Porphyromonas is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, obligately anaerobic and non-motile genus from the family Porphyromonadaceae.[3][1][2][4] There were 16 different Porphyromonas species documented as of 2015, which reside in both animal and human reservoirs.[5] It was discovered more recently that Porphyromonas also exist in the environment, albeit to a lesser extent.[6] This genus is notably implicated in the modulation of oral cavity, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract disease states.[5] It is suggested that Porphyromonas either operate as benign bacteria pertinent to host immunity or are potential pathobionts that opportunistically provoke diseased states when homeostasis is disrupted.[6] Despite its characterization not being fully elucidated due to sparse research, various studies report the prevalence of this genus at 58.7% in healthy states compared with 41.3% in diseased states.[6]
Porphyromonas | |
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Colonies of Porphyromonas gulae growing on a TSA plate | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Domain: | Bacteria |
Phylum: | Bacteroidota |
Class: | Bacteroidia |
Order: | Bacteroidales |
Family: | Porphyromonadaceae |
Genus: | Porphyromonas Shah and Collins 1988[1] |
Type species | |
Porphyromonas asaccharolytica[1] | |
Species | |
P. asaccharolytica[1] | |
Synonyms[2] | |
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This genus was first reported in the oral cavity[5] and is found specifically in the salivary microbiome.[7] Porphyromonas are also commonly found in the microbiome of the human digestive tract, as shown by the Human Microbiome Project in general.[8]
Distribution of species
editWhile overlap exists between humans and animals in the distribution of Porphyromonas species, some species are more prevalent in each.[5]
Humans
editP. asaccharolytica, P. endodontalis, P. gingivalis, P. catoniae, P. pasteri, P. somerae, and P. uenonis[5]
Porphyromonas endodontalis in humans
edit- The gram-negative anaerobic bacterium Porphyromonas endodontalis is frequently linked to endodontic infections. The diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of conditions that affect the dental pulp—the soft tissue inside the tooth that contains nerves and blood vessels—are the focus of the dental specialty known as endodontics.[9]
- Since its initial discovery in the 1990s in the infected root canals of human teeth, P. endodontalis has come to be known as a significant pathogen in endodontic infections. This bacterium belongs to the Porphyromonas genus, which also contains a number of other species linked to oral infections and periodontal disease.[9]
- Because P. endodontalis is a facultative anaerobe, it can live in both oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor conditions. It is a rod-shaped bacteria that is not mobile and does not produce spores. P. endodontalis, like other gram-negative bacteria, has a lipopolysaccharide-containing outer membrane, which contains chemicals that might cause an inflammatory reaction in the host.[9]
- The ability of P. endodontalis to create enzymes that break down the extracellular matrix of host tissues, including collagen and elastin, is one of the organism's primary virulence factors. By doing so, the bacterium can elude the host's immune system and infect the dental pulp more deeply. Additionally, P. endodontalis makes toxins that can harm host cells and cause inflammation.[9]
- P. endodontalis has been linked to endodontic infections as well as other systemic illnesses such rheumatoid arthritis and cardiovascular disease. In the body, this bacterium can colonize other tissues after entering the bloodstream, where it may cause tissue damage and persistent inflammation.[9]
- Microbial culture of infected dental tissue or root canal samples is frequently used in the diagnosis of P. endodontalis infection. The bacteria can be recognized by its distinctive biochemical characteristics, growth requirements, and appearance. The existence of P. endodontalis can also be verified and separated from related species using molecular methods like PCR and DNA sequencing.[9]
- Root canal therapy, which entails removing the infected tooth pulp and filling the root canal with a biocompatible substance, is frequently used to treat P. endodontalis infections. Although there is some controversy regarding the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy for endodontic infections, antibiotics may also be used to manage the infection.[10]
- The gram-negative anaerobic bacterium Porphyromonas endodontalis is linked to endodontic infections. This bacterium makes enzymes and poisons that enable it to avoid the immune system and ingest larger amounts of host tissue. Microbial culture and molecular methods are used to diagnose P. endodontalis infections, and antibiotics and root canal treatments are frequently used in treatment.[9]
Animals
editP. cangingivalis, P. canoris, P. cansulsi, P. circumdentaria, P. crevioricanis, P. gingivicanis, P. salivosa, P. macacae, P. gulae, and P. levii[5] Porphyromonas genus is commonly found in healthy stallion semen <(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2020.106568)>
Environment
editPorphyromonas have been isolated from manmade and naturally occurring environments. Most of these species have been detected in manmade environments, including transportation systems, healthcare settings, and indoor facilities; Porphyromonas persist in naturally occurring environments such as air, soil, seawater, freshwater, agricultural sites, and alpine meadows to a lesser extent. Furthermore, waste-management sites are a pertinent source of environment-dwelling species.[6] Specific environmentally hosted strains have not been widely studied or identified.
