Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state

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Obsolete for Infobox element. Please see Template:Element-symbol-to-oxidation-state-data

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Oxidation state data (edit)
Standard comments (like, "predicted") (edit)

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Automated used in {{Infobox element}} (talk):

Hg: {{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state|symbol=Hg}} → −2 , +1, +2 (a mildly basic oxide)
Hs: {{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state|symbol=Hs}} → (+2), (+3), (+4), (+6), +8^[1]^[2]^[3] (parenthesized: prediction)

Comment options

Oxidation states comment options (WP:ELEMENTS (talk))
`\|comment=` options (as of November 2018):
comment=acidic	(an acidic oxide)
comment=mildly acidic	(a mildly acidic oxide)
comment=strongly acidic	(a strongly acidic oxide)
comment=amphoteric	(an amphoteric oxide)
comment=basic	(a basic oxide)
comment=weakly basic	(a weakly basic oxide)
comment=mildly basic	(a mildly basic oxide)
comment=strongly basic	(a strongly basic oxide)
comment=strongly basic expected	(expected to have a strongly basic oxide) -- Ra
comment=oxidizes oxygen	(oxidizes oxygen) -- F
comment=depending	(depending on the oxidation state, an acidic, basic, or amphoteric oxide) -- Cr, Mn
comment=rarely non-0, weakly acidic	(rarely more than 0; a weakly acidic oxide) -- Xe
comment=rarely non-0, unk oxide	(rarely more than 0; oxide is unknown) -- Kr

comment=parenthesized	(parenthesized: prediction)
comment=predicted	(predicted)
comment=<any text>	<any text>, including blank

WP:ENGVAR (set `\|engvar=` in article page)
By default, element articles (and so infoboxes) are in `en-US`. In article space, one can call an infobox with `\|engvar=en-GB, en-OED`, which changes these spellings
`comment=parenthesized`
`\|engvar=`	(parenthesized: prediction)
`\|engvar=en-US (default)`	(parenthesized: prediction)
`\|engvar=en-GB`	(brackets: prediction)
`\|engvar=en-OED`	(brackets: prediction)
`\|engvar=en-FOO`	(parenthesized: prediction)

