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Siamese–Vietnamese wars

The Siamese–Vietnamese wars were a series of armed conflicts between the Siamese Ayutthaya Kingdom and Rattanakosin Kingdom and the various dynasties of Vietnam mainly during the 18th and 19th centuries. Several of the wars took place in modern-day Cambodia.

The political, dynastic, and military decline of the Khmer Empire after the 15th century, known as the Post-Angkor Period, left a power vacuum in the Mekong floodplains of central Indochina. United under strong dynastic rule, both Siam to the west and Vietnam to the east sought to achieve hegemony in the lowland region and the Lao mountains. The Siamese introduced — and Vietnam soon followed — the hostage system for Cambodian royals, who were relocated to their courts, actively undermining royal affairs and shaping future Cambodian policies.[a] Eventually, territory was annexed by both powers, who conceived, maintained and supported their favorable Cambodian puppet kings. Actual combat mainly took place on Cambodian territory or on occupied lands. The 19th-century establishment of French Indochina put an end to Vietnamese sovereignty and to Siamese policies of regional expansion. Subsequent clashes of the two countries were not caused by regional rivalry, but must be viewed in the context of the 20th-century imperial policies of foreign great powers and the Cold War.[2][3][b]

Prelude

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The roots of the conflict started at the beginning of the 14th century, when Tai people busily expanded their states and came to clash with established Vietnamese state in the east. During the latter centuries, as the Vietnamese expanding southward to the lower Mekong, they came to conflict with Cambodia and the Siamese state.[5]

List of Siamese-Vietnamese wars

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No. Name Results Notes
1 Sukhothai-Vietnamese War (1313)[6] Vietnamese victory The Kingdom of Sukhothai attacked Kingdom of Champa, a vassal state of kingdom of Đại Việt from the mountains but was repulsed.
2 Siamese–Vietnamese War (1717)[7][8] Siamese victory Two large Siamese forces invade Cambodia in an effort to help Prea Srey Thomea regain the throne. One Siamese army is badly beaten by the Cambodians and their Vietnamese allies at the Battle of Bantea Meas. The Second Siamese army captures the Cambodian capital of Udong where the Vietnamese supported Cambodian king switches allegiance to Siam. Vietnam loses the suzerainty of Cambodia but annexes several border provinces of Cambodia.
3 Siamese–Vietnamese War (1771–1773)[2][7] Inconclusive In 1769, King Taksin of Siam invaded and occupied portions of Cambodia. The following year a proxy war between Vietnam and Siam erupted in Cambodia when the Nguyễn Lords responded by attacking Siamese cities. At the outset of the war, Taksin advanced through Cambodia and placed Ang Non II on the Cambodian throne. The Vietnamese responded by recapturing the Cambodian capital and installing Outey II as their preferred monarch. In 1773, the Vietnamese made peace with the Siamese in order to deal with the Tây Sơn rebellion, which was a result of the war with Siam. Two years later Ang Non II was proclaimed the ruler of Cambodia.
4 Siamese–Vietnamese War (1785)[9] Vietnamese victory First Siamese invasion of Southern Vietnam
Decisive victory of the Tây Sơn force
5 Cambodian rebellion (1811–12) Vietnamese victory Vietnamese forces restore Ang Chan to the Cambodian throne
6 Vietnamese intervention in Lao rebellion (1826–1828)[10] Siamese victory Vietnamese supported Anouvong to revolt against Siam but failed
7 Lê Văn Khôi revolt (1833–1835)[11] and Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834) Vietnamese victory Second Siamese invasion of Southern Vietnam
Siam supports the revolt. Vietnamese defensive victory, invasion of Cambodia
8 Cambodian rebellion (1840) Cambodian-Siamese victory Siamese-Vietnamese jointly installed Ang Duong on the Cambodian throne
9 Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845)[3] Draw Siamese and Vietnamese incursions in Cambodia
Cambodia becomes vassals of both Siam and Vietnam
10 Franco-Siamese conflict of 1893 (Vietnam as part of French Indochina) French-Vietnamese victory French invasion of Laos
Laos becomes part of French Indochina
11 Franco-Thai War (1940–41)(Vietnam as part of French Indochina) Indecisive Thai invasion of French Indochina
Disputed territories given to Thailand by Japan
12 Thai intervention to Vietnam North Vietnamese victory Thai involvement as part of the allies
Fall of Saigon
13 Vietnamese border raids in Thailand Status quo ante bellum Withdrawal of Vietnamese troops from the border in 1989

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ At the time of the invasion one group of the royal family, the reigning king and two or more princes, escaped and eventually found refuge in Laos, while another group, the king's brother and his sons, were taken as hostages to Ayutthaya.[1]
  2. ^ Laos and Cambodia had been Siamese vassal states since Ayudhya times.[4]

Citations

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  1. ^ Vickery.
  2. ^ a b Kohn, p. 447.
  3. ^ a b Schliesinger, p. 106.
  4. ^ Franco-Siamese War 1893.
  5. ^ Zottoli, p. 80.
  6. ^ Taylor, p. 144
  7. ^ a b Tucker, p. 13.
  8. ^ Tucker (2009), p. 722.
  9. ^ Ku Boon Dar.
  10. ^ Wyatt, pp. 13Khmer–Vietnamese war (1123–1150)32.
  11. ^ Gilley, p. 517.

References

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  • "Franco-Siamese War 1893". GlobalSecurity. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
  • Gilley, Sheridan; Young, Frances Margaret; Stanley, Brian (2006). The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 8, World Christianities C.1815-c.1914. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81456-0.
  • Kohn, George Childs (1999). Dictionary of Wars (Revised ed.). New York: Facts On File, Inc. ISBN 0-8160-3928-3.
  • Ku Boon Dar. "Tay Son Uprising (1771-1802) In Vietnam: Mandated By Heaven?". Research Gate. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  • Nguyen, The Thuan (June 5, 2013). "The Biggest War Between Southeast Asian Countries – War of Dai Viet-Lan Dang (1467–1480)". Late Afternoon. Nguyen The Thuan. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
  • Schliesinger, Joachim (January 2017). The Chong People: A Pearic-Speaking Group of Southeastern Thailand and Their Kin in the Region. Booksmango. ISBN 978-1-63323-988-3.
  • K. W. Taylor (2013). A history of the Vietnamese. Cambridge University Press.
  • Tucker, Spencer C. (1999). Vietnam. University Press of Kentucky. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-8131-2858-0.
  • Tucker, Spencer C. (2009). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781851096725.
  • Vickery, Michael (1996). "Mak Phœun: Histoire du Cambodge de la fin du XVIe au début du XVIIIe siècle" (PDF). Persee. Michael Vickery. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
  • Wyatt, David K. (1963). "Siam and Laos, 1767–1827". Journal of Southeast Asian History. 4 (2). Jstor: 13–32. doi:10.1017/S0217781100002787. JSTOR 20067439.
  • Zottoli, Brian A. "Reconceptualizing Southern Vietnamese History from the 15th to 18th Centuries: Competition along the Coasts from Guangdong to Cambodia" (PDF). University of Michigan. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
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