This is an incomplete list that refers to those who were part of the Young Turk movement in the Ottoman Empire. This revolutionary and progressive[1][2] movement consisted of several factions, with the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) at its forefront. Despite the name Young Turks, followers were diverse in their religious and ethnic origins,[3][4][5] and some were not from the Ottoman Empire. Aside from Turks, members and supporters were mostly Albanians, Circassians, Kurds, Armenians, Greeks, Jews, and Arabs.[6][7][8][9]

Jewish and Arab members of Ottoman society were among the most active and radical in late Ottoman politics, which could be an explanation for their disproportionally large presence in the movement.[10] British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire Sir Gerard Lowther referred to the CUP as an 'Albanian business' and the 'Jew Committee of Union and Progress' to highlight the ethnic diversity of the Young Turks and the political activeness of ethnic minorities within the movement.[11][12]

Other majority non-Muslim ethnicities that had a considerable presence in, or a support base for, the Young Turk movement included, but were not limited to: Aromanians,[13] Germans,[14] Hungarians,[15] Poles,[16] and Serbs.[17]

Flag of the 1908 Young Turk Revolution

List of notable members

edit

This is a list of 86 noteworthy members of the Young Turks movement. It is not an exhaustive list, and is therefore subject to additions.

Portrait Name Birth date and place Death date and place Occupation(s) Ethnic origin(s) Other name(s)
  Abdülhalik Renda (1881-11-29)November 29, 1881
Yanya, Janina vilayet, Ottoman Empire
October 1, 1957(1957-10-01) (aged 75)
Erenköy, Kadıköy, Istanbul, Turkey
Acting President of Turkey
Speaker of the Grand National Assembly
Minister of Finance
Minister of Defense
Tosk Albanian
  Abdullah Cevdet (1869-09-09)September 9, 1869
Arapgir, Malatya, Ottoman Empire
November 29, 1932(1932-11-29) (aged 63)
Istanbul, Turkey
One of the founders of the CUP
Ophthalmologist
Kurdish
  Abdyl Ypi 1876 (1876)
Kolonjë, Janina vilayet, Ottoman Empire
January 15, 1920(1920-01-15) (aged 43–44)
Durrës, Albania
One of the initiators of the Congress of Lushnjë
Politician
Albanian
  Agop Babikyan 1856 (1856)
Edirne, Adrianople vilayet, Ottoman Empire
August 1, 1909(1909-08-01) (aged 52–53)
Istanbul, Ottoman Empire
Jurist
Politician
Armenian
Agop Boyacıyan 1854 (1854)
Tekirdağ, Adrianople eyalet, Ottoman Empire
Jurist
Politician
Armenian
  Ahmed Niyazi Bey 1873 (1873)
Resne, Ottoman Empire
1913(1913-00-00) (aged 39–40)
Vlorë, Albania
Bey
Adjutant Major (kolağası)
Tosk Albanian
  Ahmet Emin Yalman 1888 (1888)
Selanik, Salonica vilayet, Ottoman Empire
December 19, 1972(1972-12-19) (aged 83–84)
Istanbul, Turkey
Journalist
Writer
Academic
Jewish
  Ahmet Rüstem Bey (1862-04-18)April 18, 1862
Lesbos, Eyalet of the Archipelago, Ottoman Empire
September 24, 1934(1934-09-24) (aged 72)
Istanbul, Turkey
Last Ottoman ambassador to the United States PolishBritish Alfred Bilinski