Data

Oxidation states data sets (WP:ELEMENTS talk)
Z	Name	Symbol	complete	main	group	val	oxidation state (P1121)
1	hydrogen	H	−1, 0, +1 (an amphoteric oxide)	−1, +1	1	I	-1, 1, 0
2	helium	He	0	0	18	0
3	lithium	Li	0^[4], +1 (a strongly basic oxide)	+1	1	I	1
4	beryllium	Be	0,^[5] +1,^[6] +2 (an amphoteric oxide)	+2	2	II	2, 1^[7]
5	boron	B	−5, −1, 0,^[8] +1, +2, +3^[9]^[10] (a mildly acidic oxide)	+3	13	III	2, 3, 1
6	carbon	C	−4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1,^[11] +2, +3,^[12] +4^[13] (a mildly acidic oxide)	−4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4	14	IV	-4, -3, -2, -1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 0
7	nitrogen	N	−3, −2, −1, 0,^[14] +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (a strongly acidic oxide)	−3, +3, +5	15	V	-3, -2, -1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
8	oxygen	O	−2, −1, 0, +1, +2	−2	16	VI	-2, -1, 1, 2
9	fluorine	F	−1, 0^[15] (oxidizes oxygen)	−1	17	VII	-1
10	neon	Ne	0	0	18	0
11	sodium	Na	−1, 0,^[16] +1 (a strongly basic oxide)	+1	1	I	-1, 1, 0
12	magnesium	Mg	0,^[17] +1,^[18] +2 (a strongly basic oxide)	+2	2	II	1, 2
13	aluminium	Al	−2, −1, 0,^[19] +1,^[20] +2,^[21] +3 (an amphoteric oxide)	+3	13	III	1, 2, 3
14	silicon	Si	−4, −3, −2, −1, 0,^[22] +1,^[23] +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide)	+4	14	IV	-4, -3, -2, -1, 1, 2, 3, 4
15	phosphorus	P	−3, −2, −1, 0,^[24] +1,^[25] +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide)	−3, +3, +5	15	V	-3, -2, -1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
16	sulfur	S	−2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a strongly acidic oxide)	−2, +2, +4, +6	16	VI	-2, -1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
17	chlorine	Cl	−1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (a strongly acidic oxide)	−1, +1, +3, +5, +7	17	VII	-1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
18	argon	Ar	0	0	18	0
19	potassium	K	−1, +1 (a strongly basic oxide)	+1	1	I	-1, 1^[26]
20	calcium	Ca	+1,^[27] +2 (a strongly basic oxide)	+2	2	II	1, 2
21	scandium	Sc	0,^[28] +1,^[29] +2,^[30] +3 (an amphoteric oxide)	+3	3	III	1, 2, 3
22	titanium	Ti	−2, −1, 0,^[31] +1, +2, +3, +4^[32] (an amphoteric oxide)	+2, +3, +4	4	IV	-1, 1, 2, 4, 3^[33]
23	vanadium	V	−3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (an amphoteric oxide)	+2, +3, +4, +5	5	V	5, -1, 1, 2, 3, 4
24	chromium	Cr	−4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (depending on the oxidation state, an acidic, basic, or amphoteric oxide)	+2, +3, +6	6	VI	3, -2, -1, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6
25	manganese	Mn	−3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (depending on the oxidation state, an acidic, basic, or amphoteric oxide)	+2, +3, +4, +6, +7	7	VII	2, -3, -2, -1, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
26	iron	Fe	−4, −2, −1, 0, +1,^[34] +2, +3, +4, +5,^[35] +6, +7^[36] (an amphoteric oxide)	+2, +3	8	VIII	2, 3, -2, -1, 1, 4, 5, 6
27	cobalt	Co	−3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5^[37] (an amphoteric oxide)	+2, +3	9	VIII	2, -1, 1, 3, 4, 5
28	nickel	Ni	−2, −1, 0, +1,^[38] +2, +3, +4^[39] (a mildly basic oxide)	+2	10	VIII	-1, 1, 2, 3, 4
29	copper	Cu	−2, 0,^[40] +1, +2, +3, +4 (a mildly basic oxide)	+1, +2	11	I	1, 2, 3, 4
30	zinc	Zn	−2, 0, +1, +2 (an amphoteric oxide)	+2	12	II	1, 2
31	gallium	Ga	−5, −4, −3,^[41] −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3^[42] (an amphoteric oxide)	+3	13	III	1, 2, 3
32	germanium	Ge	−4, −3, −2, −1, 0,^[43] +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide)	+2, +4	14	IV	-4, -3, -2, -1, 1, 2, 3, 4
33	arsenic	As	−3, −2, −1, 0,^[44] +1,^[45] +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide)	−3, +3, +5	15	V	-3, 1, 2, 3, 4
34	selenium	Se	−2, −1, 0,^[46] +1,^[47] +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a strongly acidic oxide)	−2, +2, +4, +6	16	VI	-2, 2, 4, 6, 1
35	bromine	Br	−1, 0, +1, +2,^[48] +3, +4, +5, +7 (a strongly acidic oxide)	−1, +1, +3, +5	17	VII
36	krypton	Kr	0, +1, +2 (rarely more than 0; oxide is unknown)	0	18	0
