"Peace for our time" was a declaration made by British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain in his 30 September 1938 remarks in London concerning the Munich Agreement and the subsequent Anglo-German Declaration.[1] The phrase echoed Benjamin Disraeli, who, upon returning from the Congress of Berlin in 1878, had stated, "Lord Salisbury and myself have brought you back peace — but a peace I hope with honour." The phrase is primarily remembered for its bitter ironic value since less than a year after the agreement, Germany's invasion of Poland began World War II.
It is often misquoted as "peace in our time", a phrase already familiar to the British public by its longstanding appearance in the Book of Common Prayer. A passage in that book translated from the 7th-century hymn "Da pacem Domine" reads, "Give peace in our time, O Lord; because there is none other that fighteth for us, but only thou, O God."[2] The phrase also appears in the English hymn "God the Omnipotent!" at the end of the refrain: "...give to us peace in our time, O Lord!" It is not known how deliberate Chamberlain's use of such a similar phrase was.
Speeches
editChamberlain's aeroplane landed at Heston Aerodrome on 30 September 1938 and he spoke to the spectators there:
The settlement of the Czechoslovakian problem, which has now been achieved is, in my view, only the prelude to a larger settlement in which all Europe may find peace. This morning I had another talk with the German Chancellor, Herr Hitler, and here is the paper which bears his name upon it as well as mine [shows paper to crowd]. Some of you, perhaps, have already heard what it contains but I would just like to read it to you: " ... We regard the agreement signed last night and the Anglo-German Naval Agreement as symbolic of the desire of our two peoples never to go to war with one another again".[3][4]
Later that day, he stood outside 10 Downing Street, again read from the document and concluded:
My good friends, for the second time in our history, a British Prime Minister has returned from Germany bringing peace with honour. I believe it is peace for our time. We thank you from the bottom of our hearts. Go home and get a nice quiet sleep.[3]
Chamberlain's return was not universally well-received, and 15,000 people protested against the Munich Agreement the same day in Trafalgar Square, three times more than the number welcoming him at 10 Downing Street. Chamberlain's ongoing manipulation of the BBC caused that news to be largely suppressed.[5] The Labour spokesman Hugh Dalton publicly suggested that the piece of paper that Chamberlain was waving was "torn from the pages of Mein Kampf."[6]
Disbelieving Chamberlain, Isaac Asimov published in July 1939 "Trends", which mentions a World War in 1940. He later wrote "I was too conservative" (about when war would begin).[7]
Cultural references
editPeace in Our Time is the title of a 1947 stage play by Noël Coward. Set in an alternative 1940, the Battle of Britain has been lost, the Germans have supremacy in the air and the United Kingdom is under Nazi occupation. Inspired to write this play in 1946 after seeing the effects of the occupation of France Coward wrote: "I began to suspect the physical effect of four years' intermittent bombing is far less damaging to the intrinsic character of a nation than the spiritual effect of four years of enemy occupation".[citation needed]
"Peace in Our Time" is a 1984 satirical song by Elvis Costello which references Chamberlain. It is featured on the album Goodbye Cruel World.[8]
"Hold On to What?" a 1994 song by the Beautiful South from their album Miaow[9] includes the lyrics, "Chamberlain had his paper/Jesus had his cross/They held on/We held on to what?".
U.S. President John F. Kennedy alluded to the speech in his 1963 American University commencement address in which he stated that he sought "not merely peace in our time, but peace in all time."[10]
Monty Python's 1969 The Funniest Joke in the World sketch references "Britain's pre-war joke" and shows an image of Chamberlain holding up the Munich Agreement paper.
In the 2015 Marvel Cinematic Universe film Avengers: Age of Ultron, Tony Stark uses the phrase "Peace in our time" after creating the eponymous and seemingly benevolent artificial intelligence. Since this backfires, the phrase bears similar ironic value to Chamberlain’s utterance.[11]
Robyn Hitchcock’s 1990 song “Cynthia Mask” references the incident in the lyrics of its second verse.[12]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Neville Chamberlain". Number 10. Archived from the original on 12 September 2008. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
- ^ "The Order for Morning Prayer". Book of Common Prayer. Church of England. 1662.
- ^ a b "Neville Chamberlain's "Peace For Our Time" speech". eudocs.lib.byu.edu. 30 September 1938. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
- ^ Faber, David (2008). Munich, 1938: Appeasement and World War II. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-1-4391-4992-8.
- ^ McDonough, Frank (1998). Neville Chamberlain, appeasement and the British road to war. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. pp. 124–133. ISBN 0-7190-4831-1. OCLC 36876037.
- ^ McDonough 1998, pp. 106–107.
- ^ Asimov, Isaac (1972). The early Asimov; or, Eleven years of trying. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. pp. 79–82. ISBN 0-385-03979-4.
- ^ Pilgrim, David; Ormrod, Richard (2016). Elvis Costello and Thatcherism A Psycho-Social Exploration. Taylor & Francis. p. 110.
- ^ Letter Arts Review. 22 (1–4): 43. 2007.
{{cite journal}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Sachs, Jeffrey D. (2013). To Move the World: JFK's Quest for Peace. New York: Random House. p. 74. ISBN 978-0812994926.
- ^ Ingle, Zachary; Sutera, David M. (2022). The 100 Greatest Superhero Films and TV Shows. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 40.
- ^ "Robyn Hitchcock - Cynthia mask". YouTube.
External links
edit- Peace in our Time. Speech given in Defense of the Munich Agreement, 1938 – online text of the speech
- The Anglo-German Declaration