Saiful Rijal[a] (died c. 1581)[2] was the sultan of Brunei from 1530 to 1581. He was succeeded by his eldest son Shah Brunei.
| Saiful Rijal سيف الرجال | |
|---|---|
| Sultan of Brunei | |
| Reign | 1530–1581 |
| Predecessor | Abdul Kahar |
| Successor | Shah Brunei |
| Born | Brunei |
| Died | 1581 Istana Mazagong, Brunei Town, Brunei |
| Burial | Kianggeh Muslim Cemetery, Kianggeh, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei |
| Issue Detail |
|
| Father | Sultan Abdul Kahar |
| Religion | Sunni Islam |
Its as during his reign, when the Castilian War occurred between the empires of the Brunei and Spain. In addition to the Philippines, he was also renowned for spreading Islamic teachings throughout Borneo.[3] According to folk tales about his palace being located on King's Island (Pulau Raja) in Jerudong.[4] The sultan was also known as Sultan Lixar,[5] and Sultan Nula Alan by the Spaniards.[6]
Reign
editAscension
editPengiran Muda Saiful Rijal was the eldest son of Sultan Abdul Kahar,[7] therefore making him the successor to the throne after his father's abdication in 1530.[8] A significant statement from the Boxer Codex, likely written by a Tagalog merchant who lived in Brunei, describes Saiful Rijal as a cheerful and stout man, noting that he was fifty-eight years old in 1589. This suggests that Saiful Rijal was born in 1531. Given the timeline, a direct father-to-son succession between 1514/15 and 1531 is genetically implausible. Therefore, if these dates are accurate and considering the four sultans from Sharif Ali to Abdul Kahar, it indicates that there must have been a succession of brothers at some point in the royal lineage. There is no information of when Saiful Rijal began to govern, but he was co-regnant with his father, Abdul Kahar, in 1578.[9]
Castilian War
editExchanges between the Bornean port cities and the Spaniards who had taken control of the Philippine islands by seizing Manila in 1571 and Cebu in 1565. Manila charged Brunei of conducting Muslim missionary activities in the Philippines because of the Spaniards' zealous proselytising efforts to convert the entire archipelago to Christianity. In a letter dated 13 April 1578, to Brunei's Sultan Saiful Rijal, the Spanish Governor of the Philippines, Francisco de Sande, made the following accusation and gave the following order.[10]
…it has been rumoured that you have tried and are trying to do us harm, and to make war upon us: that you have tried to induce and have solicited the natives of Lucon [Luzon and other districts to rebel and revolt against us, that you have sent spies to Cebu and other districts: that you have left your residence for this purpose of warring against us with a fleet of ships. ...that you shall send no preachers of the sect of Mahoma[d] to any part of these islands, nor to the heathen among the Tingues [hill-people], nor into other parts of your own island.
Brunei disregarded the order as well as the accusations.[10] In revenge, the Spaniards attacked and took control of Brunei in the same month in 1578.[11] Additionally with the assistance of two defectors, Pengiran Seri Lela and Pengiran Seri Ratna.[12][13] When the Spaniards captured the capital, he chose to move the country's capital to Saragua, further emphasizing the importance of Sarawak.[14] He also had to retreat to Piragong, in Ulu Sungai Brunei to strengthen the Brunei army.[15] Moreover, to demonstrates the significant impact Brunei had on the nearby areas at the time, the Sultan ordered the reconstruction of their capital city when the Spaniards left Brunei probably in late July 1578.[16]
Death
editSultan Saiful Rijal reportedly became ill near Bintala, but he later reportedly recovered and went back to Brunei. He resided in Istana Mazagong in Sungai Kedayan, where he allegedly died.[17] He is buried at Kianggeh Muslim Cemetery.[18] The author of the Boxer Codex met him in 1589 at the age of 58, but there is no indication of when he died. It must have been in the 1590s, though, as his eldest son, Shah Brunei, succeeded him and must have died in or around 1600. He most likely died in 1595.[9]
Personal life
editSultan Saiful Rijal had the following issue:
- Sultan Shah Brunei, 8th Sultan of Brunei[19]
- Sultan Muhammad Hasan, 9th Sultan of Brunei[20]
- Pengiran Anak Kasim[21]
- Raja Bonda (Puteri Lamturak), consort to Sultan Abdul Ghafur Muhiuddin Shah[22][23]
Legacy
editSee also
editNotes
editReferences
edit- ^ Political and Cultural History of the Philippines: Since time began to British Occupation. Written by Eufronio Melo Alip
- ^ Othman, Mahmud Saedon Awang (2008). A review on the implementation and administration of Islamic law in Brunei Darussalam. Islamic Da'wah Centre. p. 34.