37	rubidium	Rb	−1, +1 (a strongly basic oxide)	+1	1	I	1
38	strontium	Sr	+1,^[49] +2 (a strongly basic oxide)	+2	2	II	2
39	yttrium	Y	0,^[50] +1, +2, +3 (a weakly basic oxide)	+3	3	III	3
40	zirconium	Zr	+2,^[51] +4^[52]	+4	4	IV	4^[53]
41	niobium	Nb	−3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide)	+5	5	V	5,^[54] 2,^[54] 3,^[54] 4^[54]
42	molybdenum	Mo	−4, −2, −1, 0, +1,^{[citation needed]} +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a strongly acidic oxide)	+4, +6	6	VI	6,^[55] 0,^[55] 5,^[55] 4,^[55] 3,^[55] 2^[55]
43	technetium	Tc	−1, 0, +1,^{[citation needed]} +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (a strongly acidic oxide)	+4, +7	7	VII	4,^[56] 6,^[56] 7^[56]
44	ruthenium	Ru	−4, −2, 0, +1,^{[citation needed]} +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8 (a mildly acidic oxide)	+3, +4	8	VIII	3,^[57] 4,^[57] 1,^[57] 2,^[57] 5,^[57] 6,^[57] 7,^[57] 8^[57]
45	rhodium	Rh	−3^[58], −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7^[59] (an amphoteric oxide)	+3	9	VIII	3,^[60] 1,^[60] 2,^[60] 4,^[60] 5,^[60] 6^[60]
46	palladium	Pd	0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5^[61] (a mildly basic oxide)	0, +2, +4	10	VIII
47	silver	Ag	−2, −1, 0,^[62] +1, +2, +3 (an amphoteric oxide)	+1	11	I
48	cadmium	Cd	−2, +1, +2 (a mildly basic oxide)	+2	12	II
49	indium	In	−5, −2, −1, 0,^[63] +1, +2, +3^[64] (an amphoteric oxide)	+3	13	III
50	tin	Sn	−4, −3, −2, −1, 0,^[65] +1,^[66] +2, +3,^[67] +4 (an amphoteric oxide)	+2, +4	14	IV
51	antimony	Sb	−3, −2, −1, 0,^[68] +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (an amphoteric oxide)	+3, +5	15	V
52	tellurium	Te	−2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a mildly acidic oxide)	−2, +2, +4, +6	16	VI
53	iodine	I	−1, 0, +1, +2,^[69] +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (a strongly acidic oxide)	−1, +1, +3, +5, +7	17	VII
54	xenon	Xe	0, +2, +4, +6, +8 (rarely more than 0; a weakly acidic oxide)	0	18	0
55	caesium	Cs	−1, +1^[70] (a strongly basic oxide)	+1	1	I	1
56	barium	Ba	+1, +2 (a strongly basic oxide)	+2	2	II	2
57	lanthanum	La	0,^[50] +1,^[71] +2, +3 (a strongly basic oxide)	+3	f-block groups	-
58	cerium	Ce	+1, +2, +3, +4 (a mildly basic oxide)	+3, +4	f-block groups	-
59	praseodymium	Pr	0,^[50] +1,^[72] +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly basic oxide)	+3	f-block groups	-
60	neodymium	Nd	0,^[50] +2, +3, +4 (a mildly basic oxide)	+3	f-block groups	-
61	promethium	Pm	+2, +3 (a mildly basic oxide)	+3	f-block groups	-	2, 3
62	samarium	Sm	0,^[50] +1,^[73] +2, +3 (a mildly basic oxide)	+3	f-block groups	-
63	europium	Eu	0,^[50] +2, +3 (a mildly basic oxide)	+2, +3	f-block groups	-
64	gadolinium	Gd	0,^[50] +1, +2, +3 (a mildly basic oxide)	+3	f-block groups	-
65	terbium	Tb	0,^[50] +1,^[71] +2, +3, +4 (a weakly basic oxide)	+3	f-block groups	-
66	dysprosium	Dy	0,^[50] +1, +2, +3, +4 (a weakly basic oxide)	+3	f-block groups	-	2, 3, 4
67	holmium	Ho	0,^[50] +1, +2, +3 (a basic oxide)	+3	f-block groups	-	2, 3
68	erbium	Er	0,^[50] +1, +2, +3 (a basic oxide)	+3	f-block groups	-
69	thulium	Tm	0,^[50] +1,^[71] +2, +3 (a basic oxide)	+3	f-block groups	-
70	ytterbium	Yb	0,^[50] +1,^[71] +2, +3 (a basic oxide)	+3	f-block groups	-
71	lutetium	Lu	0,^[50] +1, +2, +3 (a weakly basic oxide)	+3	3	III	3
72	hafnium	Hf	−2, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide)	+4	4	IV	4^[74]
73	tantalum	Ta	−3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide)	+5	5	V	2,^[75] 3,^[75] 4,^[75] 5^[75]
74	tungsten	W	−4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a mildly acidic oxide)	+4, +6	6	VI	2,^[76] 3,^[76] 4,^[76] 5,^[76] 6^[76]
75	rhenium	Re	−3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (a mildly acidic oxide)	+3, +4, +7	7	VII	3,^[77] 5,^[77] 7,^[77] 1,^[77] 2,^[77] 4,^[77] 6^[77]
76	osmium	Os	−4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8 (a mildly acidic oxide)	+2, +3, +4, +8	8	VIII	4,^[78] 2,^[78] 8,^[78] 6,^[78] 3^[78]
77	iridium	Ir	−3, –2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8, +9^[79]	+1, +3, +4	9	VIII
78	platinum	Pt	−3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a mildly basic oxide)	+2, +4	10	VIII
