San Bruno pipeline explosion

The San Bruno pipeline explosion occurred at 6:11 pm PDT on September 9, 2010, in San Bruno, California, when a 30-inch (76 cm) diameter steel natural gas pipeline owned by Pacific Gas & Electric exploded into flames in the Crestmoor residential neighborhood 2 miles (3.2 km) west of San Francisco International Airport[4] near Skyline Boulevard and San Bruno Avenue.[5] The loud roar and shaking led some residents of the area, first responders, and news media to initially believe that it was an earthquake or that a large airplane had crashed. It took crews nearly an hour to determine it was a gas pipeline explosion.[6] As of September 29, 2010, the death toll was eight people.[7] The United States Geological Survey registered the explosion and resulting shock wave as a magnitude 1.1 earthquake.[8][9] Eyewitnesses reported the initial blast "shot a fireball more than 1,000 feet (300 m) in the air".[10][11][12][13]

San Bruno pipeline explosion
Remains of a portion of the natural gas pipeline after the explosion
DateSeptember 9, 2010 (2010-09-09)
Time18:11 UTC-7
LocationSan Bruno, California
United States
Coordinates37°37′21″N 122°26′31″W / 37.62250°N 122.44194°W / 37.62250; -122.44194
Casualties
Fatalities: 8[1][2]
Injured: 58[3]

Explosion and fire

edit

At 6:11 pm PDT on September 9, 2010, a huge explosion occurred in the Crestmoor residential neighborhood of San Bruno, near Skyline Boulevard and San Bruno Avenue.[8] This caused a fire, which quickly engulfed nearby houses. Emergency responders from San Bruno and nearby cities soon arrived at the scene and evacuated surrounding neighborhoods. Strong winds fanned the flames, hampering fire fighting efforts.[14] The blaze was fed by a ruptured gas pipe, and large clouds of smoke soared into the sky. It took 60 to 90 minutes to shut off the gas after the explosion, according to San Bruno Fire Chief Dennis Haag.[15] The explosion and resulting fire leveled either 35 or 37 houses and damaged at least 8 more,[15] according to conflicting sources. Three of the damaged houses, deemed uninhabitable, were torn down the following December.[16] About 200 firefighters battled the eight alarm fire that resulted from the explosions.[17][18] The explosion excavated an asymmetric crater 167 feet (51 m) long, 26 feet (7.9 m) wide[19] and 40 feet (12 m) deep along the sidewalk of Glenview Drive in front of 1701 Earl Avenue (a corner house), but many of the destroyed homes were eastward in the 1600 block of Claremont Drive.[15]

The neighborhood continued to burn into the night even after the exploding gas main had been shut off

The fire continued to burn for several hours after the initial explosion. The explosion compromised a water main and required firefighters to truck in water from outside sources. Firefighters were assisted by residents who dragged fire hoses nearly 4,000 feet (1,200 m) to working hydrants.[20] Ordinary citizens drove injured people and burn victims to the hospital. Mutual aid responded from all over the Bay Area, including the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection who sent 25 fire engines, four airtankers, two air attack planes, and one helicopter.[21] The fire was only fifty percent contained by 10 pm PDT and continued to burn until about 11:40 am PDT the next day.[22][23]

As of September 29, 2010, the death toll was eight people.[7] Among the eight deaths was 20-year-old Jessica Morales, who was with her boyfriend, Joseph Ruigomez, at the epicenter of the fire (his home) on the corner of Earl Ave. Despite his proximity to the epicenter of the fire, Ruigomez survived but spent nearly five months recovering in the Saint Francis Memorial Hospital Burn Center. Two other people at the Claremont address close to the explosion were among those killed: Jacqueline Greig, 44, and her daughter Janessa Greig, 13. Greig worked for the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC), in a small unit that advocates for consumer rights pertaining to natural gas regulations. She had spent part of the summer evaluating PG&E's expansion plans and investment proposals to replace out-of-date pipelines.[24][25] Also killed in the blast were Elizabeth Torres, 81,[26] Lavonne Bullis, 82, Greg Bullis, 50, and Will Bullis, 17.[27]

Response

edit

San Bruno

edit

A Red Cross shelter was set up at the Veterans Memorial Recreation Center in San Bruno,[28] and the Blood Centers of the Pacific issued an emergency appeal for blood donations.[29] Some people were evacuated to Tanforan and Bayhill Shopping Centers.[30][31] All elementary schools in the San Bruno Park Elementary School District, as well as Parkside Junior High, were closed on September 10. However, Capuchino High School remained open.[32] Some residents who were evacuated from their homes were allowed to return to those undamaged on Sunday, September 12.[33]

