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A metope (/ˈmɛtəpi/; Ancient Greek: μετόπη) is a rectangular architectural element of the Doric order, filling the space between triglyphs in a frieze[1][2][3][4]: 43 [5]: 43 , a decorative band above an architrave.[3] In earlier wooden buildings the spaces between triglyphs were first open, and later the free spaces in between triglyphs were closed with metopes[3][1]: 43 [5]: 43 ; however, metopes are not load-bearing part of a building[4]: 43 [5]: 43 . Earlier metopes are plain, but later metopes were painted or ornamented with reliefs[3][4]: 130 .[2][1] The painting on most metopes has been lost, but sufficient traces remain to allow a close idea of their original appearance.
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In terms of structure, metopes were made out of clay or stone.[1] A stone metope may be carved from a single block with a triglyph (or triglyphs), or they may be cut separately and slide into slots in the triglyph blocks as at the Temple of Aphaea. Sometimes the metopes and friezes were cut from different stone, so as to provide color contrast. Although they tend to be close to square in shape[5]: 43 ,[1] some metopes are noticeably larger in height or in width[5]: 71 . They may also vary in width within a single structure to allow for corner contraction, an adjustment of the column spacing and arrangement of the Doric frieze in a temple to make the design appear more harmonious.
Some of the earliest surviving examples are stone metopes from a peripteral temple at Mycenae, ca. late 7th century BC, and painted clay metopes from Thermus, ca. early 6th century BC.[1] The high-point of relief sculpture on metopes is exemplified by the 92 metopes of the Parthenon, metopes of the temple of Zeus at Olympia,[1] together with the metopes of Temple C at Selinus.
Gallery
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Triglyphs and metopes from the Temple C (Selinus) at Selinus, c. 560 BC, in the Antonino Salinas Regional Archeological Museum (Palermo, Italy) -
A metope (L) and triglyph (R) cut from one block from Stratos -
Triglyph blocks with slots for the insertion of metopes in the Marmaria at Delphi -
Metopes made from marble slotted into the frieze of the Stoa at Brauron -
Section of metope frieze from a temple near Paestum, c. 510 BC -
Metopes with sculptural decoration in the Doric frieze of the Treasury of the Athenians at Delphi -
Frieze of the Temple of Aphaea with triglyphs slotted for metopes -
The entablature of the Hephaisteion (temple of Hephaistos) in Athens, showing Doric frieze with sculpted metopes -
Metope on a façade of the Château de Maisons-Laffitte from France, an example of French Baroque architecture, by François Mansart -
Another metope of the Château de Maisons-Laffitte -
Doric frieze of the Hôtel de Beauvais from Paris -
Early 20th-century Americanized metopes, using bison in place of cow skulls (bucranium)
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See also
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edit- ^ a b c d e f g Höcker, Chistoph; Lienau, Cay; Meyer, Ernst (2006). "Metope". Brill's New Pauly Online. Brill. doi:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e802840.
- ^ a b Mish, Frederick C., ed. (1990) [1983]. Websters Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary – Metope (Collector's ed.). Norwalk, Connecticut: The Easton Press with the permission of Merriam-Webster Incorporated. p. 748.
- ^ a b c d Smith, William; Wayte, William; Marindin, G. D., eds. (1890). "Metopa (p 176)". A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. Vol. 2. Albemarie St.: John Murray.
- ^ a b c Gardner, Percy (1936). The Principles of Greek Art. New York: The Macmillan Company.
- ^ a b c d e Robertson, D. S. (1929). A Handbook of Greek and Roman Art. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
External links
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Media related to Metopes at Wikimedia Commons
