Li Zicheng (22 September 1606 – 1645[1]), born Li Hongji, also known by his nickname, the Dashing King,[2] was a Chinese peasant rebel leader who helped overthrow the Ming dynasty in April 1644 and ruled over northern China briefly as the Yongchang Emperor (Chinese: 永昌帝; pinyin: Yǒngchāng Dì) of the short-lived Shun dynasty before his death a year later.
| Li Zicheng 李自成 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emperor of the Shun dynasty | |||||||||
| Reign | 1644–1645 | ||||||||
| Enthronement | 8 February 1644 Xi'an 3 June 1644 Hall of Martial Valor, Shuntian Prefecture | ||||||||
| Successor | Li Zijing | ||||||||
| Emperor of China (disputed) | |||||||||
| Reign | 1644–1645 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Chongzhen Emperor (Ming dynasty) | ||||||||
| Successor | Shunzhi Emperor (Qing dynasty) | ||||||||
| Born | Li Hongji (李鴻基) 22 September 1606 Li Jiqian village, Yan'an prefecture, northeast Shaanxi, Ming dynasty | ||||||||
| Died | 1645 (aged 38–39) border of Hubei, Hunan and Jiangxi, Qing dynasty | ||||||||
| Spouse | Gao Guiying | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Dynasty | Shun | ||||||||
| Li Zicheng | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | 李自成 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
| Li Hongji | |||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 李鴻基 | ||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 李鸿基 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
| Dashing King | |||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 闖王 | ||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 闯王 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
Biography
editLi Zicheng was born in 1606 as Li Hongji to an impoverished family of farmers in Li Jiqian village, Yan'an prefecture, northeast Shaanxi province. Li Zicheng had a brother who was 20 years his senior and raised Li Zicheng alongside his son and Zicheng's nephew, Li Guo. While Li Zicheng was literate, the source of his education is disputed. Over the course of his late adolescence and early adulthood, Li worked on a farm, in a wine shop, in a blacksmith's shop, and as a mailman for the state courier system.
According to folklore, in 1630, Li was put on public display in an iron collar and shackles for failing to repay loans to a usurious magistrate. The magistrate, a man by the name of Ai, struck a guard who tried to give Li shade and water. A group of sympathetic peasants freed Li from his shackles, spirited him to a nearby hill, and proclaimed him their leader. Although they were only armed with wooden sticks, Li and his band managed to ambush a group of government soldiers sent to arrest them, and obtained their first real weapons.[2]
By the late Ming dynasty era, the government had been weakened financially, and struggled to deal with the economic issues, environmental problems, and widespread disease (smallpox and possibly the plague) that afflicted peasant populations.[3] In 1639, an epidemic that would later become known as the Chongzhen Great Plague hit the Yangzi region and spread across the north. Famine and drought compounded the social discontent caused by the epidemic. Environmental disaster, disease, and the failure of the Chongzhen government to protect its people led to major peasant uprisings across Northern China beginning in 1628, with the Shaanxi province as an epicenter of rebellion.[3] Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong, also from Shaanxi province, were two of the major leaders in the peasant rebellions during the late Ming dynasty.
In 1633, Li joined a rebel army led by Gao Yingxiang (高迎祥), nicknamed "the Dashing King.” He inherited Gao's nickname and command of the rebel army after Gao's death.[2]
Within three years, Li succeeded in rallying more than 30,000 men to his cause. They attacked and killed prominent government officials such as Sun Chuanting in Henan, Shanxi, and Shaanxi. As Li won more battles and gained more support, his army grew larger. Historians attribute this growth in numbers to Li's reputation as a Robin Hood-style figure who showed compassion to the poor and only attacked Ming officials.[2]
Li advocated the slogans of "dividing land equally" and "abolishing the grain taxes payment system" which won great support from the peasants. The song, "Killing cattle and sheep, preparing tasty wine and opening the city gate to welcome the Dashing King" was widely spread at the time.[citation needed]
The 1642 Kaifeng flood, caused by breaches of the Yellow River dikes by both sides,[4] ended the siege of Kaifeng and killed over 300,000 of its 378,000 residents.[5] After the battles of Luoyang and Kaifeng, the Ming government was unable to stop Li's rebellion, as most of its military force was involved in the battle against the Manchus in the north.
In 1643, Li captured Xiangyang and proclaimed himself "King of Xinshun" (新順王).