Pacific Gas and Electric Company

edit

The Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) is the owner of the pipeline. On September 10, 2010, PG&E's president, Christopher Johns, said the company was not able to approach the source of the explosion to investigate the cause.[34] An official press release issued by PG&E on September 10 reported the pipe was a 30-inch (76 cm) steel transmission line.[35] Shares of PG&E stock fell eight percent on the Friday after the explosion,[36] reducing the company's market capitalization by $1.57 billion.[36]

PG&E also reduced their operating pressures by 20 percent after investigations revealed the pipeline may have been improperly installed.[37]

After the San Bruno pipeline failure, PG&E was required to re-evaluate how it determines the maximum operating pressure for some 1,800 miles of pipeline throughout its system. Specifically, the CPUC asked PG&E officials to show their lines had been tested or examined in a way that could prove the pipeline can withstand the current maximum operating pressure. At the March 15, 2011 deadline for this report, PG&E was unable to provide documentation for details of some of its gas transmission pipelines.[38]

In response to the disaster and a subsequent decision (D.11-06-017) by the CPUC, PG&E unveiled a plan in August 2011 to modernize and enhance safety of its gas transmission operations over several years, including automation of over 200 valves, strength-testing over 700 miles (1,100 km) of pipe, replacing 185 miles (298 km), and upgrading another 200 miles (320 km) or so to allow in-line inspection.[39] The plan was divided into two phases. The first phase, scheduled to end in 2014, targeted pipeline segments in urban areas, those not built to modern standards, and those that had not been strength-tested. Project funding of $769 million was the subject of a PG&E application (R.11-02-019) for a three-year increase in gas rates starting January 2012.[40]

On November 6, 2011, an explosion occurred near Woodside, California during strength testing of PG&E pipelines. The explosion caused a mudslide in the area; however, no casualties were reported.[41]

California state government

edit

Lieutenant Governor Abel Maldonado made a state of emergency declaration and signed an executive order to provide aid to victims.[18] State regulators ordered PG&E to survey all natural gas lines the company controls in California.[42] Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger visited the site several days later, after returning from a trade mission in Asia.[43]

Federal government

edit

U.S. Rep. Jackie Speier called the devastation "a very serious crisis" and was asking Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to declare it a national disaster area.[18]

Use of technology

edit

The San Bruno explosion was notable for the fact that local technology companies such as Cisco Systems and Google dispatched their emergency response teams to provide emergency communications and enhanced mapping information at the request of responders at the scene. Coordinated through the nonprofit InSTEDD (Innovative Support to Emergencies, Diseases, and Disasters), with support from the Carnegie Mellon University Disaster Management Initiative, a number of unaffiliated technology volunteers were requested to support many of the GIS (Geographic Information Systems) response efforts, coordinated through the Planning Section Chief.[44]

Investigation

edit

San Bruno Police declared the area a crime scene to determine if foul play was involved.[18][needs update] The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) began an investigation into the cause of the explosion.[45] During the days prior to the explosion, some residents reported smelling natural gas in the area.[34][46] A source within PG&E reported a break in natural gas line number 132 caused the explosion. At the time of the explosion, the pressure within that part of the pipeline was 386–386.4 psi (2.661–2.664 MPa). Although this was 11 psi (0.076 MPa) greater than PG&E's maximum rated operating pressure for that section of the pipeline, it was still 14 psi (0.097 MPa) below PG&E's specified maximum allowable rating of 400 psi (2.8 MPa).[47] The gas line is a large 30-inch (76 cm) steel pipe.[5][48][49] NTSB vice chairman Christopher Hart said at a briefing that the segment of pipe that blew out onto the street was 28 feet (8.5 m) long, the explosion sent that piece of pipe about 100 feet (30 m) and the blast created a crater 167 feet (51 m) long and 26 feet (7.9 m) wide, though the NTSB Pipeline Accident Report would later size the crater to be 72 feet (22 m) long and 26 feet (7.9 m) wide. He said that an inspection of the severed pipe chunk revealed that it was made of several smaller sections that had been welded together and that a seam ran its length. The presence of the welds did not necessarily indicate the pipe had been repaired, he said.[3] Newer pipelines are usually manufactured into the shape needed for these applications, rather than having multiple weaker welded sections that could potentially leak or break.[50]

