visa on arrival[56] 45 days X
  Republic of the Congo Visa required[57] √
  Democratic Republic of the Congo eVisa[58][59] 7 days √
  Costa Rica Visa not required[60] 90 days √
  Côte d'Ivoire eVisa[61][62] 3 months X
  Croatia Freedom of movement[63] √
  Cuba Tourist card required[64] 90 days
  • Can be extended up to 90 days with a fee.
 √
  Cyprus Freedom of movement[65] √
  Czech Republic Freedom of movement[66] √
  Denmark Freedom of movement[67]
  • Freedom of movement (DK).
  • ID card valid.
 √
  Djibouti eVisa[68][69] 90 days X
  Dominica Visa not required[70] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period.
 √
  Dominican Republic Visa not required[71] 30 days
  • 30 days initial allowed permit, may stay longer subject to fees on departure, fees dependent on length of overstay, fees subject to change.
 X
  Ecuador Visa not required[72] 90 days[73] X
  Egypt eVisa / Visa on arrival[74][75] 30 days X
  El Salvador Visa not required[76] 3 months √
  Equatorial Guinea eVisa[77][78] √
  Eritrea Visa required[79]
  • Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.
 √
  Estonia Freedom of movement[80] √
  Eswatini Visa not required[81] 30 days[73] X
  Ethiopia eVisa / Visa on arrival[82] up to 90 days X
  Fiji Visa not required[85] 4 months X
  Finland Freedom of movement[86] √
  France Freedom of movement[87] √
  Gabon eVisa[88][89] 90 days X
  Gambia Visa not required[90][91] √
  Georgia Visa not required[92] 1 year √
  Germany Freedom of movement[93] √
  Ghana Visa required[94]
  • Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.
 √
  Greece Freedom of movement[95] √
  Grenada Visa not required[96] 3 months
  • 90 days within any 180-day period.
 √
  Guatemala Visa not required[97] 90 days √
  Guinea eVisa[98][99] 90 days X
  Guinea-Bissau Visa on arrival[100] 90 days X
  Guyana Visa not required[101] 3 months X
  Haiti Visa not required[102] 90 days X
  Honduras Visa not required[103] 3 months √
  Hungary Freedom of movement[104] √
  Iceland Freedom of movement[105] √
  India eVisa[106] 30 days
  • e-Visa holders must arrive via 26 designated airports[Note 2] or 3 designated seaports.[Note 3][107]
  • An Indian e-Tourist Visa may only be obtained twice within 1 calendar year.[citation needed]
  • Foreigners of Pakistani origin or who hold a Pakistani Passport are not eligible for an e-Visa. Foreigners who are not Pakistani nationals, but whose parents or grandparents (either paternal or maternal) were born in, or were permanent residents in Pakistan, are also not eligible for an e-Visa.[108]
 X
  Indonesia e-VOA / Visa on arrival[109] 30 days[110] X
  Iran eVisa[111][112] 30 days
  • Passengers who have already made an application, at least two days before arrival, at the Iranian Ministry of Foreign Affair's e-Visa website and present the submission notification at the airport's visa desk may obtain a visa on arrival.[113]
 X
  Iraq Visa on arrival[114] 60 days
  • On 15 March 2021 the Iraqi government lifted pre-arrival visa requirements, allowing EU citizens to apply for visa on arrival in any entry point.[115]
 √
  Ireland Freedom of movement[116] √
  Israel Visa not required[117] 3 months √
  Italy Freedom of movement[118] √
  Jamaica Visa not required[119] 30 days X
  Japan Visa not required[120] 90 days √
  Jordan eVisa / Visa on arrival[121][122]
  • 40.00 JOD (Free with Jordan Pass + 3 sleeping nights in the country).
  • Not available at all entry points.[123]
 X
  Kazakhstan Visa not required[124] 30 days X
  Kenya Electronic Travel Authorisation[125][126] 90 days
  • Applications can be submitted up to 90 days prior to travel and must be submitted at least 3 days in advance.
  • eTA fee is USD 32.50.
  • Proof of reservation at the hotel where visitors plan to stay is required (if staying with friends, an invitation letter is also acceptable).
  • Yellow fever vaccination certificate is required if coming from endemic countries.
 X
  Kiribati Visa not required[127] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period.
 √
  North Korea Visa required[128] √
  South Korea Electronic Travel Authorization[129][130] 90 days
  • The validity period of a K-ETA is 3 years from the date of approval.[131]
 √
  Kuwait eVisa / Visa on arrival[132][133] 3 months X
  Kyrgyzstan Visa not required[134] 60 days X
  Laos Visa not required[135] 15 days
  • Visa not required from 1 July to 31 December 2024.
  • eVisa and Visa on arrival also available.
  • 17[Note 4] of the 31 border crossings are only open to visa holders.[136]