79	gold	Au	−3, −2, −1, 0,^[80] +1, +2, +3, +5 (an amphoteric oxide)	+1, +3	11	I
80	mercury	Hg	−2 , +1, +2 (a mildly basic oxide)	+1, +2	12	II
81	thallium	Tl	−5,^[81] −2, −1, +1, +2, +3 (a mildly basic oxide)	+1, +3	13	III
82	lead	Pb	−4, −2, −1, 0,^[82] +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide)	+2, +4	14	IV
83	bismuth	Bi	−3, −2, −1, 0,^[83] +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide)	+3	15	V
84	polonium	Po	−2, +2, +4, +5,^[84] +6 (an amphoteric oxide)	−2, +2, +4	16	VI
85	astatine	At	−1, +1, +3, +5, +7^[85]	−1, +1	17	VII
86	radon	Rn	0, +2, +6	0	18	0
87	francium	Fr	+1 (expected to have a strongly basic oxide)	+1	1	I	1
88	radium	Ra	+2 (expected to have a strongly basic oxide)	+2	2	II	2
89	actinium	Ac	+3 (a strongly basic oxide)	+3	f-block groups	-	3
90	thorium	Th	−1,^[86] +1, +2, +3, +4 (a weakly basic oxide)	+4	f-block groups	-	4, 3, 2, 1
91	protactinium	Pa	+2, +3, +4, +5 (a weakly basic oxide)	+5	f-block groups	-
92	uranium	U	−1,^[86] +1, +2, +3,^[87] +4, +5, +6 (an amphoteric oxide)	+4, +6	f-block groups	-
93	neptunium	Np	+2, +3, +4,^[88] +5, +6, +7 (an amphoteric oxide)	+5	f-block groups	-
94	plutonium	Pu	+2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8 (an amphoteric oxide)	+4	f-block groups	-
95	americium	Am	+2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (an amphoteric oxide)	+3	f-block groups	-
96	curium	Cm	+3, +4, +5,^[89] +6^[90] (an amphoteric oxide)	+3	f-block groups	-
97	berkelium	Bk	+2, +3, +4, +5^[89]	+3	f-block groups	-
98	californium	Cf	+2, +3, +4, +5^[91]^[89]	+3	f-block groups	-
99	einsteinium	Es	+2, +3, +4	+3	f-block groups	-
100	fermium	Fm	+2, +3	+3	f-block groups	-
101	mendelevium	Md	+2, +3	+3	f-block groups	-
102	nobelium	No	+2, +3	+2	f-block groups	-
103	lawrencium	Lr	+3	+3	3	III
104	rutherfordium	Rf	(+2), (+3), +4^[92]^[93]^[2] (parenthesized: prediction)	(+3), +4 (parenthesized: prediction)	4	IV
105	dubnium	Db	(+3), (+4), +5^[93]^[2] (parenthesized: prediction)	+5	5	V
106	seaborgium	Sg	0, (+3), (+4), (+5), +6^[93]^[2] (parenthesized: prediction)	(+4), +6 (parenthesized: prediction)	6	VI
107	bohrium	Bh	(+3), (+4), (+5), +7^[93]^[2] (parenthesized: prediction)	(+3), (+4), (+5), +7 (parenthesized: prediction)	7	VII
108	hassium	Hs	(+2), (+3), (+4), (+6), +8^[94]^[2]^[3] (parenthesized: prediction)	(+3), (+4) (parenthesized: prediction)	8	VIII
109	meitnerium	Mt	(+1), (+3), (+4), (+6), (+8), (+9) (predicted)^[93]^[95]^[96]^[2]	(+1), (+3), (+6) (predicted)	9	VIII
110	darmstadtium	Ds	(0), (+2), (+4), (+6), (+8) (predicted)^[93]^[2]	(0), (+2), (+4) (predicted)	10	VIII
111	roentgenium	Rg	(−1), (+1), (+3), (+5), (+7) (predicted)^[93]^[2]^[97]	(+3) (predicted)	11	I
112	copernicium	Cn	0, (+1), +2, (+4), (+6) (parenthesized: prediction)^[93]^[98]^[2]^[99]	0, +2	12	II
113	nihonium	Nh	(−1), (+1), (+3), (+5) (predicted)^[93]^[2]^[100]	(+1), (+3) (predicted)	13	III
114	flerovium	Fl	(0), (+1), (+2), (+4), (+6) (predicted)^[93]^[2]^[101]	(+2) (predicted)	14	IV
115	moscovium	Mc	(+1), (+3) (predicted)^[93]^[2]	(+1), (+3) (predicted)	15	V
116	livermorium	Lv	(−2),^[102] (+2), (+4) (predicted)^[93]	(+2) (predicted)	16	VI
117	tennessine	Ts	(−1), (+1), (+3), (+5) (predicted)^[2]^[93]	(+1), (+3) (predicted)	17	VII
118	oganesson	Og	(−1),^[93] (0), (+1),^[103] (+2),^[104] (+4),^[104] (+6)^[93] (predicted)	(+2), (+4) (predicted)	18	0	-1, 0, 1, 2, 4, 6
119	ununennium	Uue	(+1), (+3), (+5) (predicted)^[93]^[105]	(+1) (predicted)	1	I
120	unbinilium	Ubn	(+1),^[106] (+2), (+4), (+6) (predicted)^[93]^[105]	(+2) (predicted)	2	II
121	unbiunium	Ubu	(+1), (+3) (predicted)^[93]^[107]	(+3) (predicted)	g-block groups	-
122	unbibium	Ubb	(+4) (predicted)^[108]	(+4) (predicted)	g-block groups	-
123	unbitrium	Ubt	(+5) (predicted)^[108]	(+5) (predicted)	g-block groups	-
124	unbiquadium	Ubq	(+6) (predicted)^[108]	(+6) (predicted)	g-block groups	-
125	unbipentium	Ubp	(+1), (+6), (+7) (predicted)^[108]	(+6), (+7) (predicted)	g-block groups	-
126	unbihexium	Ubh	(+1), (+2), (+4), (+6), (+8) (predicted)^[108]	(+4), (+6), (+8) (predicted)	g-block groups	-

^ Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science+Business Media. p. 1691. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Fricke, Burkhard (1975). "Superheavy elements: a prediction of their chemical and physical properties". Recent Impact of Physics on Inorganic Chemistry. Structure and Bonding. 21: 89–144. doi:10.1007/BFb0116498. ISBN 978-3-540-07109-9. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
^ ^a ^b Düllmann, C. E. (2008). Investigation of group 8 metallocenes @ TASCA (PDF). 7th Workshop on Recoil Separator for Superheavy Element Chemistry TASCA 08. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 April 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
^ Li(0) atoms have been observed in various small lithium-chloride clusters; see Milovanović, Milan; Veličković, Suzana; Veljkovićb, Filip; Jerosimić, Stanka (October 30, 2017). "Structure and stability of small lithium-chloride Li_nCl_m^(0,1+) (n ≥ m, n = 1–6, m = 1–3) clusters". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 19 (45): 30481–30497. doi:10.1039/C7CP04181K. PMID 29114648.
^ Be(0) has been observed; see "Beryllium(0) Complex Found". Chemistry Europe. 13 June 2016.
^ "Beryllium: Beryllium(I) Hydride compound data" (PDF). bernath.uwaterloo.ca. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
^ http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/252.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ Braunschweig, H.; Dewhurst, R. D.; Hammond, K.; Mies, J.; Radacki, K.; Vargas, A. (2012). "Ambient-Temperature Isolation of a Compound with a Boron-Boron Triple Bond". Science. 336 (6087): 1420–2. Bibcode:2012Sci...336.1420B. doi:10.1126/science.1221138. PMID 22700924. S2CID 206540959.
^ Zhang, K.Q.; Guo, B.; Braun, V.; Dulick, M.; Bernath, P.F. (1995). "Infrared Emission Spectroscopy of BF and AIF" (PDF). J. Molecular Spectroscopy. 170 (1): 82. Bibcode:1995JMoSp.170...82Z. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1995.1058.
^ Schroeder, Melanie. Eigenschaften von borreichen Boriden und Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden (PDF) (in German). p. 139.
^ "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the Electronic Transition of the Jet-Cooled CCI Free Radical" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-12-06.
^ "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the System of CP" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-12-06.
^ "Carbon: Binary compounds". Retrieved 2007-12-06.
^ Tetrazoles contain a pair of double-bonded nitrogen atoms with oxidation state 0 in the ring. A Synthesis of the parent 1H-tetrazole, CH₂N₄ (two atoms N(0)) is given in Henry, Ronald A.; Finnegan, William G. (1954). "An Improved Procedure for the Deamination of 5-Aminotetrazole". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 76 (1): 290–291. doi:10.1021/ja01630a086. ISSN 0002-7863.
^ Himmel, D.; Riedel, S. (2007). "After 20 Years, Theoretical Evidence That 'AuF₇' Is Actually AuF₅·F₂". Inorganic Chemistry. 46 (13). 5338–5342. doi:10.1021/ic700431s.
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^ A Se(0) atom has been identified using DFT in [ReOSe(2-pySe)₃]; see Cargnelutti, Roberta; Lang, Ernesto S.; Piquini, Paulo; Abram, Ulrich (2014). "Synthesis and structure of [ReOSe(2-Se-py)3]: A rhenium(V) complex with selenium(0) as a ligand". Inorganic Chemistry Communications. 45: 48–50. doi:10.1016/j.inoche.2014.04.003. ISSN 1387-7003.
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^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. doi:10.1039/CS9932200017. and Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 688 (1–2): 49–55. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028.
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^ Ellis J E. Highly Reduced Metal Carbonyl Anions: Synthesis, Characterization, and Chemical Properties. Adv. Organomet. Chem, 1990, 31: 1-51.