  Ahmet Rıza 1858 (1858)
Istanbul, Ottoman Empire
February 26, 1930(1930-02-26) (aged 71–72)
Istanbul, Turkey
Key early leader of the CUP
Politician
Educator
Hungarian–Turk
  Alexander Parvus (1867-09-08)September 8, 1867
Byerazino, Russian Empire
December 12, 1924(1924-12-12) (aged 57)
Berlin, Weimar Republic
Political and financial advisor of the Young Turks
Marxist theoretician
Publicist
Activist
Lithuanian Jew Israel Lazarevich Gelfand, Helphand
  Ali bey Huseynzade (1864-02-24)February 24, 1864
Salyan, Russian Empire
March 17, 1940(1940-03-17) (aged 76)
Istanbul, Turkey
One of the founders of the CUP
Creator of the modern flag of Azerbaijan
Philosopher
Doctor
Writer
Artist
Azerbaijani
  Ali Münif Yeğenağa 1874 (1874)
Adana, Adana vilayet, Ottoman Empire
January 4, 1951(1951-01-04) (aged 76–77)
Adana, Turkey
Minister of Education Turkish
  Artin Boşgezenyan 1861 (1861)
Gaziantep, Aintab Sanjak, Ottoman Empire
1923(1923-00-00) (aged 61–62)
Aleppo, State of Aleppo
Politician Armenian Artin Boshgezenian
  Atıf Kamçıl 1880 (1880)
Çanakkale, Adrianople vilayet, Ottoman Empire
January 21, 1947(1947-01-21) (aged 66–67)
Istanbul, Turkey
Politician Turkish
  Avram Galanti (1873-01-04)January 4, 1873
Bodrum, Aidin vilayet, Ottoman Empire
August 8, 1961(1961-08-08) (aged 88)
Istanbul, Turkey
Politician
Scholar
Historian
Jewish Abraham Galante
  Ayetullah Bey 1888 (1888)
Kadıköy, Istanbul, Ottoman Empire
March 16, 1918(1918-03-16) (aged 29–30)
Istanbul, Ottoman Empire
Founder and second president of the major Turkish multi-sport club Fenerbahçe SK Circassian Anzawurıqo Şəwqiqo Ayetulah-biy
  Aziz Feyzi Pirinççizâde 1878 (1878)
Diyarbakır, Diyarbekir vilayet Ottoman Empire
February 17, 1933(1933-02-17) (aged 54–55)
Turkey
Politician Kurdish
Babanzade Ahmed Naim 1872 (1872)
Baghdad, Baghdad vilayet, Ottoman Empire
August 13, 1934(1934-08-13) (aged 61–62)
Istanbul, Turkey
Politician
Philosopher
Kurdish
  Bahaeddin Şakir 1874 (1874)
Sliven, Adrianople vilayet, Ottoman Empire
April 17, 1922(1922-04-17) (aged 47–48)
Berlin, Weimar Republic
Politician
Writer
Turkish
  Bedros Hallaçyan 1871 (1871)
Istanbul, Ottoman Empire
Paris, France Politician Armenian
  Bekir Fikri 1882 (1882)
Çorhlu, Ottoman Empire
December 21, 1914(1914-12-21) (aged 31–32)
Sarıkamış, Kars, Ottoman Empire
Lieutenant colonel (Binbaşı) Albanian–Turk Beqir Grebeneja
  Black Musa 1880 (1880)
Crete, Ottoman Empire
1919(1919-00-00) (aged 38–39)
Üsküdar, Istanbul, Ottoman Empire
Secret police in the Special Organization of the Ottoman Empire
Volunteer soldier
Sudanese Zenci Musa
  Celal Nuri İleri (1881-08-15)August 15, 1881
Gelibolu, Sanjak of Gelibolu, Ottoman Empire
November 1, 1938(1938-11-01) (aged 57)
Istanbul, Turkey
Important figure in the transition from a constitutional monarchy to a Republic
Politician
Writer
Albanian
  Chaim Nahum 1872 (1872)
Manisa, Aidin vilayet, Ottoman Empire
1960(1960-00-00) (aged 87–88)
Cairo, Egypt
Last Grand Rabbi of the Ottoman Empire
Scholar
Jurist
Linguist
Jewish Haim Nahum
