The Iroquois or Haudenosaunee passport is a passport issued by the Iroquois Confederacy (Iroquois: Haudenosaunee).
| Iroquois passport | |
|---|---|
 The front cover of a Haudenosaunee passport as of 2009 | |
| Type | Passport |
| Issued by | Haudenosaunee Confederacy |
| First issued | 1923 |
| Purpose | Identification |
| Eligibility | Haudenosaunee nationality |
History
editThe Haudenosaunee government has issued passports since at least 1923, when Haudenosaunee authorities issued a passport to Cayuga statesman Deskaheh to travel to the League of Nations headquarters in Geneva.[1] The Iroquois passport evolved from negotiations with the U.S. State Department, Canada, Britain and other countries and has been used since 1977.[2]
In 2005 Japan allowed a delegation travelling on the Iroquois passport to visit that country for the World Congress of the International Association for the History of Religions.[3]
The Iroquois passport is not accepted for entry into Canada. In early 2010, a delegation from Kahnawake to an environmental conference in Bolivia was unable to return to Canada on the passport, stranding the group in El Salvador for several weeks before they were allowed, under escort, to transit via the United States.[4] On June 18, 2011, another incident occurred at the Cornwall, Ontario port-of-entry into Canada when an Akwesasne Mohawk woman's Haudenosaunee passport was confiscated and a Certificate of Indian Status card had to be used to cross the border.[5] When asked about this incident, a spokesman for the Canada Border Services Agency confirmed that the Iroquois passport is not on Canada's list of acceptable identification.[6]
In July 2010 the United Kingdom did not accept the tribal passports of the Haudenosaunee Nationals field lacrosse team for travel to the UK for the 2010 World Lacrosse Championship.[7][8] The United States government offered to immediately issue United States passports to the team-members, and several days after this offer was rejected, issued waivers that would allow the team back into the US; however, the UK continued to refuse to issue visas.[9] In July 2018 Israel accepted the team's passports, subject to assurances from the Canadian government that they would be allowed back into Canada on them.[10][11] In August 2022, Ireland acknowledged and accepted Haudenosaunee passports for the 2022 Under 21 World Lacrosse Championship.[12]
Validity
editThe validity of an Iroquois passport for various purposes has been questioned, and the issue is entangled with the larger issue of Iroquois sovereignty.
The Isle of Man has issued public warnings rejecting the document as a valid form of either identification or nationality and regards holders as US or Canadian citizens,[13] and the European Union does not recognise it as a valid travel document and has issued guidelines stating that visas cannot be affixed to the passport, barring holders from the Schengen area.[14][15] Both list the Iroquois passport as a "fantasy passport", a document issued by a minority, sect, population group or private organization,[15] which according to the Isle of Man has "no authority and to which no official recognition has been given".[13]
The governments in the United States,[16] the United Kingdom[7] and Canada have refused to endorse the document as valid document for international travel. Additionally, the document does not appear on the list of forms of acceptable identification to cross into Canada.[5] The Iroquois passport has, however, been successfully used for international travel.[17]
As of 2010, the passports did not meet the 2009 Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative requirements for entry to the United States, although upgrades were in progress.[18]
Other Indigenous nations' passports
editIn 1977, a Cree man named Fred Plains from Timmins, Ontario, Canada, claimed to have successfully entered Sweden on a home-made Cree passport.[19]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Toensing, Gale Courey (July 16, 2010). "Iroquois Nationals forfeits first game". Indian Country Today. Archived from the original on October 12, 2010.
- ^ Wallace, William (June 12, 1990). "Putting Tradition to the Test". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 23, 2023. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
- ^ Gonyea, Wendy (June 1, 2005). "Onondaga Communications Reports on 19th World Congress of the International Association for the History of Religions". Onondaga Nation. Archived from the original on August 29, 2023.
- ^ Horn, Greg (June 1, 2010). "Canada prevents Mohawks from returning home on Haudenosaunee passports". Kahnawake News. Archived from the original on July 10, 2012.
- ^ a b Nease, Kristy (July 11, 2011). "Iroquois passport seized at border: Mohawk woman to file human rights complaint". Ottawa Citizen. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011.
- ^ Blaze Carlson, Kathryn (January 11, 2011). "Ottawa in 'explosive' situation over rejected Iroquois passport". National Post. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
- ^ a b Gross, Samantha (July 15, 2010). "British decision halts Iroquois lacrosse visit". Rochester Democrat and Chronicle. Archived from the original on November 23, 2010. Retrieved July 15, 2010.
- ^ Marshall, Tabitha (August 15, 2013). "The Iroquois Nationals and the 2010 World Lacrosse Championships". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on January 29, 2024. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
- ^ Kaplan, Thomas (July 16, 2010). "Iroquois Defeated by Passport Dispute". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 21, 2023. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
- ^ "Iroquois Nationals face travel delays to World Lacrosse Championship over passport issues". CBC. Archived from the original on February 5, 2024. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
- ^ "Iroquois Lacrosse Team Defies BDS to Reach Israel". B'nai Brith Canada. Archived from the original on February 25, 2024. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
- ^ Kirst, Sean (13 August 2022). "Between Haudenosaunee and Ireland, lacrosse builds deep bond of respect". Buffalo News. Archived from the original on April 8, 2023. Retrieved September 6, 2022.
- ^ a b "Public Warning: False Identity Documents". Isle of Man. Archived from the original on July 20, 2009.
- ^ "Crossing borders". European Council.
- ^ a b "Table of travel documents..." Archived from the original (PDF) on June 3, 2023.
- ^ Wetenhall, John (July 13, 2010). "Iroquois Lacrosse Team Prevented From Traveling to Championships". ABC News.
- ^ Dobnik, Verna; Dou, Eva (July 13, 2010). "US rule could keep Iroquois from lacrosse tourney". Associated Press Newsfeed. New York. Archived from the original on July 16, 2010. Retrieved July 12, 2010.
- ^ Benny, Michael (July 19, 2010). "Iroquois spend $1.5 million to upgrade passports". Syracuse, NY: WSTM NBC3. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
- ^ "Sweden accepted Cree's 'passport'". Montreal Gazette. August 25, 1977. Retrieved July 17, 2015.