^ Rh(VII) is known in the RhO₃⁺ cation, see Da Silva Santos, Mayara; Stüker, Tony; Flach, Max; Ablyasova, Olesya S.; Timm, Martin; von Issendorff, Bernd; Hirsch, Konstantin; Zamudio‐Bayer, Vicente; Riedel, Sebastian; Lau, J. Tobias (2022). "The Highest Oxidation State of Rhodium: Rhodium(VII) in [RhO3]+". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61 (38): e202207688. doi:10.1002/anie.202207688. PMC 9544489. PMID 35818987.
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^ Palladium(V) has been identified in complexes with organosilicon compounds containing pentacoordinate palladium; see Shimada, Shigeru; Li, Yong-Hua; Choe, Yoong-Kee; Tanaka, Masato; Bao, Ming; Uchimaru, Tadafumi (2007). "Multinuclear palladium compounds containing palladium centers ligated by five silicon atoms". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (19): 7758–7763. doi:10.1073/pnas.0700450104. PMC 1876520. PMID 17470819.
^ Ag(0) has been observed in carbonyl complexes in low-temperature matrices: see McIntosh, D.; Ozin, G. A. (1976). "Synthesis using metal vapors. Silver carbonyls. Matrix infrared, ultraviolet-visible, and electron spin resonance spectra, structures, and bonding of silver tricarbonyl, silver dicarbonyl, silver monocarbonyl, and disilver hexacarbonyl". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98 (11): 3167–75. doi:10.1021/ja00427a018.
^ Unstable In(0) carbonyls and clusters have been detected, see [1], p. 6.
^ Guloy, A. M.; Corbett, J. D. (1996). "Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding of Two Lanthanum Indium Germanides with Novel Structures and Properties". Inorganic Chemistry. 35 (9): 2616–22. doi:10.1021/ic951378e. PMID 11666477.
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^ I(II) is known to exist in monoxide (IO); see Nikitin, I V (31 August 2008). "Halogen monoxides". Russian Chemical Reviews. 77 (8): 739–749. Bibcode:2008RuCRv..77..739N. doi:10.1070/RC2008v077n08ABEH003788. S2CID 250898175.
^ Dye, J. L. (1979). "Compounds of Alkali Metal Anions". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 18 (8): 587–598. doi:10.1002/anie.197905871.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d La(I), Pr(I), Tb(I), Tm(I), and Yb(I) have been observed in MB₈⁻ clusters; see Li, Wan-Lu; Chen, Teng-Teng; Chen, Wei-Jia; Li, Jun; Wang, Lai-Sheng (2021). "Monovalent lanthanide(I) in borozene complexes". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 6467. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26785-9. PMC 8578558. PMID 34753931.
^ Chen, Xin; et al. (2019-12-13). "Lanthanides with Unusually Low Oxidation States in the PrB^3– and PrB^4– Boride Clusters". Inorganic Chemistry. 58 (1): 411–418. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02572. PMID 30543295. S2CID 56148031.
^ SmB₆^- cluster anion has been reported and contains Sm in rare oxidation state of +1; see Paul, J. Robinson; Xinxing, Zhang; Tyrel, McQueen; Kit, H. Bowen; Anastassia, N. Alexandrova (2017). "SmB₆^– Cluster Anion: Covalency Involving f Orbitals". J. Phys. Chem. A 2017, 121, 8, 1849–1854. 121 (8): 1849–1854. doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.7b00247. PMID 28182423. S2CID 3723987..
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^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
^ ^a ^b Th(-I) and U(-I) have been detected in the gas phase as octacarbonyl anions; see Chaoxian, Chi; Sudip, Pan; Jiaye, Jin; Luyan, Meng; Mingbiao, Luo; Lili, Zhao; Mingfei, Zhou; Gernot, Frenking (2019). "Octacarbonyl Ion Complexes of Actinides [An(CO)₈]^+/− (An=Th, U) and the Role of f Orbitals in Metal–Ligand Bonding". Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany). 25 (50): 11772–11784. 25 (50): 11772–11784. doi:10.1002/chem.201902625. ISSN 0947-6539. PMC 6772027. PMID 31276242.
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[46] A Se(0) atom has been identified using DFT in [ReOSe(2-pySe)₃]; see Cargnelutti, Roberta; Lang, Ernesto S.; Piquini, Paulo; Abram, Ulrich (2014). "Synthesis and structure of [ReOSe(2-Se-py)3]: A rhenium(V) complex with selenium(0) as a ligand". Inorganic Chemistry Communications. 45: 48–50. doi:10.1016/j.inoche.2014.04.003. ISSN 1387-7003.

