The Supreme Patriarch of Cambodia (Khmer: សម្ដេចព្រះសង្ឃរាជ; Pali: Sangharāja, Burmese: သာသနာပိုင်ဆရာတော်ဘုရားကြီး) is the de facto leader of Buddhism in Cambodia.
| Supreme Patriarch of the Kingdom of Cambodia | |
|---|---|
| សម្ដេចព្រះសង្ឃរាជនៃព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា | |
Incumbent since 26 February 2024Vacant | |
| Style | His Holiness |
| Appointer | King of Cambodia |
| Term length | Lifetime |
Titles
editThe titles for the Cambodian Supreme Patriarchs are derived from Pali. The full official title of the Supreme Patriarch of the Maha Nikaya is Samdech Preah Sumedhādhipati (Khmer: សម្តេច ព្រះ សុមេធាធិបតី); sumedhādhipati means 'wise lord'. In letters with King-Father Norodom Sihanouk, the following title is used for the Great Supreme Patriarch Tep Vong: Samdech Preah Agga Mahā Sangharājādhipati (Khmer: សម្តេច ព្រះ អគ្គមហាសង្ឃរាជាធិបតី); which is translated as 'foremost great supreme patriarch leader'.[1]
The full official title of the Supreme Patriarch of the Dhammayuttika Nikaya is Samdech Preah Aphiserei Sukonthea Mohasangreacheathipadei (Abhisirī Sugandhā Mahāsangharājādhipati) (Khmer: សម្តេច ព្រះ អភិសិរី សុគន្ធា មហាសង្ឃរាជាធិបតី). This title means 'Of Higher Merit and Pure Virtue, Great Supreme Patriarch Leader'. In letters with King-Father Sihanouk, an abbreviated title is used in the valediction: Samdech Preah Sangreach (Khmer: សម្តេច ព្រះ សង្ឃរាជ).'[1]
History
editBetween 1855 and 1981, there were two Supreme Patriarchs in the Kingdom of Cambodia: one for the Cambodian branch of the Thai Dhammayuttika Nikaya order, and one for the Maha Nikaya. In 1981, under the supervision of the Vietnamese-backed People's Republic of Kampuchea, Venerable Tep Vong was elected Supreme Patriarch of a new, unified sangha modelled on the Vietnamese Theravada Buddhist Sangha Congregation.[2]
After the signing of the Paris Peace Accords in 1991, King Norodom Sihanouk appointed Venerable Bour Kry as Supreme Patriarch of Dhammayuttika Nikaya.[3] Today, the two orders are each headed by their own patriarch, unlike in Thailand where only one Supreme Patriarch heads both orders. The Constitution of Cambodia provides a seat on the Royal Council of the Throne to both Supreme Patriarchs, thus giving each a say in the selection of the Cambodian sovereign.
In 2006, Tep Vong was elevated to the status of Great Supreme Patriarch,[4] while Venerable Non Nget was subsequently elevated to Supreme Patriarch of the Maha Nikaya. Tep Vong is the first monk in 150 years to bear the title of Great Supreme Patriarch.[4]
Lists of Cambodian patriarchs
editSupreme Patriarch of Maha Nikaya
edit| # | Portrait | Secular name | Dharma name | Titles | Birth & Death (Common Era) |
Tenure (Common Era) |
Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  |
Nil Teang និល ទៀង |
Suvaṇṇakesaro សុវណ្ណកេសរោ |
Samdech Preah Maha Sangharāja សម្តេចព្រះមហាសង្ឃរាជ |
1823-1913 | 1859-1913 | ||
| 2 | Keh Ouk កែ អ៊ុក |
Indatthero ឥន្ទត្ថេរោ |