In January 2011, federal investigators reported that they found numerous defective welds in the pipeline. The thickness of the pipe varied, and some welds did not penetrate the pipes completely. As PG&E increased the pressure in the pipes to meet growing energy demand, the defective welds were further weakened until their failure. As the pipeline was installed in 1956, modern testing methods such as X-rays were not available to detect the problem at that time.[37]

The NTSB held a 3-day public hearing on March 1 through 3, 2011, to gather additional facts for the ongoing investigation of the pipeline rupture and explosion.[51]

Parties to the public hearing included:

The NTSB also published call logs from the Milpitas PG&E gas terminal to a gas control center. An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) replacement was started at the Milpitas terminal several hours before the San Bruno explosion.[52]

It was revealed that PG&E had done pipeline replacement work on Line 132 along parts of the San Andreas Fault zone, near this area, to reduce the likelihood of the pipeline failing from an earthquake. However, the replacement was stopped short of the area that failed in 2010.[53]

On January 13, 2012, an independent audit from the State of California issued a report stating that PG&E had illegally diverted over $100 million from a fund used for safety operations, and instead used it for executive compensation and bonuses.[54]

Litigation

edit

Private party

edit

Through more than 20 law firms, over 100 plaintiffs have sued Pacific Gas and Electric and/or its parent, PG&E Corporation, in the Superior Courts of California in over 70 separate lawsuits. Virtually all were filed in the local state court, the Superior Court of California for the County of San Mateo. All the cases were consolidated and transferred to Judge Steven L. Dylina on March 4, 2011, and designated as Judicial Council Coordinated Proceeding (JCCP) No. 4648, PG&E "San Bruno Fire" Cases. On June 3, 2011, the plaintiffs filed a consolidated Master Complaint.

On July 5, 2011, PG&E's lawyers filed their Answer to the Master Complaint. A week later, the San Francisco Chronicle ran a front-page story attacking the defendants for invoking certain routine defenses in their answer, like state-of-the-art and comparative negligence.[55]

In July 2012, the plaintiffs lodged a deposition in San Mateo County Superior Court claiming that PG&E management ignored employee concerns about GIS data inaccuracies that impeded inspection of the pipeline.[56]

In September 2013, PG&E settled the claims of 347 victims. PG&E had previously settled with 152 victims; the additional settlements brought the total payment to $565 million for 499 victims. Two victims' lawsuits remained after the settlement,[57] but newspapers later reported the $565 million figure as the final settlement for all victim claims.[58][59] PG&E stated in its 2015 annual report that it had paid $558 million in third-party claims, and $92 million in legal costs, and received $515 million from insurance.[60]

State of California

edit

In October 2012, public hearings on the San Bruno pipeline blast at the CPUC were suspended for state regulators and PG&E to strike a deal about the fines. Rene Morales, mother of Jessica Morales who was burned alive and one of eight people that was killed in the fire requested that California Governor Jerry Brown appoint a new president of the California PUC.[61] Also in October 2012, former Senator George J. Mitchell was chosen to lead talks in the settlement of fines in the explosion.[62] In December 2012 the CPUC decided that 55% of the long term costs for PG&E pipeline inspection and safety upgrades of $229 million will be borne by electricity rate payers.[63]

On September 16, 2014, the San Francisco Chronicle reported that Carol Brown, the chief of staff for the president of the CPUC, had communicated with PG&E executives to help move litigation to judges they expected would be friendly to PG&E's side.[64] As of October 2014 the judge shopping scandal is under federal investigation.[65] In 2018, the CPUC fined PG&E $92.5 million for improper communication with CPUC commissioners and staff.[66]

On April 9, 2015, the Public Utilities Commission fined PG&E $1.6 billion.[67]

Federal

edit

On April 1, 2014, PG&E was indicted by a federal grand jury in United States District Court for the Northern District of California for multiple violations of the Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Act of 1968 relating to its record keeping and pipeline "integrity management" practices.[68] An additional indictment was issued by the grand jury on July 29, 2014, charging the company with obstruction of justice for lying to the NTSB regarding its pipeline testing policy, bringing the total number of counts in the indictment to 28.[69] Under the new indictment, the company could be fined as much as $1.3 billion, based on profit associated with the alleged misconduct, in addition to $2.5 billion for state regulatory violations.[69]

