Wikipedia

Murex

For other uses, see Murex (disambiguation).

Murex is a genus of medium to large sized predatory tropical sea snails. These are carnivorous marine gastropod molluscs in the family Muricidae, commonly called "murexes" or "rock snails".[1]

Murex
Temporal range: Cretaceous - Recent
Apertural view of the shell of Venus comb murex, Murex pecten, anterior end towards the bottom of the page
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Subclass: Caenogastropoda
Order: Neogastropoda
Family: Muricidae
Subfamily: Muricinae
Genus: Murex
Linnaeus, 1758
Type species
Murex tribulus Linnaeus, 1758
Synonyms[1]
  • Acupurpura Jousseaume, 1880
  • Aranea Perry, 1810 (Invalid: junior homonym of Aranea Linnaeus, 1758 [Arachnida])
  • Murex (Murex) Linnaeus, 1758· accepted, alternate representation
  • Murex (Promurex) Ponder & Vokes, 1988· accepted, alternate representation
  • Murex (Tubicauda) Jousseaume, 1880 junior subjective synonym
  • † Muricites Schlotheim, 1820 (Invalid under Art. 20: name established for fossils, formed by adding the suffix -ites to the genus name Murex.)
  • Tubicauda Jousseaume, 1880

The common name murex is still used for many species in the family Muricidae which were originally given the Latin generic name Murex in the past, but have more recently been regrouped into different newer genera.

The word murex was used by Aristotle in reference to these kinds of snails,[citation needed] thus making it one of the oldest classical seashell names still in use by the scientific community.

Fossil records

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This genus is known in the fossil records from the Cretaceous to the Quaternary (age range: from 125.45 to 0.0 million years ago). Fossils of species within this genus have been found all over the world. There are about 25 known extinct species.[2]

 
Murex altispira
 
Fossil shell of Murex spinicosta from Pliocene of Italy

Distribution

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Murex is solely an Indo-Pacific genus, as demonstrated by Ponder & Vokes (1988). The species from the western Atlantic that were formerly considered to belong to the genus Murex are now placed in the genus Haustellum.[citation needed]

Habitat

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Most Murex species live in the intertidal or shallow subtidal zone, among rocks and corals.[citation needed]

Shell description

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This genus includes many showy members, their elongate shells highly sculptured with spines or fronds. The inner surfaces of their ornate shells are often brightly colored.[citation needed]

Human use

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Costly and labor-intensive dyes Tyrian purple (or "royal purple") and tekhelet were historically made by the ancient Phoenicians and Jews respectively, using mucus from the hypobranchial gland of two species commonly referred to as "murex", Murex brandaris and Murex trunculus, which are the older names for Bolinus brandaris and Hexaplex trunculus.[3] This dye is a rare animal-produced organobromine compound, which the snails make using a specific bromide peroxidase enzyme that operates on dissolved bromide in sea water.[4]

This dye was used in royal robes, other kinds of special ceremonial or ritual garments, or garments indicating high rank. It is hypothesised that the dye was the same dye as that which featured prominently in the ancient Temple in Jerusalem, the clothing of the High Priest of Israel officiating there; it is sometimes still used by Jews today in the ritual fringes (tzitzit) on four-cornered garments.[5] A consensus has yet to be reached regarding the Biblical source of the "blue" dye.

The latest archeological research on dyes in Israel indicates that it was the Murex trunculus snail that was used for the famous tekhelet ancient dye (https://www.timesofisrael.com/linking-ancient-snails-to-an-israeli-flag-in-space-a-common-thread/).

Species

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The genus Murex, as originally defined by Linnaeus, encompassed many taxa that are now placed elsewhere in the superfamily Muricoidea. During the 19th century, the definition of Murex was restricted by Lamarck and his contemporaries first to species in the family Muricidae, and then was limited even further to the subfamilies Muricinae and Ocenebrinae. Malacologists of the 19th century including Kiener, Reeve, Küster & Kobelt and Sowerby treated all muricoid forms as belonging to Murex. This is the main reason why Murex has so many synonyms.