Cherkes Ahmet Serres, Salonica vilayet, Ottoman Empire (1915-09-06)September 6, 1915
Damascus, Syria vilayet, Ottoman Empire
Paramilitary leader Circassian Çerkes Ahmet
  Çerkes Ethem 1886 (1886)
Bandırma, Hüdavendigâr vilayet, Ottoman Empire
September 21, 1948(1948-09-21) (aged 61–62)
Amman, Jordan
Founder of the Kuva-yi Seyyare
Social bandit
Efe
Soldier
Circassian Ethem the Circassian
  Çerkes Reşit 1887 (1887)
Karacabey, Hüdavendigâr vilayet, Ottoman Empire
September 10, 1951(1951-09-10) (aged 63–64)
Bursa, Turkey
Member of Parliament Circassian
Çerkes Tevfik Soldier Circassian
  David Yellin (1864-03-19)March 19, 1864
Jerusalem, Jerusalem Sanjak, Damascus Eyalet, Ottoman Empire
December 12, 1941(1941-12-12) (aged 77)
Jerusalem, Mandatory Palestine
Central in the process of the revival of the Hebrew language
Researcher of the Hebrew language and literature
One of the leaders of the Yishuv
Founder of the first Hebrew College for Teachers
One of the founders of the Hebrew Language Committee and the Israel Teachers Union
Founder of the Zikhron Moshe neighborhood of Jerusalem
Politician
Jewish
  Dervish Hima 1872 (1872)
Struga, Manastir vilayet, Ottoman Empire
April 13, 1928(1928-04-13) (aged 55–56)
Tirana, Albania
One of the delegates who participated at the Albanian Declaration of Independence
Politician
Albanian Ibrahim Mehmet Naxhi
  Despina Storch 1894 or 1895
Istanbul, Ottoman Empire
March 30, 1918 (aged 23–24)
Ellis Island, Jersey City and New York City, United States
Spy Greek Despina Davidovitch, Baroness de Bellville, Madame Hesketh, Madame Nezie
  Djemal Pasha (1872-05-06)May 6, 1872
Midilli, Vilayet of the Archipelago, Ottoman Empire
July 21, 1922(1922-07-21) (aged 50)
Tbilisi, Georgian SSR, Soviet Union
One of the Three Pashas
Military leader
Turkish Cemal Paşa, Ahmed Djemal
Djevdet Bey 1878 (1878)
İşkodra, Scutari vilayet, Ottoman Empire
January 15, 1955(1955-01-15) (aged 76–77)
Istanbul, Turkey
One of the leaders of the CUP
Governor of the Van vilayet during World War I
Albanian Tahir Cevdet Belbez, Djevdet Tahir Belbez, Jevdet Bey
  Doctor Nazım 1872 (1872)
Selanik, Salonica vilayet, Ottoman Empire
July 26, 1926(1926-07-26) (aged 53–54)
Ankara, Turkey
Founding member of the CUP
Physician
Politician
Jewish–Turk Selanikli Mehmed Nâzım Bey
  Emmanouil Emmanouilidis 1867 (1867)
Tavlusun, Melikgazi, Angora vilayet, Ottoman Empire
1943(1943-00-00) (aged 75–76)
Athens, Greece
Jurist
Politician
Greek
  Emmanuel Carasso 1862 (1862)
Selanik, Sanjak of Salonica, Salonica Eyalet, Ottoman Empire
1934(1934-00-00) (aged 71–72)
Trieste, Kingdom of Italy
Lawyer Jewish Emanuel Karasu
  Enver Pasha (1881-11-22)November 22, 1881
Istanbul, Ottoman Empire
August 4, 1922(1922-08-04) (aged 40)
Bukharan People's Soviet Republic, Soviet Union
One of the Three Pashas
Military officer
Albanian–Tatar İsmail Enver
  Ernst Jackh (1875-02-22)February 22, 1875
Bad Urach, Kingdom of Württemberg
August 17, 1959(1959-08-17) (aged 84)
New York City, United States
Diplomat
Author
Journalist
Professor
German Ernst Friedrich Wilhelm Jäckh