On January 21, 2017, PG&E was fined $3 million and ordered to perform 10,000 hours of community service for criminal actions of violating the Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Act and for obstruction of justice. In addition, it must institute a compliance and ethics monitoring program and spend up to $3 million to "publicize its criminal conduct". These actions were imposed after the company was found guilty by a federal jury in August 2016 of six of the twelve charges against the company in US District Court.[70]

Shareholders

edit

In 2017, PG&E settled a shareholder class action lawsuit alleging "gross mismanagement" by agreeing to have its insurance company pay PG&E $90 million, and to budget $32 million for safety and governance improvements.[71]

Media coverage

edit

Brigham McCown, the former head for the federal Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, called for the creation of a national commission to examine the problems surrounding high-pressure fuel pipelines that have been built in residential areas. McCown says it often takes an "incident like this one to force change." He also suggested installing a "no man's land" around some pipelines in hopes of preventing another disaster.[72][73][74]

On September 9, 2012, a memorial to the victims was unveiled in the San Bruno City Park.[75]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ Berton, Justin (September 28, 2010). "Eighth victim of PG&E blast dies". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  2. ^ Hoeffel, John; Hennessy-Fiske, Molly; Goffard, Christopher (September 12, 2010). "San Bruno explosion death toll climbs to seven; six are missing". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 12, 2010. Retrieved September 10, 2010.
  3. ^ a b Leff, Lisa; Garrance Burke (September 11, 2010). "San Bruno Explosion: Residents Wait To Move Back To Burned Neighborhood". The Huffington Post. Retrieved September 12, 2010.
  4. ^ "California Crews Battling Massive Fire After Large Explosion". KTXL. Associated Press. September 9, 2010. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
  5. ^ a b Fagan, Kevin (September 9, 2010). "Huge blast in San Bruno; neighborhood on fire". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on September 11, 2010. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
  6. ^ "First Calls From San Bruno Disaster". ABC News (September 14, 2010). Retrieved on November 8, 2011.
  7. ^ a b Melvin, Joshua (October 28, 2010). "Death toll in San Bruno pipeline explosion climbs to eight". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved October 29, 2010.
  8. ^ a b "Magnitude 1.1 – San Francisco Bay Area, California". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on September 13, 2010. Retrieved September 11, 2010.
  9. ^ "California-Nevada Fault Map centered at 38°N,122°W". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved September 11, 2010.
  10. ^ Housley, Adam (March 25, 2015). "Feds Begin Probe of Deadly Gas Explosion Near San Francisco". Fox News. Retrieved September 7, 2020.
  11. ^ "California Gas Explosion". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved September 7, 2020. A massive fire roars through a mostly residential neighborhood in San Bruno, Calif., Thursday, Sept. 9, 2010. A massive fire burned homes as it roared through a mostly residential neighborhood in the hills south of San Francisco following a loud explosion Thursday evening that shot a fireball more than 1,000 feet into the air and sent frightened residents fleeing for safety, witnesses said. Gas Blast Engulfs Neighborhood in Flames. CREDIT: AP Photo/Paul Sakuma
  12. ^ "At least 4 killed, 50 injured in CA explosion, fire". ABC7 San Francisco. September 10, 2010. Retrieved September 7, 2020.
  13. ^ "Flames roar through houses after blast". San Bernardino Sun. September 9, 2010. Retrieved September 7, 2020.
  14. ^ Lopez, Robert (September 9, 2010). "Strong winds fanning huge San Bruno fire". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 13, 2010. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
  15. ^ a b c Gonzalez, Sandra (September 11, 2010). "Search for bodies in deadly San Bruno PG&E gas line explosion ends". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved September 11, 2010.
  16. ^ Melvin, Joshua. "Number of homes destroyed in San Bruno explosion now at 38". The Mercury News. Retrieved June 15, 2021.
  17. ^ Wildermuth, John; Fagan, Kevin; Lagos, Marisa; Van Derbeken, Jaxon (September 10, 2010). "San Bruno explosion: Some victims identified". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on September 13, 2010. Retrieved September 10, 2010.