Samdech Preah Dhammalikhita សម្ដេចព្រះធម្មលិខិត |
1851-1936 | 1914–1930 | [5] | ||
| 3 | .png) |
Prak Hin ប្រាក់ ហ៊ិន |
Sudhammatthero សុធម្មត្ថេរោ |
Samdech Preah Maha Sumedhādhipatī សម្តេចព្រះមហាសុមេធាធិបតី |
1863-1947 | 1930-1947 | [6] | |
| 4 |  |
Chuon Nath ជួន ណាត |
Jotañāṇo ជោតញ្ញាណោ |
Samdech Preah Maha Sumedhādhipatī សម្តេចព្រះមហាសុមេធាធិបតី |
1883-1969 | 1948–1969 | [7] | |
| 5 | .jpg) |
Huot Tat ហួត តាត |
Vajirapañño វជិរបញ្ញោ |
Samdech Preah Maha Sumedhādhipatī សម្តេចព្រះមហាសុមេធាធិបតី |
1892-1975 | 1969–1975[7] | Died from Khmer Rouge execution at the Prang pagoda in Oudong district.[8] | |
| communist regimes | 1975-1991 | |||||||
| 6 |  |
Tep Vong ទេព វង្ស |
Upekkhasambojjhamgiko ឧបេក្ខាសម្ពោជ្ឈង្គិកោ[9] |
Samdech Preah Maha Sumedhādhipatī សម្តេចព្រះមហាសុមេធាធិបតី |
1932–2024 | 1991–2006 | Elevated to the status of Great Supreme Patriarch of Cambodia. | |
| 7 | Non Nget នន្ទ ង៉ែត |
Passaddhisambojjhaṃgo បស្សទ្ធិសម្ពោជ្ឈង្គោ |
Samdech Preah Maha Sumedhādhipatī សម្តេចព្រះមហាសុមេធាធិបតី |
1922–present | 2006–present |
Supreme Patriarch of Dhammayuttika Nikaya
edit| # | Portrait | Secular name | Dharma name | Titles | Birth & Death (Common Era) |
Tenure (Buddhist Era) |
Tenure (Common Era) |
Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  |
Saukonn Pan ប៉ាន |
Paññāsīlo បញ្ញាសីលោ |
Samdech Preah Sugandhādhipatī សម្តេចព្រះសុគន្ធាធិបតី |
1826-1893 | 1855–1893 | [10][11] | |
| 2 | Eam អៀម |
Bhaddagū ភទ្ទគូ |
Samdech Preah Mangaladebācārya សម្តេចព្រះមង្គលទេពាចារ្យ |
1849-1922 | 1893-1922 | [12] | ||
| 3 | Souk ស៊ុក |
Paññādīpo បញ្ញាទីបោ |
Samdech Preah Mangaladebācārya សម្តេចព្រះមង្គលទេពាចារ្យ |
1861-1943 | 1923-1943 | [12] | ||
| 4 | Oung Srei អ៊ុង ស្រី |
Buddhanāgo ពុទ្ធនាគោ |
Samdech Preah Sudhammādhipatī សម្តេចព្រះសុធម្មាធិបតី |
1870-1956 | 1943-1956 | [12] | ||
| 5 | Phul Tes ភុល ទេស |
Indañāṇo ឥន្ទញាណោ |
Samdech Preah Sudhammādhipatī សម្តេចព្រះសុធម្មាធិបតី |
1891-1966 | 1956-1966 | [12] | ||
| 6 | Tep Leung ទេព លឿង |
Gandharo គន្ធរោ |
Samdech Preah Sudhammādhipatī សម្តេចព្រះសុធម្មាធិបតី |
1883-1975 | 1966-1975 | Died just two days before the fall of Phnom Penh by Khmer Rouge.[12][13] | ||
| 7 | He Chea ហ៊ី ជា |
Samdech Preah Sangharāja សម្តេចព្រះសង្ឃរាជ |
?-1975 | 1975 (less than one week) | Acting Supreme Patriarch of Dhammayutika Nikaya[12] | |||
| 8 |  |
Bour Kry បួរ គ្រី |
Candagiriko ចន្ទតិរិកោ |
Samdech Preah Abhisirī Sugandhā Mahāsangharājādhipati សម្តេចព្រះអភិសិរីសុគន្ធា មហាសង្ឃរាជាធិបតី |
1945–present | 1991–present | Hold the title of "Samdech Preah Sugandhadhipati" from 1991. Elevated to current title in 2007. |
Head of the Unified Sangha of Cambodia
edit| # | Portrait | Secular name | Dharma name | Order | Birth & Death (Common Era) |
Tenure (Buddhist Era) |
Tenure (Common Era) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | |
Tep Vong ទេព វង្ស |
Upekkhasambojjhamgiko ឧបេក្ខាសម្ពោជ្ឈង្គិកោ |
Maha Nikaya | 1932–2024 | 1981–1991 |
Supreme Patriarch of Cambodia in exile