The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) lists the following species with accepted names within the genus Murex. The subgenera are considered alternate representations.[6]

Species mentioned as species in current use in the Indo-Pacific Molluscan Database (OBIS)
Species brought into synonymy

References

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  1. ^ a b Houart, R.; Gofas, S. (2010). Murex Linnaeus, 1758. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138196 on 2011-04-09
  2. ^ Fossilworks
  3. ^ Sukenik, Naama; Iluz, David; Amar, Zohar; Varvak, Alexander; Shamir, Orit; Ben-Yosef, Erez (2021). "Early evidence of royal purple dyed textile from Timna Valley (Israel)". PLOS ONE. 16 (1): e0245897. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1645897S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245897. PMC 7842898. PMID 33507987.
  4. ^ Jannun R., Nuwayhid N. and Coe E. (1981) Biological bromination – bromoperoxidase activity in the Murex sea-snail. FASEB. J. 40, 1774.
  5. ^ Tekhelet - Biblical Blue Dye for Tzitzit
  6. ^ WoRMS : Murex 23 December 2010
  7. ^ Murex acanthostephes Watson, 1883. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  8. ^ ^Houart, R. (2009). Murex aduncospinosus Sowerby, 1841. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215644 on 2010-08-06
  9. ^ Murex africanus Ponder & Vokes, 1988. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  10. ^ Murex altispira Ponder & Vokes, 1988. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  11. ^ Murex carbonnieri (Jousseaume, 1881). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  12. ^ Murex concinnus Reeve, 1845. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  13. ^ Murex coppingeri E. A. Smith, 1884. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  14. ^ Houart, R. (2009). Murex djarianensis poppei Houart, 1979. Accessed through the World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=404977 on 2010-08-06
  15. ^ Murex falsitribulus Ponder & Vokes, 1988. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  16. ^ Murex forskoehli Röding, 1798. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  17. ^ Murex hystricosus Houart & Dharma, 2001. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  18. ^ Murex kerslakae Ponder & Vokes, 1988. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  19. ^ Murex megapex Neubert, 1998. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  20. ^ Murex occa Sowerby, 1834. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  21. ^ Murex pecten Lightfoot, 1786. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  22. ^ Murex philippinensis Parth, 1994. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  23. ^ Murex queenslandicus Ponder & Vokes, 1988. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  24. ^ Murex salomonensis Parth, 1994. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  25. ^ Murex scolopax Dillwyn, 1817. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  26. ^ Murex somalicus Parth, 1990. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  27. ^ Murex spectabilis Ponder & Vokes, 1988. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  28. ^ Murex spicatus Ponder & Vokes, 1988. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  29. ^ Murex surinamensis Okutani, 1982. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  30. ^ Murex tenuirostrum Lamarck, 1822. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  31. ^ Murex ternispina Lamarck, 1822. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  32. ^ Murex trapa Roding, 1798. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  33. ^ Murex tribulus Linnaeus, 1758. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  34. ^ Murex troscheli Lischke, 1868. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  35. ^ Indo-Pacific Molluscan Database : Murex (Murex) singaporensis
  36. ^ Murex aedonius Watson, 1896. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  37. ^ Murex argo Clench & Farfante, 1945. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  38. ^ Murex blakeanus Vokes, 1967. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  39. ^ Murex edwardsi. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  40. ^ Murex gubbi Reeve, 1849. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  41. ^ Murex intertextus Helbling, 1779. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  42. ^ Murex maroccensis Gmelin, 1791. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  43. ^ Murex monodon Sowerby, 1841. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  44. ^ Murex nassa Gmelin, 1791. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  45. ^ Murex peritus Hinds, 1844a. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  46. ^ Murex purpuroides Dunker. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  47. ^ Murex recurvirostris. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  48. ^ Murex rota Sowerby. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  49. ^ Murex rubidus. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  50. ^ Murex textilis Gabb, 1873. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  51. ^ Murex triqueter. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  52. ^ Murex tulipa Linnaeus, 1758. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  53. ^ Murex vittatus Broderip, 1833. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 25 April 2010.
  • Merle, D., Garrigues, B. & Pointier, J.-P. 2011. Fossil and Recent Muricidae of the World, Part Muricinae. 648 pp., 182 colour plates, Hackenheim. ISBN 978-3-939767-32-9.
  • Ponder, W.F. & E.H. Vokes. 1988. A revision of the Indo-West Pacific fossil and Recent species of Murex s.s. and Haustellum (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Muricidae). Records of the Australian Museum, Supplement 8. 160 pp.
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