  18. ^ a b c d Gomez, Mark (September 10, 2010). "San Bruno explosion, fire neighborhood now a crime scene". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved September 10, 2010.
  19. ^ Rodgers, Paul; Rosenberg, Mike; Gonzales, Neil (September 12, 2010). "More remains found in San Bruno fire; PG&E checking major pipelines for flaws". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved September 12, 2010.
  20. ^ Governor Tours San Bruno Gas Line Explosion Site[dead link]
  21. ^ "CA-CZU-San Bruno – MCI – 6 dead, Gas line explosion, WUI Fire 10 acres, possibly 30 homes burning". California Fire News (blog). September 9, 2010. Retrieved November 4, 2011.
  22. ^ "California fire scene: 'Like a moonscape'". CNN. September 10, 2010. Archived from the original on September 13, 2010. Retrieved September 13, 2010.
  23. ^ "Deadly California fire fully contained". CNN. September 10, 2010. Archived from the original on September 13, 2010. Retrieved September 13, 2010.
  24. ^ "Federal regulators say California gas pipeline in deadly blast was ranked high risk". Fox News. September 11, 2010. Retrieved September 16, 2010.
  25. ^ Riskiest Gas Lines in the Bay Area Are in the East Bay: KQED News |KQED Public Media for Northern CA. Kqed.org (September 15, 2010). Retrieved on November 8, 2011.
  26. ^ "Coroner IDs 4th Victim Of San Bruno Explosion - CBS San Francisco". www.cbsnews.com. September 14, 2010. Retrieved August 22, 2024.
  27. ^ Preuitt, Lori. (September 12, 2010) Returning Home in San Bruno. KNTV. Retrieved on November 8, 2011.
  28. ^ Red Cross Opens San Bruno Fire Shelter, CBS5 Archived September 13, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, September 9, 2010 23:55 UTC−07.
  29. ^ Blood Donations Needed Due To San Bruno Fire, CBS5 Archived September 13, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, September 9, 2010 22:22 UTC−07.
  30. ^ Worth, Katie; Koskey, Andrea (September 12, 2010). "Deadly fire rips San Bruno neighborhood". Washington Examiner. Retrieved September 12, 2010.[permanent dead link]
  31. ^ "The Insider: Politicians race to San Bruno". San Jose Mercury News. September 11, 2010. Retrieved September 12, 2010.
  32. ^ School, Road Closures Due To San Bruno Fire, CBS5 Archived September 13, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, September 9, 2010 23:55 UTC−07.
  33. ^ Wildermuth, John; Bulwa, Demian (September 12, 2010). "Some displace San Bruno residents will return home today". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on September 13, 2010. Retrieved September 12, 2010.
  34. ^ a b Nagourney, Adam; Wollan, Malia (September 10, 2010). "Inquiry Sifting Cause of Blast in the Bay Area". The New York Times. Retrieved September 10, 2010.
  35. ^ "PG&E Continues Response Efforts at Scene of San Bruno Fire". PG&E. September 10, 2010. Archived from the original on September 13, 2010. Retrieved September 10, 2010.
  36. ^ a b "PG&E shares fall after explosion in California". Associated Press. September 11, 2010. Archived from the original on September 13, 2010. Retrieved September 12, 2010.
  37. ^ a b Jason Dearen (January 21, 2011). "Report by federal investigators on California pipeline blast finds defects in welds". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 1, 2010. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
  38. ^ Katie Worth (March 16, 2011). "PG&E threatened with fines of $1 million for pipeline data". The Examiner. Archived from the original on May 15, 2013. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
  39. ^ "PG&E Files Milestone Plan to Modernize, Improve Safety of Gas Pipeline System". PG&E. Retrieved October 2, 2011.
  40. ^ "Notification of filing of Pacific Gas and Electric Company's Gas Transmission Pipeline Safety Enhancement Plan", brochure dated September 2011
  41. ^ Mud from gas line explosion closes lanes on Bay Area Freeway |abc30.com. Abclocal.go.com. Retrieved on November 8, 2011.
  42. ^ "Residents return home after Calif pipeline blowout". San Francisco Chronicle. September 12, 2010. Archived from the original on September 13, 2010. Retrieved September 12, 2010.
  43. ^ "Schwarzenegger tours Calif. gas line blast site". San Francisco Chronicle. September 15, 2010. Archived from the original on September 16, 2010. Retrieved September 15, 2010.
  44. ^ "San Bruno Fire Technical Debrief" (PDF). Carnegie-Mellon University Disaster Management Initiative. November 5, 2010. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
  45. ^ Lowy, Joan (September 10, 2010). "NTSB to investigate explosion, fire in Calif". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved September 10, 2010. [dead link]
