Teresa "Tessie" Reynolds (20 August 1877 – 13 July 1954) was an English cyclist who in 1893 set a record for cycling from Brighton to London and back in 8 hours 30 minutes. She was aged sixteen at the time and dressed in "rational" clothing: pantaloons, a shirt, and coat. The outfit, which was likely made for her by her sister, led to significant publicity and her ride came to be regarded as a milestone for women's rights and sports. The record was broken in 1894 and Reynolds went on to be a London traffic safety officer.
Tessie Reynolds | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | Teresa Reynolds 20 August 1877[1][2] |
| Died | 13 July 1954 (aged 77) Barnet, Hertfordshire, England |
| Nationality | British |
| Occupation | Traffic safety officer |
| Known for | London–Brighton cycle ride |
| Spouse |
Montague Salisbury Main
(m. 1908) |
Biography
edit"Every wheelman who has managed to retain a belief in the innate modesty and sense of becomingness in the opposite sex, will hear with real pain, not unmixed with disgust, of what we will call a lamentable incident that took place on the Brighton road early last Sunday"
Tessie Reynolds was born on the Isle of Wight and grew up in Brighton,[6] the eldest of 11 children.[7] Her father, Robert James Reynolds, was a gymnastic instructor and cycle agent,[4] who encouraged sports among his children.[7] He was a member of National Cycling Union and Secretary of a cycling club, as well as umpire for professional races.[7] Her mother, Charlotte, ran a boarding house in Kemptown, which specifically catered for cyclists[7] and which Reynolds helped at.[8] In September 1893, when Reynolds was sixteen years old,[9] she rode a man's bike from Brighton to London[note 1][10][7] and back in a day.[11][6] In fact, she took just 8 hours 30 minutes to cycle the 120 miles (190 km), thereby setting a record.[12][9] Her father acted as the time keeper for the ride.[7]
Women's clothes at the time included long dresses and tight corsets, impractical for cycling;[9] so Reynolds instead wore a "rational" outfit of pantaloons "cropped and cinched below the knee", with a shirt and long coat.[11][13][6] It is likely that the outfit was made specifically for Reynolds by her sister, Ada, who was a dress maker.[7] The outfit caused outrage,[7] with suggestions that it was inappropriately masculine and that she was cycling in her knickerbockers. The publicity traveled as far as America,[7] and the outfit was promoted by proponents of Victorian dress reform,[9] as Reynolds clearly intended.[7] She was active in promoting dress reform five years prior to the foundation of the local cycling dress reform club and continued to wear the outfit regularly.[7]
Cycling magazine wrote a scathing report on the "scantiness" of the outfit, complaining of loss of modesty and calling the feat a "lamentable incident".[6] Similarly, the Yorkshire Evening Post pointed out that cycling was not a pleasant sight for a man, but that a woman's "abnormal hips" made it worse.[5] The publicity, despite being negative, helped improve women's rights[9] with the suffragette movement in particular noting it was a big milestone.[11] Further, it helped show that women need not be tied to the street that they grew up in and had a means to travel.[10] Another effect of the publicity was that Reynolds received love letters, including a marriage proposal from a stranger who was apparently significantly older than her.[7] Reynolds and her family took advantage of the celebrity status, with Reynolds promoting a number of female bicycles over the following years, always in rational cycling attire.[7]
The record stood for a year before it was beaten by 42 minutes in September 1894 by E. White from Dover Road Club.[14] Reynold's ride led her to be noted as a key 19th-century cyclist.[15] She was denied the possibility of starting a Brighton branch of the national Female Cycling Association when she was 18, supposedly due to her age and "lack of experience", but more likely due to association with her rational outfit.[7]
In 1908, Reynolds married Montague Salisbury Main[16] and moved to Barnet, Hertfordshire (now North London), having three children who all died in childhood.[7] There she became a road safety officer, a role rarely performed by women in London during the 1930s and 1940s.[8] By 1948, her husband also died and she focused her work on accident prevention. Reynolds died in 1954, aged 77, with local papers covering her death.[7]
Notes
edit
- ^ The half way point has been reported as both London Bridge and Hyde Park Corner
References
edit- ^ Mrs. Teresa Main, wife of Montague S. Main, in Barnet, Hertfordshire; 1939 England and Wales Register
- ^ England & Wales, Civil Registration Birth Index, 1837–1915
- ^ 1911 England Census
- ^ a b 1901 England Census
- ^ a b "'Womanly Cycling' – Part Two". 15 February 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
- ^ a b c d Wilson, Elizabeth; Taylor, Lou (1989). Through the looking glass: a history of dress from 1860 to the present day (Illustrated ed.). BBC Books. p. 57. ISBN 9780563214410. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Barlow, Morgan E. (2013). "Tessie Reynolds – A 'Rational' Activist". Proceedings of the International Cycling History Conference. 23: 213–217.
- ^ a b "Fashion and Dress History student wins Young Scholars' Prize". University of Brighton. 15 August 2013. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
- ^ a b c d e Zanetti, Olly (5 September 2010). Radical Bikes Revolutionary Change. Huck Magazine. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
- ^ a b Hamilton, Ray (2013). The Joy of Cycling: For Those Who Love to Ride. Summersdale Publishers LTD. ISBN 9780857659927. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
- ^ a b c Penn, Robert (2010). It's All About the Bike: The Pursuit of Happiness On Two Wheels. Penguin UK. ISBN 9780141930893. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
- ^ Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill (2011). Historical Dictionary of Cycling (Illustrated ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. xix. ISBN 9780810871755. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
- ^ Patterson, Victoria (2013). The Peerless Four: A Novel. Counterpoint. p. 203. ISBN 9781619021778. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
- ^ "A Lady makes a record". Freeman's Journal. 20 September 1894. p. 7. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
- ^ Horton, Dave; Rosen, Paul; Cox, Peter, eds. (2012). Cycling and Society (Revised ed.). Ashgate Publishing Ltd. p. 49. ISBN 9781409487364. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
- ^ London, England, Church of England Marriages and Banns, 1754-1932