  • e-Visa may be used to enter Laos through Luang Prabang, Pakse and Vientiane international airports, 3 Thai-Lao Friendship Bridges[Note 5] and in Boten (road and railroad).[137]
  • Visa on arrival is available at Luang Prabang, Pakse and Vientiane international airports, the 4 Thai-Lao Friendship Bridges[Note 6] and 6 border crossings.[Note 7][136]
  • Visa on arrival is extendable for an additional 60 days at the Department of Immigration in Vientiane.[138]
 X
  Latvia Freedom of movement[139] √
  Lebanon Free visa on arrival[140] 1 month
  • Extendable for 2 additional months.[141]
  • Granted free of charge at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli visa or seal, holding a telephone number, an address in Lebanon, and a non refundable return or circle trip ticket.
 X
  Lesotho Visa not required[142] 14 days X
  Liberia Visa required[143]
  • Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.
 √
  Libya eVisa[144][145] √
  Liechtenstein Freedom of movement[146] √
  Lithuania Freedom of movement[147] √
  Luxembourg Freedom of movement[148] √
  Madagascar Visa on arrival[149] 60 days X
  Malawi eVisa / Visa on arrival[150][151] 90 days X
  Malaysia Visa not required[152] 3 months √
  Maldives Free visa on arrival[153] 30 days X
  Mali Visa required[154] √
  Malta Freedom of movement[155] √
  Marshall Islands Visa not required[156] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period.
 √
  Mauritania Visa on arrival[157] X
  Mauritius Visa not required[158] 90 days √
  Mexico Visa not required[159] 180 days √
  Micronesia Visa not required[160] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period.
 √
  Moldova Visa not required[161] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period.
  • ID card valid.
 √
  Monaco Visa not required[162] √
  Mongolia Visa not required[163] 30 days
  • The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Mongolia has exempted visas for 34 countries from January 2023 to December 2025.
 X
  Montenegro Visa not required[164] 90 days √
  Morocco Visa not required[165] 3 months X
  Mozambique Visa not required[166][167] 30 days
  • Travelers must register on the e-Visa platform at least 48 hours prior to travel and pay a processing fee of 650 MT.
 X
  Myanmar eVisa[168][169] 28 days X
  Namibia Visa not required[170] 3 months
  • 3 months within a calendar year.
 X
  Nauru Visa required[171] √
    Nepal Online Visa / Visa on arrival[172] 90 days[173]
  • Not available at all entry points.[174]
 X
  Netherlands Freedom of movement[175] (European Netherlands) √
  New Zealand Electronic Travel Authority[176] 3 months
  • International Visitor Conservation and Tourism Levy must be paid upon requesting an Electronic Travel Authority.[177]
  • Holders of an Australian Permanent Resident Visa or Resident Return Visa may be granted a New Zealand Resident Visa on arrival permitting indefinite stay (pursuant to the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement), subject to meeting character requirements and obtaining an Electronic Travel Authority prior to departure.[178] Such travellers are not required to pay the International Visitor Conservation and Tourism Levy.[177]
 X
  Nicaragua Visa not required[179] 90 days √
  Niger Visa required[180] √
  Nigeria eVisa[181][182] 90 days
  • Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.
 √
  North Macedonia Visa not required[183] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period.
  • ID card valid.
 √
  Norway Freedom of movement[184] √
  Oman Visa not required / eVisa[185][186] 14 days / 30 days
  • e-Visa is valid for 30 days is also available.
 X
  Pakistan ETA / Online Visa[187][188] 30 days / 3 months
  • Electronic Travel Authorization to obtain a visa on arrival for tourism purposes.[189]
  • Electronic Travel Authorization to obtain a visa on arrival for business purposes.[190]
  • Online Visa eligible.[191]
 X
  Palau Visa not required[192] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period.
 √
  Panama Visa not required[193] 90 days √
  Papua New Guinea eVisa[194][195] 60 days X
  Paraguay Visa not required[196] 90 days √
  Peru Visa not required[197] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 6-month period.
 √
  Philippines Visa not required[198] 30 days X
  Poland Freedom of movement[199] √
  Portugal Freedom of movement[200] √
  Qatar Visa not required[201] 90 days X
  Romania Freedom of movement[202] √
  Russia eVisa[203][204] 16 days
  • 72-hours visa free visit when entering by regular ferry via port of St. Petersburg, provided that a passenger spends the night on-board or in accommodation specifically approved by the travel agency.[205]
