Robert Bigger Oakley (March 12, 1931 – December 10, 2014) was an American diplomat whose 34-year career (1957–1991) as a Foreign Service Officer included appointments as United States Ambassador to Zaire, Somalia, and Pakistan and, in the early 1990s, as a special envoy during the American involvement in Somalia.[1]
Robert B. Oakley | |
|---|---|
 Robert Oakley in Somalia in 1993 | |
| 19th U.S. Ambassador to Pakistan | |
| In office 18 August 1988 – 29 August 1991 | |
| President | Ronald Reagan George H. W. Bush |
| Preceded by | Arnold Lewis Raphel |
| Succeeded by | Nicholas Platt |
| U.S. Ambassador to Somalia | |
| In office 30 September 1982 – 12 August 1984 | |
| President | Ronald Reagan |
| Preceded by | Donald K. Petterson |
| Succeeded by | Peter Bridges |
| U.S. Ambassador to Zaire | |
| In office 6 November 1979 – 22 August 1982 | |
| President | Jimmy Carter Ronald Reagan |
| Preceded by | Walter L. Cutler |
| Succeeded by | Peter Dalton Constable |
| 5th Coordinator for Counterterrorism | |
| In office September 10, 1984 – October 12, 1986 | |
| Preceded by | Robert M. Sayre |
| Succeeded by | L. Paul Bremer |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Robert Bigger Oakley March 12, 1931 Dallas, Texas, United States |
| Died | December 10, 2014 (aged 83) McLean, Virginia, United States |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | (his death) |
| Alma mater | South Kent School, Princeton University |
| Military service | |
| Branch/service | United States Navy |
Department of State
editBorn in Dallas, Texas, Oakley graduated in 1948 from Connecticut's South Kent School and spent four years as an Intelligence Officer in the US Navy. He joined the Foreign Service in 1957 and was assigned to the Sudanese capital, Khartoum, in 1958.[2] He first served in the Office of United Nations Political Affairs, Department of State, and later served in American embassies in Abidjan, Saigon, Paris, and Beirut. He also served at the U.S. Mission to the United Nations, and as Senior Director for Middle East and South Asia on the staff of the National Security Council.
In February 1977, he became Deputy to the Assistant Secretary of State for East Asia and Pacific Affairs. He became U.S. Ambassador to Zaire in November 1979 and U.S. Ambassador to Somalia in August 1982. In September 1984, he was appointed Director of the State Department Office of Combating Terrorism. He again joined the National Security Council Staff on January 1, 1987, as Assistant to the President for Middle East and South Asia.
He was named as U.S. Ambassador to Pakistan in August 1988, succeeding Arnold Lewis Raphel, who was killed in an August 17 airplane crash along with Pakistan's President, Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. Oakley spent this role supporting Benazir Bhutto's new democratic government after the 1988 general election and coordinating operations between the Central Intelligence Agency and the Inter-Services Intelligence in the Afghanistan conflict. Following the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, Oakley was involved in meetings regarding a planned takeover of the Afghan city of Jalalabad in what would become the failed Battle of Jalalabad in 1989.[3] However, he also took office at a time when U.S.-Pakistan relations were becoming strained over the Pakistani nuclear weapons program, which Oakley believed was being used to force concessions from the United States, and a cut-off in U.S. aid to Pakistan because of the invocation of the Pressler Amendment.[4]
After retiring from the Foreign Service in September 1991, Oakley became associated with the United States Institute of Peace. In December 1992, he was named by President George H. W. Bush as Special Envoy for Somalia, serving there with Operation Restore Hope until March 1993. In October 1993, he was again named as Special Envoy for Somalia by President Bill Clinton, and served in this capacity until March 1994. In January 1995, he joined the Institute for National Strategic Studies at the National Defense University. In 2000, Oakley claimed in an interview with the Washington Post that the Clinton administrations "obsession with Osama" was making Bin Laden stronger.[5]
Recognitions
editDuring his service with the State Department, Oakley received numerous State Department awards, including: the State Department Meritorious Honor Award, four Presidential Meritorious Service Awards, and the State Department Distinguished Honor Award. For his service as Special Envoy to Somalia, he received a second State Department Distinguished Honor Award and the Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service. On June 18, 1993, he received the Diplomatic Award for Excellence of the American Academy of Diplomacy. In October 2008, Oakley was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award from Princeton in Africa.[6]
Family
editIn Cairo, during June 1958, Oakley married fellow Foreign Service Officer Phyllis Elliott who, under then-prevailing rules, was obliged to resign. The Oakleys have two children, and five grandchildren. Phyllis E. Oakley returned to the Foreign Service in 1974.[7]
Death
editOakley died in McLean, Virginia from complications from Parkinson's disease, on December 10, 2014, aged 83.[8]
References
edit- ^ Robert B. Oakley at the Notable Names Database (NNDB)
- ^ "The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project AMBASSADOR ROBERT B. OAKLEY" (PDF). Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training. 7 July 1992. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 July 2024. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
- ^ Battle of Jalalabad - Operation Jalalabad - Pak-Afg war, 1989, retrieved 2023-07-06
- ^ Narang, Vipin (2014-12-31), "Chapter Three: Pakistan", Nuclear Strategy in the Modern Era, Princeton University Press, pp. 73–74, doi:10.1515/9781400850402-005, ISBN 978-1-4008-5040-2, retrieved 2022-02-13
- ^ Loeb, Vernon (2000-12-24). "Planned Jan. 2000 Attacks Failed or Were Thwarted". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2023-12-23.
- ^ Robert B. Oakley Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine at The American Academy of Diplomacy
- ^ Phyllis E. Oakley at the Notable Names Database (NNDB)
- ^ "Robert Oakley, diplomatic troubleshooter, dies at 83". Washington Post.com. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
External links
edit- Appearances on C-SPAN
- The Foreign Affairs Oral History Collection of the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training; Interview of Robert B. Oakley by Charles Kennedy and Thomas Stern; July 7, 1992. PDF.
Note: When consulted on June 12, 2016, both of the below links were no longer active.
- Adapted from: State Department biography (public domain)
- Mississippi State University: Biography of Robert B. Oakley