Juan de Miralles y Tizner (July 23, 1713, in Petrer, Province of Alicante, Spain – April 28, 1780 in Morristown, New Jersey) was a Spanish arms dealer who became friends with George Washington during the American Revolutionary War. He supported the American cause financially, and served as a liaison between the colonists and the Spanish Crown.[1]
Juan de Miralles | |
|---|---|
| Born | July 23, 1713 |
| Died | April 28, 1780 (aged 66) |
| Occupation(s) | Arms dealer and messenger to the American Continental Congress |
Biography
editJuan de Miralles was born in Petrer, Alicante, Spain, on July 23, 1713.[2] His parents were French émigreés; his father, Juan de Miralles (or Mirailles) y Tizner, was born in the city of Monein in the French province of Béarn, and served as a captain of infantry in the Royal Spanish Army under Philip V of Spain. His mother, Gracia Trailhon, was a native of the Kingdom of Navarre on the French side of the Pyrenees. Consequently he learned both French and Spanish as a child. Although there is little information about Miralles's early life, it is known that he was in Spain at age 19, and was employed in Cádiz by the Spanish firm Aguirre, Aristegui and Company, which traded with the British and Spanish colonies in the Americas, and held the monopoly on the slave trade of Cuba.[3] It is likely that Miralles crossed the Atlantic Ocean on company business during this time, and learned the English language in the course of his duties.[4] Miralles emigrated to Cuba still at a young age, and soon established himself as a merchant in Havana, then the center of Spanish maritime commerce in the Americas, and also of the intercolonial smuggling of contraband.[5] Being by this time fluent in English, Miralles was one of the more active traders out of Havana doing business with the Thirteen Colonies.[6]
Given the possible threat represented by the British Royal Navy to the maritime commerce of the Spanish colonies, Spain took an officially neutral position in the American War of Independence. However, having lost Florida under the terms of the Treaty of Paris (1763) which ended the Seven Years' War, the American Revolution provided a potential opportunity to regain lost territory, or at least a measure of revenge. Miralles was secretly ordered by Minister of the Indies José de Gálvez to observe and report on the military activities of the United States and on the Continental Congress in Philadelphia,[7] capital of the United States at the time. His dispatches were forwarded to de Gálvez by Diego José Navarro García de Valladares, newly appointed captain-general of Cuba.[8] Miralles and his secretary arrived in Charleston, South Carolina in December 1777, to start their overland journey to Philadelphia, where they arrived in early 1778.[9] Miralles met Washington at a Christmas party and presented a letter of introduction from Navarro. Privateer John Macpherson leased his Mount Pleasant mansion to Miralles.[10] Also while in Philadelphia, Miralles became affiliated with the prominent shipping-banking firm of Willing, Morris & Co.
During the Seven Years' War, France had ceded Spain its Louisiana territory west of the Mississippi under the Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762). In 1779, the two countries signed the Treaty of Aranjuez by which Charles III of Spain agreed to assist his first cousin, Louis XVI of France in his conflict with the British. In September 1779, the Governor of Spanish Louisiana, Bernardo de Gálvez launched a pre-emptive strike against the British and seized Fort Bute on the Bayou Manchac, thus opening a second front. In February 1780 Miralles notified Washington that the Spanish had taken Baton Rouge and Natchez. Washington assured Miralles that he would notify him of any British movements that might be "of interest to your court".[11]
Miralles fell ill with a fever while on a visit to Washington's camp in Morristown, New Jersey, where he died on April 28, 1780.[12] He was initially buried in the Presbyterian cemetery in Morristown. The French Minister Plenipotentiary, Anne-César, Chevalier de la Luzerne arranged for a requiem Mass to be celebrated for Miralles at St. Mary's Church in Philadelphia on 8 May 1780. After the war, the remains were moved, probably to Cuba, where his wife lived.[9]
Family
editJuan de Miralles married María Josefa de la Puente, the sister of Eligio de la Puente, in 1744. The de la Puente family was influential in Cuban political affairs.[5] The couple had eight children, a son and seven daughters.[13] Miralles was the uncle of merchant and politician Pedro Casanave, who served a term as mayor of Georgetown and presided over the ceremonial laying of the cornerstone of the President's House, later to be known as the White House, on October 13, 1792.[14]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Oliver W. Holmes (1973). Suter's Tavern: Federal Birthplace of the City. Historical Society of Washington, D.C.
- ^ Castro, Tony. "How Hispanics helped win the American Revolution", La Opinion. 4 July 2014
- ^ David Murray (12 September 2002). Odious Commerce: Britain, Spain and the Abolition of the Cuban Slave Trade. Cambridge University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-521-52469-8.
- ^ Herminio Portell-Vilá (1978). Los "otros extranjeros" en la Revolución Norteamericana. Ediciones Universal. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-89729-173-6.
- ^ a b Herminio Portell Vilá (1947). "Juan de Miralles, un habenero amigo de Jorge Washington". Digital Library of the Caribbean (in Spanish). Sociedad Columbista Panamericana. pp. 5–6. Archived from the original on 15 July 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
- ^ Coronado, Raúl. A World Not to Come, Harvard University Press, 2013 ISBN 9780674073913
- ^ Ferreiro, Larrie D. (2017). Brothers at Arms: American Independence and the Men of France and Spain Who Saved It. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-101-91030-6.
- ^ Melton, H. Keith; Wallace, Robert (2021). Spy Sites of Philadelphia: A Guide to the Region's Secret History. Georgetown University Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-64712-018-4.
- ^ a b Griffin, Martin Ignatius Joseph (1907). Catholics and the American Revolution. Vol. 1. M.I.J. Griffin. p. 298. ISBN 978-0-524-03153-7.
- ^ Kirlin, Joseph Louis J. (1909). Catholicity in Philadelphia from the Earliest Missionaries Down to the Present Time. p. 108.
- ^ Richard L. Campbell (1892). Historical Sketches of Colonial Florida. Williams publishing Company. p. 118. ISBN 9780722201824.
- ^ McCadden, Helen Matzke (1973). "Juan de Miralles and the American Revolution". The Americas. 29 (3): 360. doi:10.2307/980058. ISSN 0003-1615. JSTOR 980058. S2CID 147449006. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
- ^ Frank de Varona (1993). Hispanic Presence in the United States: Historical Beginnings. National Hispanic Quincentennial Commission. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-56675-029-5.
- ^ Robert Cooper (2006). Cracking the Freemason's Code: The Truth About Solomon's Key and the Brotherhood. Rider. p. 195. ISBN 9781446445792.