 X
  Rwanda eVisa / Visa on arrival[206][207] 30 days X
  Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required[208] 3 months √
  Saint Lucia Visa not required[209] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period.
 √
  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required[210] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period.
 √
  Samoa Visa not required[211] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period.
 √
  San Marino Visa not required[212] √
  São Tomé and Príncipe Visa not required[213] 15 days X
  Saudi Arabia eVisa / Visa on arrival[214][215] 90 days X
  Senegal Visa not required[216] 90 days X
  Serbia Visa not required[217] 90 days
  • 90 days within 6-month period.
  • ID card valid.
 √
  Seychelles Visa not required[218][219] 3 months √
  Sierra Leone eVisa / Visa on arrival[220][221] 30 days / 3 months X
  Singapore Visa not required[222] 90 days √
  Slovakia Freedom of movement[223] √
  Slovenia Freedom of movement[224] √
  Solomon Islands Visa not required[225] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period.
 √
  Somalia Visa on arrival[226] X
  South Africa Visa not required[227] 90 days X
  South Sudan eVisa[228][229]
  • Obtainable online.
  • Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel.
 X
  Sri Lanka eVisa / Visa on arrival[230][231] 60 days / 30 days
  • The standard visitor visa allows a stay of 60 days within any 6 month period.[232]
  • Visa fees (for Standard visitor visa):
  • e-Visa categories will be charged an additional USD 18.50 service fee.
  • If transiting from any of the Sri Lankan airports, An e-Visa is exempted (2 day transit period).
 X
  Sudan Visa required[233] √
  Suriname Visa not required[234][235] 90 days
  • An entrance fee of USD 25 or EUR 25 must be paid online prior to arrival.[236]
  • Multiple entry e-Visa is also available.[237]
 X
  Sweden Freedom of movement[238] √
   Switzerland Freedom of movement[239] √
  Syria Visa required[240] √
  Tajikistan Visa not required[241] 30 days
  • e-Visa holders can enter through all border points.[242]
 X
  Tanzania eVisa / Visa on arrival[243][244] 90 days X
  Thailand Visa not required[245] 30 days
  • Maximum two visits annually if not arriving by air.
 X
  Timor-Leste Visa not required[246] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period.
 √
  Togo eVisa[247][248] 15 days X
  Tonga Visa not required[249][250] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period.
 √
  Trinidad and Tobago Visa not required[251] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period.
 √
  Tunisia Visa not required[252] 3 months
  • ID card valid if travelling on organized tour.
 X
  Turkey Visa not required[253] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period (as of 2 March 2020).
  • ID card valid[254]
 X
  Turkmenistan Visa required[255]
  • Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.
 √
  Tuvalu Visa not required[256] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period.
 √
  Uganda eVisa[257][258] 3 months
  • Determined at the port of entry.
 X
  Ukraine Visa not required[259] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period.
 √
  United Arab Emirates Visa not required[260] 90 days √
  United Kingdom Visa not required[263] 6 months √
  United States Visa Waiver Program[265][266] 90 days
  • ESTA is valid for 2 years from the date of issuance.[267]
  • ESTA is also required when entering the country by cruise ship or land.[268]
  • Visa required if Nationals of VWP countries who have travelled or been present in Iraq, North Korea, Syria, Iran, Sudan, Libya, Somalia, or Yemen at any time on or after 1 March 2011 (with limited exceptions), or those who have travelled or being present in Cuba at any time on or after 12 January 2021, or nationals of VWP countries who are also nationals of Iraq, Syria, Iran, North Korea or Sudan.
 √
  Uruguay Visa not required[269] 90 days √
  Uzbekistan Visa not required[270] 30 days X
  Vanuatu Visa not required[271] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period.
 √
  Vatican City Visa not required[272] √
  Venezuela Visa not required[273] 90 days √
  Vietnam Visa not required[274] 45 days
  • A single entry e-Visa valid for 90 days is also available.[275]
 X
  Yemen Visa required[276] √
  Zambia Visa not required[277] 30 days
  • Also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zimbabwe.
 X
  Zimbabwe Visa on arrival[278] 30 days
  • Strictly tourism purposes only. Also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zambia.
 X

