Neutrophil hypersegmentation can be defined as the presence of neutrophils whose nuclei have six or more lobes or the presence of more than 3% of neutrophils with at least five nuclear lobes.[1] This is a clinical laboratory finding. It is visualized by drawing blood from a patient and viewing the blood smeared on a slide under a microscope. Normal neutrophils are uniform in size, with an apparent diameter of about 13 μm in a film. When stained, neutrophils have a segmented nucleus and pink/orange cytoplasm under light microscope. The majority of neutrophils have three nuclear segments (lobes) connected by tapering chromatin strands. A small percentage have four lobes, and occasionally five lobes may be seen. Up to 8% of circulating neutrophils are unsegmented (‘band’ forms).[1]
| Hypersegmented neutrophil | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Blood smear with two hypersegmented neutrophils. |
The presence of hypersegmented neutrophils is an important diagnostic feature of megaloblastic anaemias. Hypersegmentation can also be seen in many other conditions but with relatively less diagnostic significance.
Hypersegmentation can sometimes be difficult to assert since interobserver variation is high and segmentation may vary with race. A 1996 study performed in the United States found that blacks have a greater neutrophil segmentation than whites.[2]
Association with other diseases
editMegaloblastic anemia
editNeutrophil hypersegmentation is one of the earliest, most sensitive and specific signs of megaloblastic anemia (mainly caused by hypovitaminosis of vitamin B12 & folic acid). Nuclear hypersegmentation of DNA in neutrophils strongly suggests megaloblastosis when associated with macro-ovalocytosis. If megaloblastosis is suspected, a formal lobe count/neutrophil (i.e. lobe index) above 3.5% can be obtained. Hypersegmentation persists for an average of 14 days after institution of specific therapy.[citation needed]
Other causes
edit- Hereditary hypersegmentation[3]
- Acute megaloblastic anaemia secondary to nitrous oxide anaesthesia
- Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)[4]
- Myeloproliferative disorders[5]
- Chronic infections[5]
- Chemotherapeutic & Cytotoxic drugs
- Following Granulocyte colony stimulating Factor (G-CSF) administration[5]
- Steroid therapy for immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)[7]
- Iron deficiency anaemia
References
edit- ^ a b Bain, Barbara J.; Bates, Imelda; Laffan, Mike A. (2016-08-11). Dacie and Lewis Practical Haematology E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 9780702069253.
- ^ Carmel, R.; Green, R.; Jacobsen, D. W.; Qian, G. D. (July 1996). "Neutrophil nuclear segmentation in mild cobalamin deficiency: relation to metabolic tests of cobalamin status and observations on ethnic differences in neutrophil segmentation". American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 106 (1): 57–63. doi:10.1093/ajcp/106.1.57. ISSN 0002-9173. PMID 8701933.
- ^ Shinton, N. K. (2007-12-19). Desk Reference for Hematology, Second Edition. CRC Press. ISBN 9781420005127.
- ^ Anderson, Shauna (2013-01-24). Anderson's Atlas of Hematology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9781469826363.
- ^ a b c Tkachuk, Douglas C.; Hirschmann, Jan V.; Wintrobe, Maxwell Myer (2007). Wintrobe's Atlas of Clinical Hematology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9780781770231.
- ^ a b Bain, Barbara J.; Bates, Imelda; Laffan, Mike A. (2016-08-11). Dacie and Lewis Practical Haematology E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 9780702069253.
- ^ Arber, Daniel A.; Glader, Bertil; List, Alan F.; Means, Robert T.; Paraskevas, Frixos; Rodgers, George M. (2013-08-29). Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9781469846224.