- ^ Borneo Bulletin Brunei Yearbook. Brunei Press Sdn. Bhd. in collaboration with Integrated Information Pte. Limited. 2007. pp. E-89.
- ^ Umar (Haji.), Awang Mohd Jamil al-Sufri bin Awang; Awang.), Mohd Jamil Al-Sufri (Pehin Orang Kaya Amar Diraja Dato Seri Utama Haji (1971). Chatatan sejarah perwira2 dan pembesar2 Brunei (in Malay). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. p. 18.
- ^ Saunders, Graham (5 November 2013). A History of Brunei. Routledge. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-136-87394-2.
- ^ Awang.), Mohd Jamil Al-Sufri (Pehin Orang Kaya Amar Diraja Dato Seri Utama Haji (1997). Tarsilah Brunei: Zaman kegemilangan dan kemasyhuran (in Malay). Jabatan Pusat Sejarah, Kementerian Kebudayaan Belia dan Sukan. p. 98.
- ^ Souza, George Bryan; Turley, Jeffrey Scott (9 November 2015). The Boxer Codex: Transcription and Translation of an Illustrated Late Sixteenth-Century Spanish Manuscript Concerning the Geography, History and Ethnography of the Pacific, South-east and East Asia. BRILL. p. 404. ISBN 978-90-04-30154-2.
- ^ Bowman, John S. (5 September 2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia University Press. p. 410. ISBN 978-0-231-50004-3.
- ^ a b Nicholl, Robert (1989). "Some Problems of Brunei Chronology". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 20 (2). Cambridge University Press: 185–186. ISSN 0022-4634.
- ^ a b Ooi, Keat Gin; Tuan, Hoang Anh (8 October 2015). Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1350-1800. Routledge. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-317-55919-1.
- ^ Sidhu, Jatswan S. (22 December 2009). Historical Dictionary of Brunei Darussalam. Scarecrow Press. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-8108-7078-9.
- ^ Office, Great Britain Colonial (1969). Brunei. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 266.
- ^ Foo, Shih Thing; Teo, Shyh Poh; Husaini, Asmah; Venkatasalu, Munikumar Ramasamy (24 March 2020). "Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Advance Care Planning (ACP) for Primary Care Settings". Aging Medicine and Healthcare. 11 (1): 23. doi:10.33879/amh.2020.036-1906.012. ISSN 2663-8851. S2CID 219123040.
- ^ Museum, Sarawak (1999). The Sarawak Museum Journal. Sarawak Museum. p. 218.
- ^ Hussein (Datuk), Ismail; Deraman, Aziz; Ahmadi, Abd Rahman al (1989). Tamadun Melayu (in Malay). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. p. 232. ISBN 978-983-62-0958-0.
- ^ SATO, Tsugitaka (12 November 2012). Islamic Urbanism: Political Power and Social Networks. Routledge. p. 189. ISBN 978-1-136-16952-6.
- ^ Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 1880. p. 10.
- ^ "Sejarah Sultan-Sultan Brunei" (PDF). Hmjubliemas.gov.bn. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
- ^ Awang.), Mohd Jamil Al-Sufri (Pehin Orang Kaya Amar Diraja Dato Seri Utama Haji (1990). Tarsilah Brunei: sejarah awal dan perkembangan Islam (in Malay). Jabatan Pusat Sejarah, Kementerian Kebudayaan Belia dan Sukan. p. 46. ISBN 978-99984-52-02-2.
- ^ Brunei, Muzium (1969). Brunei Museum Journal. Brunei Museum. p. 151.
- ^ Pusaka: berita Jabatan Pusat Sejarah, Kementerian Kebudayaan, Belia dan Sukan Negara Brunei Darussalam (in Malay). Jabatan Pusat Sejarah, Kementerian Kebudayaan, Belia dan Sukan Negara Brunei Darussalam. 2015. p. 45.
- ^ Umar (Haji.), Awang Mohd Jamil al-Sufri bin Awang; Awang.), Mohd Jamil Al-Sufri (Pehin Orang Kaya Amar Diraja Dato Seri Utama Haji (1995). Sultan Tengah: sultan Sarawak pertama dan terakhir (in Malay). Jabatan Pusat Sejarah, Kementerian Kebudayaan Belia dan Sukan. p. 4.
- ^ Daulat (in Malay). Jabatan Pusat Sejarah, Kementerian Kebudayaan Belia dan Sukan. 1992. p. 50.
- ^ Chua, Thia-Eng; Chou, L. M.; Sadorra, Marie Sol M. (1987). The Coastal Environmental Profile of Brunei Darussalam: Resource Assessment and Management Issues. WorldFish. p. 77. ISBN 978-971-10-2237-2.