  Essad Pasha Toptani 1863/1864 or 1875
Tirana, Scutari vilayet, Ottoman Empire
June 13, 1920 (aged 44–57)
Paris, France
Prime Minister of Albania
Albanian deputy in the Ottoman Parliament
Albanian Esad Pashë Toptani
  Eyüp Sabri Akgöl 1876 (1876)
Ohrid, Manastir vilayet, Ottoman Empire
August 16, 1950(1950-08-16) (aged 87–88)
Istanbul, Turkey
One of the leaders of the 1908 Young Turk Revolution
Soldier
Politician
Albanian Ohrili Eyüp Sabri, Ejup Sabriu
  Ferhat Bey Draga 1880 (1880)
Mitroviça, Ottoman Empire
December 2, 1944(1944-12-02) (aged 63–64)
Kralan, Gjakova, Yugoslavia
Politician Albanian
  Filip Mișea 1873 (1873)
Chroupista, Ottoman Empire
May 16, 1944(1944-05-16) (aged 70–71) Activist
Physician
Politician
Aromanian Filip Mişa, Filip Mise Efendi
  Friedrich Naumann (1860-03-25)March 25, 1860
Störmthal, German Confederation
August 24, 1919(1919-08-24) (aged 59)
Leipzig, Weimar Republic
Theologian
Politician
German Joseph Friedrich Naumann
  Gregorios Anagnostu 1881 (1881)
Grevena, Ottoman Empire
Lawyer
Politician
Greek
  Gyula Germanus (1884-11-06)November 6, 1884
Budapest, Austria-Hungary
November 7, 1979(1979-11-07) (aged 95)
Budapest, Hungary
Islamologist
Professor
Writer
Soldier
Politician
German–Jew Julius Abdulkerim Germanus
Hacı Sait Efendi 1859 (1859)
Süleymaniye, Baghdad vilayet, Ottoman Empire
Politician Iraqi
  Halil Menteşe 1874 (1874)
Milas, Aidin Eyalet, Ottoman Empire
April 2, 1948(1948-04-02) (aged 73–74)
Milas, Turkey
Official in the CUP Turkish
  Hasan Prishtina (1873-09-27)September 27, 1873
Vıçıtırın, Kosovo vilayet, Ottoman Empire
August 13, 1933(1933-08-13) (aged 59)
Thessaloniki, Greece
Prime Minister of Albania Albanian Hasan Berisha
  Hasan Tahsin 1888 (1888)
Selanik, Salonica vilayet, Ottoman Empire
May 15, 1919(1919-05-15) (aged 30–31)
İzmir, Aidin vilayet, Ottoman Empire
Turkish war hero
Member of the Ottoman Special Organization
Journalist
Jewish Osman Nevres
  Hristo Chernopeev (1868-07-16)July 16, 1868
Dermantsi, Danube vilayet, Ottoman Empire
November 6, 1915(1915-11-06) (aged 47)
Krivolak, Kingdom of Serbia
Among the leaders of the Bulgarian People's Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization
Army officer
Macedonian–Bulgarian
  Ibrahim Temo (1865-03-22)March 22, 1865
Struga, Manastir vilayet, Ottoman Empire
August 5, 1945(1945-08-05) (aged 80)
Medgidia, Kingdom of Romania
Main founder of the CUP
Politician
Intellectual
Doctor
Albanian Ibrahim Ethem Sojliu, Ibrahim Bërzeshta, Ibrahim Starova
  İshak Sükuti 1868 (1868)
Diyarbakır, Diyarbekir vilayet, Ottoman Empire
February 9, 1902(1902-02-09) (aged 33–34)
Sanremo, Kingdom of Italy
Writer
Doctor
Kurdish
  Kâmil Bey el-Esad 1870 (1870)
Marjayoun, Ottoman Lebanon, Ottoman Empire
1924(1924-00-00) (aged 53–54)
Marjayoun, Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, France
Politician Lebanese
  Kirkor Sinapyan Ottoman Empire 1951 (1952)
Turkey
Politician Armenian
  Mahmud Shevket Pasha 1856 (1856)
Baghdad, Baghdad Eyalet, Ottoman Empire
June 11, 1913(1913-06-11) (aged 56–57)