Territories and disputed areas

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Visa requirements for Spanish citizens for visits to various territories, disputed areas, partially recognized countries and restricted zones:

Visitor to Visa requirement Notes (excluding departure fees)
Europe
  Abkhazia Visa required[279]
  Mount Athos Special permit required Special permit required (4 days: 25 euro for Orthodox visitors, 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors, 18 euro for students). There is a visitors' quota: maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed.[280][281]
  Brest and Grodno Visa not required Visa-free for 10 days[282]
  Northern Cyprus Visa not required 3 months[283]
  UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus Access Permit required[284] Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone, except Civil Use Areas.
  Faroe Islands Visa not required[285]
  Gibraltar Visa not required[286]
  Guernsey Visa not required[287] 6 months
  Isle of Man Visa not required[288] 6 months
  Jan Mayen Permit required Permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours[289] and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours.[290]
  Jersey Visa not required[291] 6 months
  Kosovo Visa not required 90 days[292]
  Russia Special authorization required Several closed cities and regions in Russia require special authorization.[293]
  South Ossetia Visa not required Multiple entry visa to Russia and three-day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia.[294][295]
  Transnistria Visa not required Registration required after 24h.[296][297]
Africa
  British Indian Ocean Territory Special permit required Special permit required.[298]
  Eritrea outside Asmara Travel permit required To travel in the rest of the country, a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required (20 Eritrean nakfa).[299]
    Madeira Freedom of movement
  Ascension Island eVisa[300][301]
  • 3 months within any year period
  Saint Helena Visitor's Pass required Visitor's Pass granted on arrival valid for 4/10/21/60/90 days for 12/14/16/20/25 pound sterling.[302]
  Tristan da Cunha Permission required Permission to land required for 15/30 pounds sterling (yacht/ship passenger) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island, Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands.[303]
  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Undefined visa regime in the Western Sahara controlled territory.
  Somaliland Visa on arrival 30 days for 30 US dollars, payable on arrival.[304][305]
  Sudan Travel permit required All foreigners traveling more than 25 kilometers outside of Khartoum must obtain a travel permit.
  Darfur Travel permit required Separate travel permit is required.[306]
Asia
  Hainan Visa on arrival[307] 15 days. Available at Haikou Meilan International Airport and Sanya Phoenix International Airport.
Visa not required for 15 days for traveling as part of a tourist group (5 or more people)[308]
  Hong Kong Visa not required 90 days[309]
  India PAP/RAP PAP/RAP required Protected Area Permit (PAP) required for whole states of Nagaland and Sikkim and parts of states Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh. Restricted Area Permit (RAP) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of Sikkim. Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year.[310][311][312][313][314][315]
  Iraqi Kurdistan eVisa 30 days[316]
  Kazakhstan Special permission required Special permission required for the town of Baikonur and surrounding areas in Kyzylorda Oblast, and the town of Gvardeyskiy near Almaty.[317]
  Kish Island Visa not required Visitors to Kish Island do not require a visa.[318]
  Macao Visa not required 90 days[319]
  Sabah and Sarawak Visa not required These states have their own immigration authorities and passport is required to travel to them, however the same visa applies.[320]
  Maldives Permission required With the exception of the capital Malé, tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of Maldives.[321]
  North Korea outside Pyongyang Special permit required People are not allowed to leave the capital city, tourists can only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide (no independent moving)
  Palestine Visa not required[322] Arrival by sea to Gaza Strip not allowed.[323]
  Taiwan Visa not required 90 days[324]
  Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province OIVR permit required OIVR permit required (15+5 Tajikistani Somoni) and another special permit (free of charge) is required for Lake Sarez.[325][326][327]
  Tibet Autonomous Region TTP required Tibet Travel Permit required (10 US Dollars).[328][329][330]
  Turkmenistan Special permit required A special permit, issued prior to arrival by Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is required if visiting the following places: Atamurat, Cheleken, Dashoguz, Serakhs and Serhetabat.[331]
  Korean Demilitarized Zone Restricted zone.
  UNDOF Zone and Ghajar Restricted zone.
  Phú Quốc Visa not required 30 days[332]
  Yemen Special permission required Special permission needed for travel outside Sana'a or Aden.[333]
Caribbean and North Atlantic
    Azores Freedom of movement
  Anguilla Visa not required 3 months[334]
  Aruba Visa not required 30 days, extendable to 180 days[335][336]
  Bermuda Visa not required Up to 6 months, decided on arrival.[337]
  Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba Visa not required 3 months[338][339]
  British Virgin Islands Visa not required 30 days, extensions possible[340]
  Cayman Islands Visa not required 6 months[341]
  San Andrés and Leticia Tourist Card on arrival Visitors arriving at Gustavo Rojas Pinilla International Airport and Alfredo Vásquez Cobo International Airport must buy tourist cards on arrival.[342]
  Curaçao Visa not required 3 months[343]
  Greenland Visa not required[285]
  Margarita Island Visa not required All visitors are fingerprinted.[344]
  Montserrat Visa not required 6 months[345][346]
  Puerto Rico Visa Waiver Program[347] 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years, ESTA required
  Sint Maarten Visa not required 3 months[348][349]
  Turks and Caicos Islands Visa not required 90 days[350]
  U.S. Virgin Islands Visa Waiver Program[351] 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years, ESTA required
Oceania
  American Samoa Electronic authorization[352] 30 days
  Ashmore and Cartier Islands Special authorisation required Special authorisation required.[353]
  Clipperton Island Special permit required Special permit required.[354]
  Cook Islands Visa not required 31 days[355]
  Lau Province Special permission required Special permission required.[356]
  Guam Visa Waiver Program[357] 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years, ESTA required
  Niue Visa not required 30 days[358]
  Northern Mariana Islands Visa not required[359] Visa not required under the Visa Waiver Program, for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years. ESTA required.
  Pitcairn Islands Visa not required 14 days visa free and landing fee 35 USD or tax of 5 USD if not going ashore.[360][361][362]
  Tokelau Entry permit required[363]
  United States Minor Outlying Islands Special permits required Special permits required for Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island.[364][365][366][367][368][369][370]
South America
  Galápagos Pre-registration required Online pre-registration is required. Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure.[371]
South Atlantic and Antarctica
  Falkland Islands Visa not required A visitor permit is normally issued as a stamp in the passport on arrival, The maximum validity period is 1 month.[372]
  South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Permit required Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required (72 hours/1 month for 110/160 pounds sterling).[373][374]
Antarctica Special permits required for   British Antarctic Territory,   French Southern and Antarctic Lands,   Argentine Antarctica,   Australian Antarctic Territory,   Chilean Antarctic Territory,   Heard Island and McDonald Islands,   Peter I Island,   Queen Maud Land,   Ross Dependency.[375][376][377][378][379][380][381][382][383][384][385][386]

