The Howeitat or Huwaitat (Arabic: الحويطات al-Ḥuwayṭāt, Northwest Arabian dialect: ál-Ḥwēṭāt) are a large Judhami tribe that inhabits areas of present-day southern Jordan, the Sinai Peninsula and Sharqia governate in Egypt, the Negev, and northwestern Saudi Arabia. The Howeitat have several branches, notably the Ibn Jazi, the Abu Tayi, the Anjaddat, and the Sulaymanniyin, in addition to a number of associated tribes.
| Huwaytat الحويطات | |
|---|---|
| Judhami Arab tribe | |
 Sheikh Auda Abu Tayi and men of his tribe with a group of officers of the Arab Army in 1916. | |
| Ethnicity | Arab |
| Location | Hejaz, southern Jordan, The Negev, Sinai, Sharqia |
| Parent tribe | Banu Judham |
| Language | Arabic (Northwest Arabian dialect) |
| Religion | Sunni Islam |
_p2.971_THE_READ_SEA.jpg)
History
editFormation
editHoweitat nomads were recorded as the only tribesmen living in the southern, inland area of the Karak Sanjak of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century.[1] According to the Ottoman historian Qutb al-Din al-Nahrawali (d. 1582), the tribe was a branch of the Banu Uqba, the dominant tribe of the al-Karak-Shawbak region during Mamluk Sultanate rule (1260–1516) and whose chieftains were officially recognized by the Mamluk authorities.[1]
The Howeitat are unusual in claiming descent from a single ancestor, an Egyptian named Huwayt.[2] However, according to Kamal Salibi, their presence in the area may date from the 18th century, when tribes of the northern Arabian desert were being pushed northwards by expansion of the Wahhabite-associated Bedouin of central Arabia; by the late 18th century the Howeitat were already laying claim to areas around Aqaba and northwards;[3] they also laid claim to land in Egypt. They developed into a partly settled tribe, combining farming in the fertile areas of al-Sharat with pastoralism, but early in the 20th century were rendered more or less nomadic by the activities of two rival shaikhs, Abtan ibn Jazi and Auda Abu Tayi, who concentrated on raiding, collection of tribute and camel-herding.[4]
Role during the Arab Revolt
edit
The abu-Tayi subclan of the tribe were supporters of the Hashemite cause during the Arab Revolt, in which they formed an important part of Faisal's forces; Auda abu Tayi was able to muster a force of Bedouin tribesmen willing to march on Aqaba under the banner of Prince Feisal bin Hussein. The ibn-Jazi subclan of the tribe remained loyal to the Ottoman Empire: their leader Hamad ibn Jazi was decorated by the empire in early 1917.[5] In later years, the Howeitat returned to farming; they were also prominent in the Arab Legion, the ibn-Jazi section becoming the most powerful component in the federation. The Howeitat still have possession of large areas of land around Wadi Rum and stretching into Saudi Arabia; they have historically been a significant source of manpower for the Saudi Arabian National Guard and the Royal Jordanian Land Force.
In 1938, the Huwaitat tribe in Transjordan was estimated to be around 1,000 tents. They resided in the Ma'an and 'Aqaba region, around Tafilah, and in the plan of ash-Sher'ah in Edom.[6]
Present-day status and Saudi displacement
editNowadays, the Howeitat tribe has largely given up its nomadic lifestyle, and settled into villages.[7] On 13 April 2020 a Howeitat man named Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti posted videos online announcing that Saudi security forces were trying to evict him and other members of the tribe from their historic homeland to make way for the development of Neom.[7] Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti, a Saudi human rights activist also of the Howeitat tribe, circulated the videos.[7] In the videos Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti said he would defy the eviction orders though he expected Saudi authorities would plant weapons in his house to incriminate him.[7]
He was later killed by Saudi security forces, who claimed he had opened fire on them.[7] This version of events was disputed by Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti who said that he did not own firearms.[7] His funeral was held near the village of al-Khoraibah and was well attended despite the presence of Saudi security forces.[7]
Eight cousins of Abdul Rahim al-Huwaiti have been arrested for protesting against the eviction order but Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti said that she and human rights activists in the west hoped to challenge the arrests.[7] Alhwaiti says that the Howeitat are not opposed to the development of Neom, but do not want to be evicted from their traditional homeland.[7] Alya Abutayah Alhwaiti says she has received death threats from people she says are supporters of Mohammed bin Salman.[7] She reported the threats to British police.[7]
On 6 October 2020, The Independent reported that ancient Saudi Arabia's tribe Howeitat was in danger because of the $1.5 trillion hi-tech city project called Neom. In recent months the Saudi authorities allegedly arrested, harassed, hounded and even killed members of the tribe on being questioned for their plans and denied the sale of their land to the state. According to a London-based activist and spokesperson of the tribe, Alya Alhwaiti, and members of the tribe called the United Nations to investigate the matter. Alhwaiti claimed that the kingdom's crown prince Mohammed Bin Salman promised the tribe in 2016 to be a part of the Neom project along with a share in the development and improvement of the area. However, in 2020 the Howeitat tribe was instead forced to leave their land without a place to stay in exchange.[8] In May 2023, the Saudi Arabian government convicted six members of the Howeitat tribe of "terrorism" due to their opposition to the planned city's development. Three of the convicted men received the death penalty, while the other three received sentences ranging 27 to 50 years. UN Special Rapporteurs working on behalf of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights dispute the veracity of the charges and sentencing, stating that the men were "arrested for resisting forced evictions", along with alleging torture of the detained.[9][10]
Language
editThe Howeitat speak a variety of Bedouin Arabic, specifically Northwest Arabian Arabic.