Ankara, Turkey
Instrumental figure in the rise of the Young Turks
Generalissimo
Georgian
  Mehmed Cavid 1875 (1875)
Selanik, Salonica vilayet, Ottoman Empire
August 26, 1926(1926-08-26) (aged 50–51)
Ankara, Turkey
Founding member of the CUP
Economist
Newspaper editor
Jewish
Mehmed Fevzi Paşa 1859 (1859)
Damascus, Damascus eyalet, Ottoman Empire
Politician Lebanese
  Mehmed Reshid (1873-02-08)February 8, 1873
Russian Empire
February 6, 1919(1919-02-06) (aged 45)
Istanbul, Turkey
Official in the CUP
Economist
Governor of Diyarbekir vilayet during World War I
Physician
Circassian Mehmed Raşid Şahingiray
  Mehmet Akif Ersoy (1873-12-20)December 20, 1873
Istanbul, Ottoman Empire
December 27, 1936(1936-12-27) (aged 63)
Istanbul, Turkey
Author of the Turkish National Anthem
Poet
Writer
Academic
Politician
Albanian–Uzbek Mehmed Ragîf
Mişon Ventura 1881 (1881)
Hasköy, Pera, Istanbul, Ottoman Empire
April 12, 1961(1961-04-12) (aged 79–80)
Istanbul, Turkey
Jurist
Journalist
Jewish
  Munis Tekinalp 1883 (1883)
Serres, Salonica vilayet, Ottoman Empire
1961(1961-00-00) (aged 77–78)
Nice, France
Writer
Philosopher
Journalist
Jewish Moiz Cohen
Nesim Mazliyah 1878 (1878)
Manisa, Aidin vilayet, Ottoman Empire
September 16, 1931(1931-09-16) (aged 52–53)
Beirut, Lebanon
Politician Jewish
  Nexhip Draga 1867 (1867)
Mitroviça, Ottoman Empire
1920(1920-00-00) (aged 52–53)
Vienna, Austria
Important figure of the Albanian National Awakening
Politician
Albanian Mehmet Nexhip bey Draga, Mehmed Necib Draga
  Nicolae Constantin Batzaria (1874-11-20)November 20, 1874
Kruševo, Manastir vilayet, Ottoman Empire
January 28, 1952(1952-01-28) (aged 77)
Ghencea, Bucharest, Romania
Statesman
Cultural activist
Writer
Aromanian Nikola Konstantin Basarya
Nuri Killigil 1889 (1889)
Manastır, Manastir vilayet, Ottoman Empire
March 2, 1949(1949-03-02) (aged 59–60)
Sütlüce, Istanbul, Turkey
General Albanian
  Osman Hamdi Bey (1842-12-30)December 30, 1842
Istanbul, Ottoman Empire
February 24, 1910(1910-02-24) (aged 67)
Istanbul, Ottoman Empire
Founding father of both archaeology and the museum curator's professions in Turkey
Administrator
Intellectual
Painter
Writer
Greek
  Pavlos Karolidis 1849 (1849)
Kayseri, Angora eyalet, Ottoman Empire
July 26, 1930(1930-07-26) (aged 80–81)
Athens, Greece
Historian
Politician
Greek Pavli Karolidi
  Prenk Bib Doda 1860 (1860)
Orosh, Mirditë, Ottoman Empire
March 22, 1919(1919-03-22) (aged 58–59)
Bregu i Matit, Lezhë, Principality of Albania
Prince of Mirdita
Politician in the Principality of Albania
Albanian Prênk Pasha
  Rafael de Nogales (1877-10-14)October 14, 1877
San Cristóbal, Venezuela
July 10, 1937(1937-07-10) (aged 59)
Panama City, Panama
Soldier
Adventurer
Writer
Venezuelan Rafael Inchauspe Méndez
  Rexhep Pasha Mati 1842 (1842)
Mat, Ottoman Empire
August 14, 1908(1908-08-14) (aged 65–66)
Istanbul, Ottoman Empire
Marshal
Governor
War minister
Albanian Matlı Recep Paşa
  Ruhi Khalidi 1864 (1864)
Jerusalem, Jerusalem sanjak, Damascus eyalet, Ottoman Empire
1913(1913-00-00) (aged 48–49)