ID Card or Passport

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  Spanish ID card (Documento nacional de identidad) is valid for these countries : Due to Freedom of Movement in European Union / Schengen Area:

For Tourism with ID Card or Passport is also valid for traveling in these countries:

ID Card or Passport is valid for 90 days of visit in (Albania), (Andorra), (Bosnia and Herzegovina), (Kosovo), (Monaco), (Moldova), (North Macedonia), (Northern Cyprus), (Serbia), (San Marino), (Turkey) and (Vatican City).

(Georgia) ID Card or Passport is valid for 1 year of visit.

(Montenegro) ID Card is valid for 30 days of visit, or with Passport for 90 days of visit.

(Egypt) ID Card or Passport is valid for 30 days of visit, {evisa} or {visa on arrival}.

(Tunisia) ID Card is valid on an Organized Tours visit only, or with Passport - {Visa not Required} is valid for 90 days of visit.

(Jordan) ID Card is valid on an Organized Tours visit or with Passport - {visa on arrival} is valid for 30 days of visit.

Remote work visas

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Spanish citizens can apply for a resident permit on the basis of a remote worker from the following countries:

Country Duration Cost Basic conditions
Antigua and Barbuda 2 years[387] 1,500 USD for one person, 2,000 USD for a couple, 3,000 USD for a family of 3 or more
  • Must be working remotely for a company outside of Antigua and Barbuda.
  • Earn a minimum of 50,000 USD per year.
  • Medical insurance required.
Anguilla (UK Overseas Territory) Up to 1 year[388] 2,000 USD for one person and 3,000 USD for a family of 4 (plus an additional 250 USD for each additional family member)
  • Proof of employment or Business Incorporation Certificate.
  • Police Certificate of Character.
  • Medical insurance required.
Bahamas Up to 1 year[389] 1,000 USD (plus 500 USD for each dependent)
  • Proof of employment.
  • Police Certificate of Character.
  • Medical insurance required.
  • 25 USD application fee
Barbados 12 months[390] 2,000 USD (4,000 USD for a family)
  • Must be working remotely for a company or person outside of Barbados.
  • Earn a minimum of 50,000 USD per year.
  • Medical insurance required.
Bermuda (British Overseas Territory) Up to 1 year[391] 263 USD
  • There are no minimum income requirements.
  • Must be working remotely for a company outside of Bermuda.
  • Must show proof of travel insurance.
  • Must be fully vaccinated against COVID-19.[392]
  • Must show proof of a negative COVID-19 test result on arrival.
Cayman Islands (British Overseas Territory) Up to 2 years[393] 1,469 USD
  • Must be working remotely for a company outside of the Cayman Islands.
  • No minimum income required.
  • Must undergo for a mandatory COVID test.
  • Show proof of travel insurance.
Costa Rica 1 year TBC
  • Must be working remotely for a company outside of Costa Rica.
  • Earn a minimum of 3,000 USD a month.
  • Show proof of travel insurance.
Curaçao (Dutch Overseas Territory) 6 months, extendable.[394] 294 USD
  • Employed by a company registered in a foreign country, Business Incorporation Certificate or Freelancer or consulting services to clients with contracts in foreign countries.
  • Proof of solvency.
  • Show proof of travel insurance.
Mauritius 12 months[395] Free of charge.
  • Must be working remotely for a company outside of Mauritius.
  • Proof of income.
  • Must undergo for a mandatory COVID test.
  • Health insurance with Mauritius coverage validity
Mexico Up to 3 years[396]
  • Must be working remotely for a company outside of Mexico.
  • Earn a minimum of EUR 1,742.54 a month or a bank statement proving funds of EUR 29,042.47.
  • Health insurance with Mexico coverage validity
United Arab Emirates 1 year 287 USD
  • Proof of Employment from current employer with a one-year contract, or proof of ownership of company.
  • Earn a minimum of 5,000 USD a month, last months' payslip and 3 preceding months' bank statements.
  • Health insurance with UAE coverage validity.