  46. ^ "Natural gas explosion rocks San Bruno; 4 dead". KGO-TV News. September 10, 2010. Archived from the original on September 11, 2010. Retrieved September 10, 2010.
  47. ^ National Transportation Safety Board, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Natural Gas Transmission Pipeline Rupture and Fire, San Bruno, California, September 9, 2010, PAR1101
  48. ^ Gonzales, Sandra; Rosenberg, Mike; Dungan, Jesse; Samuels, Diana (September 9, 2010). "Gas line explosion sparks hillside inferno in San Bruno". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
  49. ^ "Blaze engulfs homes in California neighborhood". CNN. September 10, 2010. Retrieved September 10, 2010.
  50. ^ "Investigating the California Pipeline Blast" ABC News (September 13, 2010). Retrieved on November 8, 2011.
  51. ^ [1] Archived March 1, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  52. ^ Parker, Marcia. (March 14, 2011) Call Logs from Milpitas PG&E Terminal Before San Bruno Explosion – Milpitas, CA Patch. Milpitas.patch.com. Retrieved on November 8, 2011.
  53. ^ Rogers, Paul (March 8, 2011). "New documents: PG&E could have replaced doomed line, but said its welds were of no risk to public". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved October 14, 2014.
  54. ^ Naider, Eric (January 13, 2012). "PG&E diverted safety money for profit, bonuses". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 11, 2012.
  55. ^ Jaxon Van Derbeken, "In court, PG&E deflects blame for San Bruno blast", San Francisco Chronicle, July 12, 2011, A1.
  56. ^ Van Derbeken, Jaxon (July 31, 2012). "PG&E ignored gaps in data, engineer says". San Francisco Chronicle.
  57. ^ "San Bruno blast: PG&E settles nearly all remaining lawsuits for a $565 million total". The Mercury News. September 9, 2013. Retrieved November 12, 2018.
  58. ^ Bob Egelko (April 21, 2017). "Last lawsuit over PG&E San Bruno explosion close to settlement". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 12, 2018.
  59. ^ Kevin Fagan (September 5, 2015). "5 years after San Bruno blast, survivors find new life". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 12, 2018.
  60. ^ "PG&E Corporation – Financials – Annual Reports and Proxy Statements". investor.pgecorp.com. Retrieved November 12, 2018.
  61. ^ Melvin, Joshua (October 11, 2012). "Penalty negotiations on, San Bruno public hearings off, judges order".
  62. ^ Melvin, Joshua (October 15, 2012). "Former Sen. George Mitchell tapped to settle PG&E fine for San Bruno explosion".
  63. ^ Leff, Lisa (December 20, 2012). "PG&E customers to foot part of pipe safety costs". Associated Press. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
  64. ^ Van Derbeken, Jaxon (September 16, 2014). "Shakeup at PG&E, state agency over 'inappropriate' talks". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved September 16, 2014.
  65. ^ Van Derbeken, Jaxon (October 6, 2014). "Federal prosecutors probing PG&E-CPUC e-mails". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved October 6, 2014.
  66. ^ "PG&E To Pay $97.5 Million Penalty Over Deadly San Bruno Blast". April 26, 2018. Retrieved November 12, 2018.
  67. ^ "PG&E slapped with record $1.6 billion penalty for fatal San Bruno explosion". The Mercury News. April 9, 2015. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
  68. ^ "PG&E Charged with Multiple Violations of the Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Act" (Press release). Department of Justice. April 1, 2014. Retrieved May 11, 2014.
  69. ^ a b Van Derbeken, Jaxon (July 29, 2014). "PG&E accused of obstructing justice in San Bruno blast probe". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved July 29, 2014.
  70. ^ "Guilty Verdict for PG&E in 2010 San Bruno Pipeline Blast". Engineering News-Record. bnp media. August 15, 2016. ISSN 0891-9526.
  71. ^ "PG&E Settles Shareholder Suit for $90 million". July 19, 2017. Retrieved November 12, 2018.
  72. ^ Smith, Rebecca; Woo, Stu (September 13, 2010). "Calls for Action Emerge After Gas Explosion". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
  73. ^ Elinson, Zusha; Walter, Shoshana; Shih, Gerry (September 10, 2010). "Experts Weigh in on Possible Causes of Pipe Failure". The Bay Citizen. Archived from the original on September 13, 2010. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
  74. ^ "U.S. Gas Pipeline Safety". C-Span. September 17, 2010. Archived from the original on April 14, 2013.
  75. ^ "Memorial plaque unveiled for two year anniversary of San Bruno pipeline explosion and fire". KGO-TV. September 9, 2012. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
edit