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The Lau event was the last of three relatively minor mass extinctions (the Ireviken, Mulde, and Lau events) during the Silurian period.[4] It had a major effect on the conodont fauna, but barely scathed the graptolites, though they suffered an extinction very shortly thereafter termed the Kozlowskii event that some authors have suggested was coeval with the Lau event and only appears asynchronous due to taphonomic reasons.[5] It coincided with a global low point in sea level caused by glacioeustasy and is closely followed by an excursion in geochemical isotopes in the ensuing late Ludfordian faunal stage and a change in depositional regime.[6][5]
Biological impact
editThe Lau event started at the beginning of the late Ludfordian, a subdivision of the Ludlow stage, about 420 million years ago. Its strata are best exposed in Gotland, Sweden, taking its name from the parish of Lau. Its base is set at the first extinction datum, in the Eke beds, and despite a scarcity of data, it is apparent that most major groups suffered an increase in extinction rate during the event; major changes are observed worldwide at correlated rocks, with a "crisis" observed in populations of conodonts and graptolites.[7] More precisely, conodonts suffered in the Lau event, and graptolites in the subsequent isotopic excursion.[6] Local extinctions may have played a role in many places, especially the increasingly enclosed Welsh basin; the event's relatively high severity rating of 6.2 does not change the fact that many life-forms became re-established shortly after the event, presumably surviving in refuge or in environments that have not been preserved in the geological record.[8] Based on its timing, it's possible that this event finished off the palaeoscolecids.[9] Although life persisted after the event, community structures were permanently altered and many lifeforms failed to regain the niches they had occupied before the event.[10]
Isotopic effects
editA peak in δ13C, accompanied by fluctuations in other isotope concentrations, is often associated with mass extinctions. Some workers have attempted to explain this event in terms of climate or sea level change – perhaps arising due to a build-up of glaciers;[11] however, such factors alone do not appear to be sufficient to explain the events.[12] An alternative hypothesis is that changes in ocean mixing were responsible. An increase in density is required to make water downwell; the cause of this densification may have changed from hypersalinity (due to ice formation and evaporation) to temperature (due to water cooling).[10] A different hypothesis attributes the carbon isotope fluctuations to methanogenesis caused by the increased influx of iron-bearing dust and consequent disruption of limiting nutrient ratios.[13] Loydell suggests many causes of the isotopic excursion, including increased carbon burial, increased carbonate weathering, changes in atmospheric and oceanic interactions, changes in primary production, and changes in humidity or aridity. He uses a correlation between the events and glacially induced global sea level change to suggest that carbonate weathering is the major player, with other factors playing a less significant role.[6]
The δ13C curve slightly lags conodont extinctions, hence the two events may not represent the same thing. Therefore, the term Lau event is used only for the extinction, not the following isotopic activity, which is named after the time period in which it occurred.[6]
A positive excursion of δ34S in pyrite coincides with the positive δ13C excursion following the Lau event, likely related to the expansion of euxinic conditions and enhanced pyrite burial.[5][14]
Sedimentological impact
editProfound sedimentary changes occurred at the beginning of the Lau event; these are probably associated with the onset of sea level rise, which continued through the event, reaching a high point at the time of deposition of the Burgsvik beds, after the event.[15]
These changes appear to display anachronism, marked by an increase in erosional surfaces and the return of flat-pebbled conglomerates in the Eke beds. This is further evidence of a major blow to ecosystems of the time – such deposits can only form in conditions similar to those of the early Cambrian period, when life as we know it was only just becoming established. Indeed, stromatolites, which rarely form in the presence of abundant higher life forms, are observed during the Lau event and, occasionally, in the overlying Burgsvik beds;[16] microbial colonies of Rothpletzella and Wetheredella become abundant. This suite of characteristics is common to the larger end-Ordovician and end-Permian extinctions.
See also
editFurther reading
editReferences
edit- ^ Jeppsson, L.; Calner, M. (2007). "The Silurian Mulde Event and a scenario for secundo—secundo events". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 93 (02): 135–154. doi:10.1017/S0263593300000377.
- ^ Munnecke, A.; Samtleben, C.; Bickert, T. (2003). "The Ireviken Event in the lower Silurian of Gotland, Sweden-relation to similar Palaeozoic and Proterozoic events". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 195 (1): 99–124. doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00304-3.
- ^ "Chart/Time Scale". www.stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy.
- ^ The Ireviken, Mulde, and Lau events, were all closely followed by isotopic excursions.