Istanbul, Ottoman Empire
Politician
Writer
Teacher
Palestinian Ruhi el-Halidi Bey
  Said Halim Pasha January 18 or 28, 1865 or February 19, 1864
Cairo, Egypt Eyalet, Ottoman Empire
December 6, 1921(1921-12-06) (aged 56)
Rome, Kingdom of Italy
Grand Vizier
General Secretary of the CUP
Albanian
  Selma Rıza (1872-02-05)February 5, 1872
Istanbul, Ottoman Empire
October 5, 1931(1931-10-05) (aged 59)
Istanbul, Turkey
Journalist
Novelist
Hungarian–Turk
  Sassoon Eskell (1860-03-17)March 17, 1860
Baghdad, Baghdad vilayet, Ottoman Empire
August 31, 1932(1932-08-31) (aged 72)
Paris, France
Father of the Parliament of Iraq
Statesman
Baghdadi Jew Ezekiyel Sason
Shlomo Yellin 1854 (1854)
Ottoman Empire
1912(1912-00-00) (aged 57–58)
Ottoman Empire
Lawyer Jewish
  Simon Deutsch 1822 (1822)
Vienna, Austrian Empire
March 24, 1877(1877-03-24) (aged 54–55)
Istanbul, Ottoman Empire
Businessman
Bibliographer
Czech Jew
  Spiro Ristiç 1879 (1879)
Kalkandelen, Ottoman Empire
November 11, 1938(1938-11-11) (aged 58–59)
Skopje, Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Mayor of Skopje
Politician
Serbian Spiro Hadzi Ristić
  Süleyman Askerî 1884 (1884)
Prizren, Kosovo Vilayet, Ottoman Empire
April 14, 1915(1915-04-14) (aged 30–31)
Berjisiya, Basra Vilayet, Ottoman Empire
Co founder of the Teşkilât-ı Mahsusa
Soldier
Circassian
  Talaat Pasha (1874-09-01)September 1, 1874
Kardzhali, Adrianople vilayet, Ottoman Empire
March 15, 1921(1921-03-15) (aged 46)
Berlin, Weimar Republic
One of the Three Pashas RomaniPomak Mehmed Talaat
Tevfik Nazif Arıcan 1883 (1883)
Prizren, Kosovo vilayet, Ottoman Empire
February 20, 1951(1951-02-20) (aged 67–68) Politician Albanian
  Thadée Gasztowtt (1881-06-08)June 8, 1881
Paris, France
January 22, 1936(1936-01-22) (aged 54)
Istanbul, Turkey
Unofficial representative of Polish émigrés
Diplomat
Historian
Journalist
Polish–Lithuanian Tadeusz Seyfeddin Gasztowtt
  Ubeydullah Bey 1858 (1858)
İzmir, Aidin eyalet, Ottoman Empire
1937(1937-00-00) (aged 78–79)
Istanbul, Turkey
Politician Turkish Mehmet Ubeydullah Hatipoğlu
Vitali Hayim Faraci (1854-05-13)May 13, 1854
Serres, Salonica vilayet, Ottoman Empire
December 5, 1918(1918-12-05) (aged 64)
Istanbul, Ottoman Empire
Politician Italian Jew
  Yane Sandanski (1872-05-18)May 18, 1872
Vlahi, Ottoman Empire
April 22, 1915(1915-04-22) (aged 42)
Blatata, near Pirin, Tsardom of Bulgaria
National hero in Bulgaria and North Macedonia Macedonian–Bulgarian
  Yusuf Akçura (1876-12-02)December 2, 1876
Ulyanovsk, Russian Empire
March 11, 1935(1935-03-11) (aged 58)
Istanbul, Turkey
One of the leading university professors in Istanbul
Politician
Writer
Tatar Yosıf Xəsən uğlı Aqçurin, Yusuf Hasanovich Akchurin
  Yusuf Şetvan 1868 (1868)
Istanbul, Ottoman Empire
April 14, 1949(1949-04-14) (aged 80–81)
Istanbul, Turkey
Politician Arab

Citations

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  1. ^ Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü (2008). A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 186. ISBN 9780691146171. JSTOR j.ctt7t314.
