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Reactive nitrogen ("Nr"), also known as fixed nitrogen[1], refers to all forms of nitrogen present in the environment except for molecular nitrogen (N
2).[2] While nitrogen is an essential element for life on Earth, molecular nitrogen is comparatively unreactive, and must be converted to other chemical forms via nitrogen fixation before it can be used for growth. Common Nr species include nitrogen oxides (NO
x), ammonia (NH
3), nitrous oxide (N
2O), as well as the anion nitrate (NO−
3).
Biologically, nitrogen is "fixed" mainly by the microbes (eg., Bacteria and Archaea) of the soil that fix N
2 into mainly NH
3 but also other species. Legumes, a type of plant in the Fabacae family, are symbionts to some of these microbes that fix N
2. NH
3 is a building block to Amino acids and proteins amongst other things essential for life. However, just over half of all reactive nitrogen entering the biosphere is attributable to anthropogenic activity such as industrial fertilizer production.[3] While reactive nitrogen is eventually converted back into molecular nitrogen via denitrification, an excess of reactive nitrogen can lead to problems such as eutrophication in marine ecosystems.
Reactive nitrogen compounds
editIn the environmental context, reactive nitrogen compounds include the following classes:
- oxide gases: nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrous oxide. Containing oxidized nitrogen, mainly the result of industrial processes and internal combustion engines.
- anions: nitrate, nitrite. Nitrate is a common component of fertilizers, e.g. ammonium nitrate.
- amine derivatives: ammonia and ammonium salts, urea. Containing reduced nitrogen, these compounds are components of fertilizers.
All of these compounds enter into the nitrogen cycle.
As a consequence, an excess of Nr can affect the environment relatively quickly. This also means that nitrogen-related problems need to be looked at in an integrated manner.[4]
See also
editReferences
edit- Citations
- ^ Winiwarter, Wilfried; Erisman, Jan Willem; Galloway, James N.; Klimont, Zbigniew; Sutton, Mark A. (25 July 2013). "Estimating environmentally relevant fixed nitrogen demand in the 21st century" (PDF). Climatic Change. 120 (4): 889–901. Bibcode:2013ClCh..120..889W. doi:10.1007/s10584-013-0834-0. eISSN 1573-1480. ISSN 0165-0009. S2CID 51862713.
- ^ Galloway, James N.; Leach, Allison M.; Bleeker, Albert; Erisman, Jan Willem (5 July 2013). "A chronology of human understanding of the nitrogen cycle". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 368 (1621): 20130120. doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0120. eISSN 1471-2970. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 3682740. PMID 23713118.
- ^ Fowler, David; Coyle, Mhairi; Skiba, Ute; Sutton, Mark A.; Cape, J. Neil; Reis, Stefan; Sheppard, Lucy J.; Jenkins, Alan; Grizzetti, Bruna; Galloway, James N.; Vitousek, Peter; Leach, Allison; Bouwman, Alexander F.; Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus; Dentener, Frank; Stevenson, David; Amann, Marcus; Voss, Maren (5 July 2013). "The global nitrogen cycle in the twenty-first century". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 368 (1621): 20130164. doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0164. eISSN 1471-2970. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 3682748. PMID 23713126.
- ^ http://international.vrom.nl/pagina.html?id=37594 [dead link]
- General references
- Hatfield, Jerry L; Follett, Ronald F (2008-07-16). Nitrogen in the environment: sources, problems, and management. Vol. 1. Elsevier. pp. 920–6. doi:10.1100/tsw.2001.269. ISBN 978-0-12-374347-3. PMC 6084157. PMID 12805892.
{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help) - Braun, Elizabeth; Division Of Technology, United Nations Environment Programme; Industry; Economics; Hole, Woods Hole Research Center (Woods; ), Mass; Initiative, International Nitrogen (2007). Reactive nitrogen in the environment: too much or too little of a good thing. UNEP/Earthprint. ISBN 978-92-807-2783-8.