edit| # | Portrait | Secular name | Dharma name | Order | Birth & Death (Common Era) |
Tenure (Buddhist Era) |
Tenure (Common Era) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  |
Va Yav | Ghosananda ឃោសានន្ទ |
Maha Nikaya | 1913-2007 | 1988–2007 |
Note: In 1988, Maha Ghosananda was elected Supreme Patriarch by a group of exiled monks in Paris. During this same period, Tep Vong held the same office in the unified Cambodian sangha. After 1991, Tep Vong was recognized as head of the Maha Nikaya in Cambodia.[14]
Great Supreme Patriarch of Cambodia
edit| # | Portrait | Secular name | Dharma name | Titles | Order | Birth & Death (Common Era) |
Tenure (Buddhist Era) |
Tenure (Common Era) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | |
Tep Vong ទេព វង្ស |
Upekkhasambojjhamgiko ឧបេក្ខាសម្ពោជ្ឈង្គិកោ |
Samdech Preah Agga Mahā Sangharājādhipati សម្តេចព្រះអគ្គមហាសង្ឃរាជាធិបតី |
Maha Nikaya | 1932–2024 | 2006–2024 |
Notes
edit- ^ a b Website of Norodom Sihanouk
- ^ (Harris 2001, p. 75)
- ^ (Harris 2001, p. 77)
- ^ a b Cambodia Daily article on KI Media
- ^ វត្តខេមររតនារាម. "សម្តេចសង្ឃ កែ អ៊ុក". watkhmers.org. Retrieved 2019-10-07.
- ^ វត្តខេមររតនារាម. "សម្តេចសង្ឃ ប្រាក់ ហ៊ិន". watkhmers.org. Retrieved 2019-10-07.
- ^ a b (Harris 2001, p. 78)
- ^ Pot, Pol; Sary, Ieng; révolutionnaire, Cambodia Tribunal populaire (2000-04-04). Genocide in Cambodia: Documents from the Trial of Pol Pot and Ieng Sary. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 361. ISBN 9780812235395.
- ^ ""สมเด็จพระสังฆราช" แห่งกัมพูชา สิ้นพระชนม์ สิริพระชนมายุ 92 ปี". 27 February 2024.
- ^ (Harris 2001, p. 83)
- ^ បាភ្នំស្រុកកំណើតខ្. "ព្រះរាជជីវប្រវត្តិសង្ខេបរបស់សម្តេចព្រះសុគន្ធាសង្ឃរាជាធិបតី សម្តេចព្រះសង្ឃរាជទី១ នៃគណៈធម្មយុត្តិកនិកាយ នៃព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា". baphnommyhomeland.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2019-10-07.
- ^ a b c d e f ហោត្រៃ. "ប្រវត្តិ វត្តបទុមវតីរាជវរាម". haotrai.com. Retrieved 2019-10-07.
- ^ ៥០០០ឆ្នាំ. "សម្ដេចព្រះសុធម្មាធិបតី គណៈធម្មយុត្តិកនិកាយ គន្ធរោ ទេព លឿង". 5000-years.org. Retrieved 2019-10-07.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ (Harris 2001, p. 70)
References
edit- Harris, Ian C. (August 2001), "Sangha Groupings in Cambodia", Buddhist Studies Review, 18 (I), UK Association for Buddhist Studies: 65–72, doi:10.1558/bsrv.v18i1.14469, S2CID 247890925
- Harris, Ian C. (2005), Cambodian Buddhism: History and Practice, Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai`i Press
- Keyes, Charles F. (1994), "Communist Revolution and the Buddhist Past in Cambodia", Asian Visions of Authority: Religion and the Modern States of East and Southeast Asia, Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai`i Press, pp. 43–73
- Duangloi, Rapin, Phra (2002), A study on the status of the Cambodia Sangha, 1975-1989 (PDF), Bangkok: Graduate School, Srinakharinwirot University
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
External links
edit- A website with information about each Supreme Patriarch