  2. ^ Demonian, Hripsimé (1996). The Sick Men of Europe. Gyumri: Shirak State University. p. 11.
  3. ^ Worringer, Renée (May 2004). ""Sick Man of Europe" or "Japan of the near East"?: Constructing Ottoman Modernity in the Hamidian and Young Turk Eras". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 36 (2). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 210. JSTOR 3880032.
  4. ^ Bein, Amit (30 October 2007). "A "Young Turk" Islamic Intellectual: Filibeli Ahmed Hilmi and the Diverse Intellectual Legacies of the Late Ottoman Empire". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 39 (4). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 608. JSTOR 30069490.
  5. ^ Ergil, Doğu [in Turkish] (30 October 2007). "A Reassessment: The Young Turks, Their Politics and Anti-Colonial Struggle". Balkan Studies. 16 (2). Thessaloniki: University of Macedonia: 26.
  6. ^ Zürcher, Erik J. (2010). The Young Turk Legacy and Nation Building: From the Ottoman Empire to Atatürk's Turkey. London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 110–111.
  7. ^ Shaw, Stanford J. (27 July 2016). The Jews of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic. Springer Publishing. p. 238.
  8. ^ Kechriotis, Vangelis (August 2004). "From Trauma to Self-Reflection: Greek Historiography Meets the Young Turks 'Bizarre' Revolution". Turkology Update Leiden Project. Leiden: Leiden University: 1. doi:10.25673/103715.
  9. ^ Braude & Lewis 2014, pp. 200, 403.
  10. ^ Hanssen, Jens (February 2011). ""Malhamé—Malfamé": Levantine Elites and Transimperial Networks on the Eve of the Young Turk Revolution". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 43 (1). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 32–33. doi:10.1017/S0020743810001182.
  11. ^ Kedourie, Elie (1971). "Young Turks, Freemasons and Jews". Middle Eastern Studies. 7 (1). Taylor & Francis: 90–91. JSTOR 4282360.
  12. ^ Braude & Lewis 2014, p. 425.
  13. ^ Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü (2001). Preparation for a Revolution: The Young Turks, 1902-1908. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 259. ISBN 9780199771110.
  14. ^ Tamari, Salim (2011). "Shifting Ottoman Conceptions of Palestine: Part 1: Filistin Risalesi and the two Jamals". Jerusalem Quarterly (47). Institute for Palestine Studies: 32.
  15. ^ Tiryaki, Rüştü Murat (14 September 2022). "Freemasonry's political and diplomatic entanglements in the last phase of Ottoman history: the peculiar case of the Committee of Union and Progress". Middle Eastern Studies. 59 (3). Taylor & Francis: 427–428. doi:10.1080/00263206.2022.2109147. hdl:11693/111641.
  16. ^ Dominik, Paulina D. (2017). Pour la réforme de la justice ottomane: Count Leon Walerian Ostroróg (1867–1932) and His Activities in the Final Decades of the Ottoman Empire (PDF). Slavia Meridionalis (PhD). Vol. 17. Warsaw: Polish Academy of Sciences. pp. 2, 15. doi:10.11649/sm.1441.
  17. ^ Zürcher, Erik J. (October 1999). "Kosovo Revisited: Sultan Reşad's Macedonian Journey of June 1911". Middle Eastern Studies. 35 (4). Taylor & Francis: 34. JSTOR 4284038.

References

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