Health impacts
editOral cavity
edit- P. ginvigalis: a gram-negative anaerobe and pathological agent of periodontitis.[11]
- P. endodontalis: Porphyromonas endodontalis is associated with endodontal infections. It has been isolated from infected dental root canals and submucous abscesses of endodontal origin.[12] Dental root canal infections that had P. endodontalis present have been linked to acute infection symptoms. Periodontal pockets and oral mucosa may occasionally contain it.[12]
Gastrointestinal tract
edit- Overabundance of this genus has been reported from the feces of patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer.[13]
Respiratory tract
edit- Porphyromonas increase has been associated with pulmonary tuberculosis lesions.[14]
Uterine tract
editOther
editAlterations in Porphyromonas abundance have also been associated with various cancers, autoimmune and neurodegenerative conditions,[6] vaginal diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjogren's syndrome.[5]
Detection methods
editPorphyromonas is most commonly detected via utilization of 16s rRNA sequencing techniques.[16][17]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Parte, A.C. "Porphyromonas". LPSN.
- ^ a b "Porphyromonas". www.uniprot.org.
- ^ Summanen, Paula; Finegold, Sydney M. (1 January 2015). "Porphyromonas". Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: 1–14. doi:10.1002/9781118960608.gbm00246. ISBN 9781118960608.
- ^ Parker, Charles Thomas; Wigley, Sarah; Garrity, George M (2009). Parker, Charles Thomas; Garrity, George M (eds.). "Nomenclature Abstract for Porphyromonas". The NamesforLife Abstracts. doi:10.1601/nm.8020 (inactive 2024-04-17).
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link) - ^ a b c d e f g Guilloux, Charles-Antoine; Lamoureux, Claudie; Beauruelle, Clémence; Héry-Arnaud, Geneviève (April 2021). "Porphyromonas: A neglected potential key genus in human microbiomes". Anaerobe. 68: 102230. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102230. ISSN 1075-9964. PMID 32615270. S2CID 220329292.
- ^ a b c d e Acuña-Amador, Luis; Barloy-Hubler, Frédérique (December 2020). "Porphyromonas spp. have an extensive host range in ill and healthy individuals and an unexpected environmental distribution: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Anaerobe. 66: 102280. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102280. hdl:10669/81718. ISSN 1075-9964. PMID 33011277. S2CID 222169436.
- ^ Wang, Kun; Lu, Wenxin; Tu, Qichao; Ge, Yichen; He, Jinzhi; Zhou, Yu; Gou, Yaping; Nostrand, Joy D Van; Qin, Yujia; Li, Jiyao; Zhou, Jizhong; Li, Yan; Xiao, Liying; Zhou, Xuedong (10 March 2016). "Preliminary analysis of salivary microbiome and their potential roles in oral lichen planus". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 22943. Bibcode:2016NatSR...622943W. doi:10.1038/srep22943. PMC 4785528. PMID 26961389.
- ^ The Human Microbiome Project Consortium (June 2012). "Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome". Nature. 486 (7402): 207–214. Bibcode:2012Natur.486..207T. doi:10.1038/nature11234. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 3564958. PMID 22699609.
- ^ a b c d e f g van Winkelhoff, A. J.; van Steenbergen, T. J.; de Graaff, J. (September 1992). "Porphyromonas (Bacteroides) endodontalis: its role in endodontal infections". Journal of Endodontics. 18 (9): 431–434. doi:10.1016/s0099-2399(06)80843-5. ISSN 0099-2399. PMID 9796510.
- ^ Cao, H.; Qi, Z.; Jiang, H.; Zhao, J.; Liu, Z.; Tang, Z. (August 2012). "Detection of Porphyromonas endodontalis, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia in primary endodontic infections in a Chinese population". International Endodontic Journal. 45 (8): 773–781. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02035.x. ISSN 1365-2591. PMID 22429191.
- ^ Mysak, Jaroslav; Podzimek, Stepan; Sommerova, Pavla; Lyuya-Mi, Yelena; Bartova, Jirina; Janatova, Tatjana; Prochazkova, Jarmila; Duskova, Jana (2014). "Porphyromonas gingivalis: Major Periodontopathic Pathogen Overview". Journal of Immunology Research. 2014: 476068. doi:10.1155/2014/476068. ISSN 2314-8861. PMC 3984870. PMID 24741603.
- ^ a b van Winkelhoff, A. J.; van Steenbergen, T. J.; de Graaff, J. (September 1992). "Porphyromonas (Bacteroides) endodontalis: its role in endodontal infections". Journal of Endodontics. 18 (9): 431–434. doi:10.1016/s0099-2399(06)80843-5. ISSN 0099-2399. PMID 9796510.