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[63] Unstable In(0) carbonyls and clusters have been detected, see [1], p. 6.

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[Thayer_p78-84] Thayer, John S. (2010). "Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements". Relativistic Methods for Chemists. Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics. 10: 78. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2. ISBN 978-1-4020-9974-8.

[85] Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.

[Th(-1),_U(-1)-86] Th(-I) and U(-I) have been detected in the gas phase as octacarbonyl anions; see Chaoxian, Chi; Sudip, Pan; Jiaye, Jin; Luyan, Meng; Mingbiao, Luo; Lili, Zhao; Mingfei, Zhou; Gernot, Frenking (2019). "Octacarbonyl Ion Complexes of Actinides [An(CO)₈]^+/− (An=Th, U) and the Role of f Orbitals in Metal–Ligand Bonding". Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany). 25 (50): 11772–11784. 25 (50): 11772–11784. doi:10.1002/chem.201902625. ISSN 0947-6539. PMC 6772027. PMID 31276242.

[87] Morss, L.R.; Edelstein, N.M.; Fuger, J., eds. (2006). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Netherlands: Springer. ISBN 978-9048131464.

[Dutkiewicz2017-88] Np(II), (III) and (IV) have been observed, see Dutkiewicz, Michał S.; Apostolidis, Christos; Walter, Olaf; Arnold, Polly L (2017). "Reduction chemistry of neptunium cyclopentadienide complexes: from structure to understanding". Chem. Sci. 8 (4): 2553–2561. doi:10.1039/C7SC00034K. PMC 5431675. PMID 28553487.

[Kovács2018-89] Kovács, Attila; Dau, Phuong D.; Marçalo, Joaquim; Gibson, John K. (2018). "Pentavalent Curium, Berkelium, and Californium in Nitrate Complexes: Extending Actinide Chemistry and Oxidation States". Inorg. Chem. 57 (15). American Chemical Society: 9453–9467. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01450. OSTI 1631597. PMID 30040397. S2CID 51717837.

[CmO3-90] Domanov, V. P.; Lobanov, Yu. V. (October 2011). "Formation of volatile curium(VI) trioxide CmO₃". Radiochemistry. 53 (5). SP MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica: 453–6. doi:10.1134/S1066362211050018. S2CID 98052484.

[91] Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 1265. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.

[rsc-Rf-92] "Rutherfordium". Royal Chemical Society. Retrieved 2019-09-21.

[Haire-93] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5.

[94] Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science+Business Media. p. 1691. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5.

[MtX4-95] Ionova, G. V.; Ionova, I. S.; Mikhalko, V. K.; Gerasimova, G. A.; Kostrubov, Yu. N.; Suraeva, N. I. (2004). "Halides of Tetravalent Transactinides (Rf, Db, Sg, Bh, Hs, Mt, 110th Element): Physicochemical Properties". Russian Journal of Coordination Chemistry. 30 (5): 352. doi:10.1023/B:RUCO.0000026006.39497.82. S2CID 96127012.

[Mt(IX)-96] Himmel, Daniel; Knapp, Carsten; Patzschke, Michael; Riedel, Sebastian (2010). "How Far Can We Go? Quantum-Chemical Investigations of Oxidation State +IX". ChemPhysChem. 11 (4): 865–9. doi:10.1002/cphc.200900910. PMID 20127784.

[hepta-97] Conradie, Jeanet; Ghosh, Abhik (15 June 2019). "Theoretical Search for the Highest Valence States of the Coinage Metals: Roentgenium Heptafluoride May Exist". Inorganic Chemistry. 2019 (58): 8735–8738. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01139. PMID 31203606. S2CID 189944098.

[superheavy_chemistry-98] Gäggeler, Heinz W.; Türler, Andreas (2013). "Gas Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements". The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements. Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 415–483. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-37466-1_8. ISBN 978-3-642-37465-4. Retrieved 2018-04-21.

[VI-99] Hu, Shu-Xian; Zou, Wenli (23 September 2021). "Stable copernicium hexafluoride (CnF₆) with an oxidation state of VI+". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2022 (24): 321–325. doi:10.1039/D1CP04360A. PMID 34889909.

[Thayer_pp63-67-100] Thayer, John S. (2010). "Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements". In Barysz, Maria; Ishikawa, Yasuyuki (eds.). Relativistic Methods for Chemists. Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics. Vol. 10. Springer. pp. 63–67. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2. ISBN 978-1-4020-9974-8.

[Schwerdtfeger-101] Schwerdtfeger, Peter; Seth, Michael (2002). "Relativistic Quantum Chemistry of the Superheavy Elements. Closed-Shell Element 114 as a Case Study" (PDF). Journal of Nuclear and Radiochemical Sciences. 3 (1): 133–136. doi:10.14494/jnrs2000.3.133. Retrieved 12 September 2014.

[Thayer_p83-102] Thayer, John S. (2010). "Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements". Relativistic Methods for Chemists. Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics. 10: 83. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2. ISBN 978-1-4020-9974-8.

[hydride-103] Han, Young-Kyu; Bae, Cheolbeom; Son, Sang-Kil; Lee, Yoon Sup (2000). "Spin–orbit effects on the transactinide p-block element monohydrides MH (M=element 113–118)". Journal of Chemical Physics. 112 (6): 2684. Bibcode:2000JChPh.112.2684H. doi:10.1063/1.480842.

[Kaldor-104] Kaldor, Uzi; Wilson, Stephen (2003). Theoretical Chemistry and Physics of Heavy and Superheavy Elements. Springer. p. 105. ISBN 978-1402013713. Retrieved 2008-01-18.