Titling himself "Prince of the New Discipline", he established a capital at Xi'an.[6]: 118
In April 1644, Li and 300,000 troops marched on the Ming capital of Beijing.[6]: 118 They captured Beijing (the gates of which were opened from inside) and the Chongzhen Emperor hanged himself.[6]: 118–119 Li proclaimed himself the emperor of the Shun dynasty.[6]: 118 Li, as all contenders for the throne were required, claimed to have the Mandate of Heaven bestowed upon him. Firstly, Li was Han Chinese and hailed from the Shaanxi province of China, which strengthened his legitimacy to the throne versus the foreign Manchus. Li also gained the support of scholar officials which was important in ruling over the people of China as a Confucian state. The name of the dynasty is translated to mean "Obedient to Heaven".[7]
Li's army was eventually defeated on 27 May 1644 at the Battle of Shanhai Pass by the combined forces of the Manchurian Prince Dorgon and the Ming general Wu Sangui who had defected to his side. The Ming and Manchu forces captured Beijing on 6 June and Fulin ascended to the throne to establish the Shunzhi reign with Dorgon as his regent.[7]
When Wu Sangui and Prince Dorgon took control of Beijing, Li fled to Xi'an[8] in Shaanxi. It is not known how or if Li died during his flight, and there are multiple accounts of his death which vary and some of them have been exaggerated. However, across multiple sources, the year of his death is said to have been 1645. One account states that in the summer of 1645 Li went to raid a village in search of provisions with his remaining followers and was killed by soldiers guarding the village.[8] Another theory is that Li Zicheng became a monk and died in 1674.[9]
Lin Qing, the leader of the Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813 by the Tianli sect (天理教) of the White Lotus, proclaimed that he was the reincarnation of Li Zicheng.[10]
Historiography
editAlthough the success of the Ming-Qing transition was attributed to the weakening of the Ming dynasty (exacerbated by Li Zicheng's rebellion), official historiography during the Qing dynasty regarded Li as an illegitimate usurper and outlaw. This view sought to discourage and demonize notions of rebellion against the Qing government, by propagating that the Manchus put an end to Li's illegitimate rule and restore peace to the empire, thus receiving the Mandate of Heaven to rule China.[citation needed]
In the History of Ming, Li Zicheng was described as having high cheekbones, deep-set eyes and a jackal-like voice.[citation needed]
Li Yan, a semi-mythical advisor of Li Zicheng who was thought to have died in 1644, has been suspected to be a metaphor for the rise and fall of Li Zicheng’s rebellion, as historians doubt his existence in real life.[11]
In popular culture
edit
Li appears as a bandit in Baifa Monü Zhuan, a wuxia novel by Liang Yusheng, where the heroine comments he is worthy of being a king. Li is featured as a character in some of the works of Hong Kong wuxia writer Jin Yong (Louis Cha). Li's rebellion against the Ming dynasty is featured in Sword Stained with Royal Blood and his personality is analysed from the point of view of Yuan Chengzhi, the protagonist. In The Deer and the Cauldron, set in the Qing dynasty during the early reign of the Kangxi Emperor, Li is revealed to have survived and fathered a daughter, A'ke, with Chen Yuanyuan. Li is also briefly mentioned by name in Fox Volant of the Snowy Mountain and The Young Flying Fox.[citation needed]
Li is the main character of the historical epic novel Li Zicheng by Yao Xueyin.[12]
Li also makes an appearance in the visual novel The Hungry Lamb: Traveling in the Late Ming Dynasty.[13]
In folklore
editThere are many stories and folklore attributed to Li Zicheng. One such story claims that when Li Zicheng was young he killed one of his classmates and was promptly disowned by his family and shunned by his community.[3]
References
edit- ^ The Chinese Wikipedia article on Li Zicheng gave his death date as 17 May 1645.
- ^ a b c d Des Forges, Roger V. (2003). Cultural Centrality and Political Change in Chinese History : Northeast Henan in the Fall of the Ming. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 206, 209. ISBN 0-8047-4044-5.
- ^ a b c Brook, Timothy (2010). The Troubled Empire : China in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties. US: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 249–253. ISBN 978-0-674-04602-3.
- ^ Lorge, Peter Allan War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 900–1795 Routledge; (2005) ISBN 978-0-415-31691-0 p.147
- ^ Xu, Xin The Jews of Kaifeng, China: history, culture, and religion Ktav Pub Inc (2003) ISBN 978-0-88125-791-5 p. 47
- ^ a b c d Ma, Xinru; Kang, David C. (2024). Beyond Power Transitions: The Lessons of East Asian History and the Future of U.S.-China Relations. Columbia Studies in International Order and Politics. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-55597-5.
- ^ a b Porter, Jonathan (2016). Imperial China : 1350–1900. US: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 119–121. ISBN 978-1442222939.
- ^ a b Rowe, William T. (2009). China's Last Empire : The Great Qing. US: First Harvard University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-674-03612-3.
- ^ "奉天玉和尚". Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
- ^ Li Shi. Religious History in the Qing Dynasty. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
saying that he was the reincarnation of Li Zicheng and
- ^ Roger V. Des Forges (2020). The Mythistorical Chinese Scholar-Rebel-Advisor Li Yan A Global Perspective, 1606–2018 (Leiden in Comparative Historiography, 12). Brill. ISBN 9789004421066.
- ^ Martinsen, Joel (17 January 2008). "A tragic peasant rebellion, abridged for today's readers". Danwei.
- ^ "噔噔咚！他来了。——《饿殍：明末千里行》李闯将美术设计展示 - CnGal 中文GalGame资料站". www.cngal.org. Retrieved 16 June 2024.