Working holiday agreement

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Spanish citizens aged 18–30 (or 18–35 in some cases) can apply for a resident permit on the basis of a working holiday from the following countries:

Country Duration Cost Age restriction Notes
Canada 12 months 18 to 35 years (inclusive)
  • Have a minimum of CAN 2,500 USD.
  • Medical insurance required.
Japan 1 year[397] 18 to 30 years (at time of application)
  • Must be residing in Spain at time of application.
  • Must have a bank statement proving funds of EUR $2,000.
New Zealand 1 year 18 to 30 years
  • Must have a bank statement proving funds of NZD $4,200.
South Korea 1 year 18 to 30 years
  • Must have a bank statement proving funds of KRW 3,000,000.
  • From 2019, 1000 places will be available under this scheme.

Vaccination

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Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Zambia require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination. Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area.[398]

Israeli stamps

edit
This section is transcluded from Non-visa travel restrictions. (edit | history)
 
Israeli border control Entry Permit (issued as a stand-alone document rather than a stamp affixed in a passport)

Kuwait,[399] Lebanon,[400] Libya,[401] Syria,[402] and Yemen[403] do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa, or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt.

To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel (unless the entry is for some work-related purposes). Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport. Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017) stamped at Erez when passing into and out of Gaza.[citation needed]

Iran refuses admission to holders of passports containing an Israeli visa or stamp that is less than 12 months old.

Fingerprinting

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Several countries including Argentina, Cambodia, Colombia, Japan, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, South Korea and the United States demand all passengers to be fingerprinted on arrival.[404][405][406][407][408][409][410]

Right to consular protection in non-EU countries

edit
 
Diplomatic missions of Spain

In a non-EU country where there is no Spanish embassy, Spanish citizens, like all other EU citizens, have the right to get consular protection from the embassy of any other EU country present in that country.

See also List of diplomatic missions of Spain.

Passport validity

edit

Many countries require passports to be valid for at least 6 months upon arrival and one or two blank pages.[411]

Countries requiring passports to be validity at least 6 months on arrival include Afghanistan, Algeria, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Botswana, Brunei, Cambodia, Comoros, Côte d'Ivoire, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Fiji, Guyana, Haiti, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq (except when arriving at Basra – 3 months and Erbil or Sulaimaniyah – on arrival), Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mongolia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Oman, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Rwanda, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Syria, Taiwan, Tanzania, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen.

Turkey usually requires passports to be valid for at least 5 months (150 days) upon entry, but for Spanish citizens Turkish authorities allow to enter even with passport expired within last 5 years.[412]

Countries requiring passport validity of at least 4 months on arrival include Azerbaijan, Micronesia, Zambia.

Countries requiring passport validity of at least 3 months on arrival include Albania, Bosnia and Herzegowina, Honduras, Moldova, Nauru, North Macedonia, Panama, Qatar, Senegal and French territories in the Pacific (i.e. French Polynesia, New Caledonia and Wallis and Futuna)

Countries requiring passport validity of at least 1 month on arrival include Eritrea, Hong Kong, Lebanon, Macau, Maldives, New Zealand, South Africa.[413]

Other countries require either a passport valid on arrival or passport valid throughout the period of intended stay.