In literature
editThe Howeitat are often mentioned in Richard Francis Burton's travelogue The Land of Midian, in which he gives the following account of their origin:
According to their own oral genealogists, the first forefather was a lad called ‘Alayán, who, travelling in company with certain Shurafá ("descendants of the Apostle"), and ergò held by his descendants to have been also a Sherif, fell sick on the way. At El-‘Akabah he was taken in charge by ‘Atíyyah, Shaykh of the then powerful Ma’ázah tribe, who owned the land upon which the fort stands. A "clerk," able to read and to write, he served his adopted father by superintending the accounts of stores and provisions supplied to the Hajj. The Arabs, who before that time embezzled at discretion, called him El–Huwayti’ ("the Man of the Little Wall") because his learning was a fence against their frauds. He was sent for by his Egyptian friends; these, however, were satisfied by a false report of his death: he married his benefactor’s daughter; he became Shaykh after the demise of his father-in law; he drove the Ma’ázah from El-‘Akabah, and he left four sons, the progenitors and eponymi of the Midianite Huwaytát. Their names are ‘Alwán, ‘Imrán, Suway’id, and Sa’id; and the list of nineteen tribes, which I gave in The Gold–Mines of Midian, is confined to the descendants of the third brother.
They are also mentioned in T. E. Lawrence's Seven Pillars of Wisdom[12] and the film Lawrence of Arabia.
References
edit- ^ a b Bakhit, Muhammad Adnan. (1982) The Ottoman Province of Damascus in the Sixteenth Century. Beirut: Libraire du Liban. p. 194.
- ^ Harris, G. Jordan: its people, its society, its culture, HRAF, 1958, p.56
- ^ Salibi, K. The Modern History of Jordan, Tauris, 1998, ISBN 1-86064-331-0, pp.26-27
- ^ Alon, Y. and Eilon, J. The Making of Jordan: Tribes, Colonialism and the Modern State, Tauris, 2007, ISBN 1-84511-138-9, p.162
- ^ Teitelbaum, J. (2001) The Rise and Fall of the Hashimite Kingdom of Arabia, Hurst, p.92
- ^ Epstein, Eliahu (1938). "The Bedouin of Transjordan: Their social and economic problems". Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society. 25 (2): 234. doi:10.1080/03068373808730853. ISSN 0035-8789. Archived from the original on 2024-06-16. Retrieved 2024-06-25.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Gardner, Frank (23 April 2020). "Saudi tribe challenges crown prince's plans for tech city". BBC News. Archived from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
- ^ "Neom: Ancient Saudi tribe in danger of 'disappearing off face of the earth' to make way for vanity project". The Independent. 5 October 2020. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ^ "Saudi Arabia: UN experts alarmed by imminent executions linked to NEOM project". OHCHR. Archived from the original on 2023-05-04. Retrieved 2023-05-07.
- ^ Jankowicz, Mia. "Saudi Arabia is planning to execute three local tribe members who opposed its futuristic Neom-megacity project, UN experts warn". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 2023-05-06. Retrieved 2023-05-07.
- ^ Burton, R. The Land of Midian, Chapter 5.
- ^ Lawrence, T.E. (1935). Seven Pillars of Wisdom. Garden City: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc. pp. 225, 229, 233.
External links
edit
Media related to Huwaitat Tribe at Wikimedia Commons