- ^ Ahn, J.; Sinha, R.; Pei, Z.; Dominianni, C.; Wu, J.; Shi, J.; Goedert, J. J.; Hayes, R. B.; Yang, L. (18 December 2013). "Human Gut Microbiome and Risk for Colorectal Cancer". J Natl Cancer Inst. 105 (24): 1907–1911. doi:10.1093/jnci/djt300. PMC 3866154. PMID 24316595.
- ^ Zhou, Yuhua; Lin, Feishen; Cui, Zelin; Zhang, Xiangrong; Hu, Chunmei; Shen, Tian; Chen, Chunyan; Zhang, Xia; Guo, Xiaokui (2015-05-22). "Correlation between Either Cupriavidus or Porphyromonas and Primary Pulmonary Tuberculosis Found by Analysing the Microbiota in Patients' Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid". PLOS ONE. 10 (5): e0124194. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1024194Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124194. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4441454. PMID 26000957.
- ^ Galvão, Klibs N.; Bicalho, Rodrigo C.; Jeon, Soo Jin (December 2019). "Symposium review: The uterine microbiome associated with the development of uterine disease in dairy cows". Journal of Dairy Science. 102 (12): 11786–11797. doi:10.3168/jds.2019-17106. ISSN 0022-0302. PMID 31587913. S2CID 203848231.
- ^ Gabarrini, G.; Chlebowicz, M.A.; Vega Quiroz, M.E.; Veloo, A.C.M.; Rossen, J.W.A.; Harmsen, H.J.M.; Laine, M.L.; van Dijl, J.M.; van Winkelhoff, A.J. (2018-01-03). "Conserved Citrullinating Exoenzymes inPorphyromonasSpecies". Journal of Dental Research. 97 (5): 556–562. doi:10.1177/0022034517747575. ISSN 0022-0345. PMID 29298553. S2CID 13878262.
- ^ Paster, B J; Dewhirst, F E; Olsen, I; Fraser, G J (February 1994). "Phylogeny of Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Porphyromonas spp. and related bacteria". Journal of Bacteriology. 176 (3): 725–732. doi:10.1128/jb.176.3.725-732.1994. ISSN 0021-9193. PMC 205110. PMID 8300528.
Further reading
edit- Summanen, P. H.; Lawson, P. A.; Finegold, S. M. (19 June 2009). "Porphyromonas bennonis sp. nov., isolated from human clinical specimens". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 59 (7): 1727–1732. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.001909-0. PMID 19542133.
- LOVE, D. N.; KARJALAINEN, J.; KANERVO, A.; FORSBLOM, B.; SARKIALA, E.; BAILEY, G. D.; WIGNEY, D. I.; JOUSIMIES-SOMER, H. (1 April 1994). "Porphyromonas canoris sp. nov., an Asaccharolytic, Black-Pigmented Species from the Gingival Sulcus of Dogs". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 44 (2): 204–208. doi:10.1099/00207713-44-2-204. PMID 8186085.
- Love, D. N.; Bailey, G. D.; Collings, S.; Briscoe, D. A. (1 July 1992). "Description of Porphyromonas circumdentaria sp. nov. and Reassignment of Bacteroides salivosus (Love, Johnson, Jones, and Calverley 1987) as Porphyromonas (Shah and Collins 1988) salivosa comb. nov". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 42 (3): 434–438. doi:10.1099/00207713-42-3-434. PMID 1503973.
- Lombardo Bedran, Telma Blanca; Marcantonio, Rosemary Adriana C.; Spin Neto, Rubens; Alves Mayer, Marcia Pinto; Grenier, Daniel; Spolidorio, Luis Carlos; Spolidorio, Denise Palomari (5 January 2012). "Porphyromonas endodontalis in chronic periodontitis: a clinical and microbiological cross-sectional study". Journal of Oral Microbiology. 4 (1): 10123. doi:10.3402/jom.v4i0.10123. PMC 4458513. PMID 26051327.
- HIRASAWA, M.; TAKADA, K. (1 October 1994). "Porphyromonas gingivicanis sp. nov. and Porphyromonas crevioricanis sp. nov., Isolated from Beagles". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 44 (4): 637–640. doi:10.1099/00207713-44-4-637. PMID 7981094.
- Fournier, D.; Mouton, C.; Lapierre, P.; Kato, T.; Okuda, K.; Menard, C. (1 May 2001). "Porphyromonas gulae sp. nov., an anaerobic, Gram-negative coccobacillus from the gingival sulcus of various animal hosts". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 51 (3): 1179–1189. doi:10.1099/00207713-51-3-1179. PMID 11411686.