Non-ordinary passports

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Holders of various categories of official Spanish passports have additional visa-free access to the following countries - Algeria (diplomatic or service passports), Egypt (diplomatic, official, service or special passports), Kazakhstan (diplomatic passports), Kuwait (diplomatic passports), Russia (diplomatic passports), Turkey (diplomatic, official, service or special passports) and Vietnam (diplomatic passports).
Holders of diplomatic or service passports of any country have visa-free access to Cape Verde, Ethiopia, Mali and Zimbabwe.

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ "Henley Passport Index 2024 January Global Ranking" (PDF). Henley & Partners.
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  3. ^ Visa regime for foreign citizens, Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs of Albania.
  4. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  5. ^ Travel to Andorra, Ministry of External Affairs of Andorra.
  6. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  7. ^ Angola: Migration Service to Speed Up Visa Exemption Procedure
  8. ^ "Visa and passport". Timatic. International Air Transport Association through Emirates. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
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  10. ^ Visa regime, National Directorate of Migrations of Argentina (in Spanish).
  11. ^ Visa, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Armenia.
  12. ^ Visitor visa options, Department of Home Affairs of Australia.
  13. ^ Schengen visa, Federal Ministry for Europe, Integration and Foreign Affairs of Austria.
  14. ^ Countries with visa-free travel regime, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan (in Azerbaijani).
  15. ^ "Azerbaijan eVisa".
  16. ^ eVISA Online Services – Ministry of Foreign Affairs – Bahamas, Government of the Bahamas
  17. ^ Bahrain eVisas, Ministry of Interior of Bahrain.
  18. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  19. ^ Available at Shahjalal International Airport, Shah Amanat International Airport and Osmani International Airport only.
  20. ^ Barbados Visa Requirements and Reciprocal Arrangements, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade of Barbados, 1 July 2020.
  21. ^ "Statement of Belarus Foreign Ministry on visa-free travel to Belarus for the citizens of 35 European countries". Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  22. ^ "Statement of Belarus Foreign Ministry on visa-free travel to Belarus for the citizens of 35 European countries". Retrieved 19 July 2024.
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  29. ^ "Bhutan eVisa".
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  35. ^ Country category for visa application, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Brunei.
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  37. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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  39. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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  42. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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  44. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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  46. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  47. ^ "Cape Verde EASE".
  48. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  49. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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  54. ^ "144小时过境免签政策解读". nia.gov.cn.
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  56. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  57. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  58. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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  60. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  61. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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  64. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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  67. ^ Countries with a visa requirement and visa-free countries, Danish Immigration Service, 8 December 2017.
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  70. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  71. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  72. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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  74. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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  76. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  77. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  78. ^ "Equatorial Guinea eVisa".
  79. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  80. ^ Who does not need a visa to visit Estonia?, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Estonia, 2 November 2017.
  81. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  82. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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  84. ^ "Ethiopia electronic visa". Main Department for Immigration and Nationality Affairs, Ethiopia. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  85. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  86. ^ Visa requirement and travel documents accepted by Finland, Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland.
  87. ^ Foreign nationals holding ordinary passports exempt from visa requirements, Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs of France, January 2016.
  88. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  89. ^ "Gabon eVisa".
  90. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  91. ^ "Gambia Tourism Board".
  92. ^ Overview of visa requirements/exemptions for entry into the Federal Republic of Germany, Federal Foreign Office of Germany.
  93. ^ Overview of visa requirements/exemptions for entry into the Federal Republic of Germany, Federal Foreign Office of Germany.
  94. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  95. ^ Countries requiring or not requiring a visa, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece, 13 June 2017.
  96. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  97. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  98. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  99. ^ "Guinea eVisa".
  100. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  101. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  102. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  103. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  104. ^ Countries that do not need a visa, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Hungary.
  105. ^ Who does not need a visa, Directorate of Immigration of Iceland.
  106. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  107. ^ e-Visa
  108. ^ The note is under Q1(v) in the FAQs
  109. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  110. ^ "Indonesia e-VOA".
  111. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  112. ^ "Iran eVisa".
  113. ^ "Visa on Arrival". evisa.mfa.ir.
  114. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  115. ^ "Iraq lifted visa requirements for EU". Al monitor.com. 16 March 2021.
  116. ^ Countries that need a visa for Ireland, Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service.
  117. ^ Tourist visa table, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 23 May 2017.
  118. ^ Visa for Italy, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Italy.
  119. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  120. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  121. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  122. ^ "Jordan E-Services".
  123. ^ Visa on arrival obtainable at most international ports of entry and at most international land border crossings (except King Hussein/Allenby Bridge crossing).
  124. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  125. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  126. ^ "Kenya eTA".
  127. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  128. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  129. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  130. ^ "K-ETA". Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  131. ^ "K-ETA Application Guide".
  132. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  133. ^ "Kuwait eVisa".
  134. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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  136. ^ a b "Checkpoints – ກົມຕຳຫຼວດກວດຄົນເຂົ້າ-ອອກເມືອງ". immigration.gov.la. Department of Immigration of Lao PDR. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
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  138. ^ "Laos International Travel Information". travel.state.gov. U.S. Department of State – Bureau of Consular Affairs. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  139. ^ Countries whose citizens may enter Latvia without a visa, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia, 9 October 2017.
  140. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  141. ^ "The formalities required to obtain a visa to lebanon".
  142. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  143. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  144. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  145. ^ "Libya eVisa".
  146. ^ Visa, Government of Liechtenstein (in German).
  147. ^ Do I need a visa?, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Lithuania, 30 August 2017.
  148. ^ Staying in Luxembourg for less than 90 days, Government of Luxembourg.
  149. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  150. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  151. ^ "Malawi eVisa".
  152. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  153. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  154. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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  156. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  157. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  158. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  159. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  160. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  161. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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  163. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  164. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  165. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  166. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  167. ^ "Mozambique eVisa".
  168. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  169. ^ "Myanmar eVisa".
  170. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  171. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  172. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  173. ^ "Nepal Online Visa".
  174. ^ Obtainable at Tribhuvan International Airport and certain land borders.
  175. ^ Short-stay Schengen visa (90 days or less), Government of the Netherlands.
  176. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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  179. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  180. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  181. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  182. ^ "Nigeria Immigration Services".
  183. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  184. ^ Persons who do not need a visa to visit Norway, Norwegian Directorate of Immigration.
  185. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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  187. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  188. ^ "Pakistan Online Visa".
  189. ^ "Tourist Visa in Your Inbox".
  190. ^ "Business Visa in Your Inbox".
  191. ^ "Tourist Visa".
  192. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  193. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  194. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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  196. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  197. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  198. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  199. ^ Visa-free countries, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Poland.
  200. ^ Third countries whose citizens are required to have a visa, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Portugal.
  201. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  202. ^ Do I need a visa?, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania.
  203. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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  205. ^ "Постановление Правительства РФ N 397 О порядке пребывания на территории РФ иностранных граждан и лиц без гражданства, прибывающих в Российскую Федерацию в туристических целях на паромах". Travel.ru. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
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  213. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  214. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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  216. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  217. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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  219. ^ "Seychelles Electronic Border System".
  220. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  221. ^ "SIERRA LEONE eVISA".
  222. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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  224. ^ Visa regimes and visas, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Slovenia.
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  236. ^ "Entry-fee".
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  239. ^ Overview of ID and visa provisions according to nationality, State Secretariat for Migration of Switzerland.
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  267. ^ "CBP Customer Service". Help.cbp.gov. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  268. ^ "Entry into the United States by land, sea, or air".
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  284. ^ "UNFICYP > Buffer Zone Permits". Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
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Notes