- ^ a b c Frýda, Jiří; Lehnert, Oliver; Joachimski, Michael M.; Männik, Peep; Kubajko, Michal; Mergl, Michal; Farkaš, Juraj; Frýdová, Barbora (September 2021). "The Mid-Ludfordian (late Silurian) Glaciation: A link with global changes in ocean chemistry and ecosystem overturns". Earth-Science Reviews. 220: 103652. Bibcode:2021ESRv..22003652F. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103652. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
- ^ a b c d Loydell, D.K. (2007). "Early Silurian positive d13C excursions and their relationship to glaciations, sea-level changes and extinction events". Geol. J. 42 (5): 531–546. doi:10.1002/gj.1090. S2CID 128822111.
- ^ Urbanek, A. (1993). "Biotic crises in the history of Upper Silurian graptoloids: a palaeobiological model". Historical Biology. 7 (1): 29–50. Bibcode:1993HBio....7...29U. doi:10.1080/10292389309380442.
- ^ Jeppsson, L. (1998). "Silurian oceanic events: summary of general characteristics". In Landing, E.; Johnson, M.E. (eds.). Silurian Cycles: Linkages of Dynamic Stratigraphy with Atmospheric, Oceanic and Tectonic Changes. James Hall Centennial Volume. New York State Museum Bulletin. Vol. 491. pp. 239–257.
- ^ Howard, Richard J.; Parry, Luke A.; Clatworthy, Innes; d'Souza, Leila; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (2024). "Palaeoscolecids from the Ludlow Series of Leintwardine, Herefordshire (<SCP>UK</SCP>): The latest occurrence of palaeoscolecids in the fossil record". Papers in Palaeontology. 10 (3). doi:10.1002/spp2.1558.
- ^ a b Jeppsson, Lennart; Aldridge, Richard J. (2000-11-01). "Ludlow (late Silurian) oceanic episodes and events". Journal of the Geological Society. 157 (6): 1137. Bibcode:2000JGSoc.157.1137J. doi:10.1144/jgs.157.6.1137. S2CID 129255983. Retrieved 2007-06-26.
- ^ Lehnert, O.; Joachimski, M.M.; Fryda, J.; Buggisch, W.; Calner, M.; Jeppsson, L.; Eriksson, M.E. (2006). "The Ludlow Lau Event-another Glaciation In The Silurian Greenhouse?". Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. 2006 Philadelphia Annual Meeting. Vol. 38. p. 183. Archived from the original on 2008-03-17. Retrieved 2007-06-26.
- ^ Samtleben, C.; Munnecke, A.; Bickert, T.; Pätzold, J. (1996). "The Silurian of Gotland (Sweden): facies interpretation based on stable isotopes in brachiopod shells" (PDF). International Journal of Earth Sciences. 85 (2): 278–292. Bibcode:1996IJEaS..85..278S. doi:10.1007/bf02422234. S2CID 129446078. Retrieved 2007-06-26.[dead link]
- ^ Kozłowski, Wojciech; Sobień, Katarzyna (1 July 2012). "Mid-Ludfordian coeval carbon isotope, natural gamma ray and magnetic susceptibility excursions in the Mielnik IG-1 borehole (Eastern Poland)—Dustiness as a possible link between global climate and the Silurian carbon isotope record". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 339–341: 74–97. Bibcode:2012PPP...339...74K. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.04.024. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
- ^ Bowman, Chelsie N.; Lindskog, Anders; Kozik, Nevin P.; Richbourg, Claudia G.; Owens, Jeremy D.; Young, Seth A. (1 September 2020). "Integrated sedimentary, biotic, and paleoredox dynamics from multiple localities in southern Laurentia during the late Silurian (Ludfordian) extinction event". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 553: 109799. Bibcode:2020PPP...55309799B. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109799. S2CID 219438899. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
- ^ Calner, M.; Eriksson, M.J. (2006). "Evidence for rapid environmental changes in low latitudes during the Late Silurian Lau Event: the Burgen-1 drillcore, Gotland, Sweden". Geological Magazine. 143 (1): 15–24. Bibcode:2006GeoM..143...15C. doi:10.1017/S001675680500169X. S2CID 129946754.
- ^ Calner, M. (2005-04-01). "A Late Silurian extinction event and anachronistic period". Geology. 33 (4): 305–308. Bibcode:2005Geo....33..305C. doi:10.1130/G21185.1.