[Cao-105] Cao, Chang-Su; Hu, Han-Shi; Schwarz, W. H. Eugen; Li, Jun (2022). "Periodic Law of Chemistry Overturns for Superheavy Elements". ChemRxiv (preprint). doi:10.26434/chemrxiv-2022-l798p. Retrieved 16 November 2022.

[Thayer-106] Thayer, John S. (2010). "Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements". Relativistic Methods for Chemists. Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics. 10: 84. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2. ISBN 978-1-4020-9974-8.

[Amador-107] Amador, Davi H. T.; de Oliveira, Heibbe C. B.; Sambrano, Julio R.; Gargano, Ricardo; de Macedo, Luiz Guilherme M. (12 September 2016). "4-Component correlated all-electron study on Eka-actinium Fluoride (E121F) including Gaunt interaction: Accurate analytical form, bonding and influence on rovibrational spectra". Chemical Physics Letters. 662: 169–175. Bibcode:2016CPL...662..169A. doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2016.09.025. hdl:11449/168956.

[Pyykkö2011-108] Pyykkö, Pekka (2011). "A suggested periodic table up to Z ≤ 172, based on Dirac–Fock calculations on atoms and ions". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 13 (1): 161–8. Bibcode:2011PCCP...13..161P. doi:10.1039/c0cp01575j. PMID 20967377.

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v t e Chemical element data sets
ID	{{Infobox element/symbol-to-name}} · ID overview {{Infobox element/symbol-to-Z}} {{Infobox element/Z-to-symbol}} {{Infobox element/symbol-to-QID}} {{Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol}} (symbol self-check, formatting)
Periodic table	{{Infobox element/symbol-to-group}} 1–18 · overview {{Infobox element/symbol-to-period}} ① –⑧ · overview {{Infobox element/symbol-to-block}} s-p-d-f-g {{Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol-NESW}} (neighbours in the PT)
Properties (overview)	{{Infobox element/symbol-to-metal-moid-nonmetal}} {{Infobox element/symbol-to-occurrence}} {{Infobox element/symbol-to-phase}} (state of matter) {{Infobox element/symbol-to-allotropes}} IB · overview {{Infobox element/symbol-to-electron-configuration}} (overview) {{Infobox element/symbol-to-term-symbol}} · (overview) {{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state}} {{Infobox element/symbol-to-valence-group}}
Etymology	{{Infobox element/symbol-to-symbol-etymology}} (11x, non-trivial, overview)
enwiki	{{Infobox element/symbol-to-pagename}} {{Infobox element/symbol-to-shyphen-name}} {{Infobox element/symbol-to-pronunciation}} · overview {{Infobox element/symbol-to-article-quality}} (not in mainspace) {{Infobox element/symbol-to-odd-even}} (Z; to alternate table background)
Images	{{Infobox element/symbol-to-top-image}}, {{caption}}, {{alt text}} {{Infobox element/symbol-to-spectral-lines-image}} {{Infobox element/symbol-to-zh}} (not mainspace) · ID overview {{Infobox element/symbol-to-pymol-color}} · {{PyMOL color}} (not in mainspace)
Isotopes	{{saw}} (overview, WD:s.a.w. comparing enwiki-wikidata) {{Infobox element/symbol-to-saw/year-changed}} {{Infobox element/symbol-to-most-stable-isotope}} (when not stable only)
Wikidata	{{Infobox element/symbol-to-electron-configuration}} (overview) [WD:electron configuration (P8000)] {{Infobox element/symbol-to-term-symbol}} · (Overview) {{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state}} [WD:oxidation state (P1121)] {{Infobox element/symbol-to-saw}} standard atomic weight (overview; s.a.w. comparing enwiki-wikidata) [WD:mass (P2067)] {{IDs}} · {{Pronunciation}} [WD:Unicode character (P487)] {{elconfig}} [WD:electron configuration (P8000)] {{Infobox element/symbol-to-zh}} · (ID overview) [WD:Unicode character (P487)] — not in mainspace
Overviews	{{IDs}} · {{Pronunciation}} {{Properties}} {{elconfig}} s.a.w. overview · (s.a.w. compare enwiki–wikidata) period 8 overview (E119; theoretical element pages) {{List of oxidation states of the elements}} Infobox formatting overview: group, period, block
Data hardcoded (not using these datalists)	{{element cell}} etc., in articles: element cell articles, cell-linked, cell-large, cell-property articles: {{List of elements}} infobox references: List of References (like m.p., b.p.)
nav	{{Infobox element/symbol-to--overview1}}
Category:Infobox element data sets (46) (overviews) · Category:Infobox element templates by element (124) · All ../symbol-to-... pages · All ../IB elem/... subpages meta templates: {{Infobox element}} · {{Infobox isotopes (meta)}}

Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state

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