edit
  1. ^ Custom procedure for 24-hour visa-free transit is required in principle, except in Beijing (both Capital and Daxing), Shanghai Pudong, Hangzhou, Xiamen, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Chengdu Tianfu and Xi'an if no leaving of international transit areas.[53]
  2. ^
  3. ^
  4. ^
    • Panghok - Taichang (Vietnam)
    • Lantui - Baka (China)
    • Meuang mom - Wan Pong (Myanmar)
    • Tanalaeng Dry Port - Nongkai (Thailand)
    • Nonghaed - Nam kanh (Vietnam)
    • Pakxan - Bungkan (Thailand)
    • Nam phao - Cau treo (Vietnam)
    • Na pao - Cha lo (Vietnam)
    • Nam ngeun - Huay konl (Thailand)
    • Namheuang - Nakaseng (Thailand)
    • Phoudou (Thailand)
    • Nam soy - Na meo (Vietnam)
    • Phoukeua - Kontoum (Vietnam)
    • Lalai (Vietnam)
    • Pangmone - Phayao (Thailand)
    • Daktaock - Nam Giang (Vietnam)
    • Savannakhet Airport
  5. ^
    • Vientiane
    • Savannakhet
    • Bokeo
  6. ^
    • Vientiane
    • Savannakhet
    • Khammouane
    • Bokeo
  7. ^
    • Samliemkham (Thailand and Myanmar)
    • Tanalaeng - Nongkai (Thailand)
    • Daensavan - Lao bao (Vietnam)
    • Veunkham - Nong nok khian (Cambodia)
    • Vang tao - Chongmek (Thailand)
    • Boten - Bo han (China)
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