Haplogroup P also known as P-F5850 or K2b2 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup in human genetics. P-F5850 is a branch of K2b (previously Haplogroup MPS; P331), which is a branch of Haplogroup K2 (K-M526).
Haplogroup P (K2b2) | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Possible time of origin | 44,000 to 41,000 years BP[1][2] |
Possible place of origin | South Asia, or Southeast Asia[3][4][5] |
Ancestor | K2b[6] |
Descendants | P-P295 (P1a, formerly P*) P-FT292000 (P1b, formerly P3) P-M45 (P1c, formerly P1, a.k.a. QR) |
Defining mutations | P295/PF5866/S8, 92R7_1, 92R7_2, F91/PF5862/V231 |
The haplogroup K2b splits into K2b1 (haplogroup MS*) and K2b2 (haplogroup P-F580, Y-DNA P*). Basal P* (P-PF5850*) is found in Southeast Asia.[7][8] The primary branches (clades) of P-F580 are P-P295 (P1a, formerly P*) which is found among South and Southeast Asians as well as Oceanians, P-FT292000 (P1b, formerly P3) with unknown distribution, and P-M45 (P1c, formerly P1) commonly found among Siberians and Central Asians.[7][9] P-M45 (P1c) is, in turn, the parent node of Haplogroup Q (Q-M242) and Haplogroup R (R-M207).
The major subclades of Haplogroups P-M45, Q and R now include most males among Europeans, Native Americans, South Asians and Central Asians.
Origin and dispersal
editKarafet et al. 2015 suggests an origin and dispersal of haplogroup P and its ancestral clade K from either South Asia or Southeast Asia as part of the early human dispersal, based on the distribution of subclades now classified as P-P295 (now P1a), and more ancient clades such as K1 and K2. However, Karafet, et al. mentions that this hypothesis is "parsimonious" and K may have alternatively originated elsewhere in Eurasia and later went extinct there.[4][10][11] According to a geneticist Spencer Wells, haplogroup K, from which haplogroup P descended, originated most likely in the Middle East or Central Asia.[12]
The highest frequency and diversity of haplogroup P clades is observed in Southeast Asia, specifically on the Malay Peninsula and the Philippines.[13][7] To date, the ancestral clade K2b has only been confirmed among the 39,000 year old Tianyuan man.[14]
Structure
editThe subclades of Haplogroup P with their defining mutation:[7][15]
Distribution
editP1(xP1c)
editBecause P1a, formerly P2 (P-B253) was discovered relatively recently, it is not always clear if older studies have screened for it. Therefore, cases of basal P1* (also known as P-P295*; K2b2*; PxM45, B253) reported in literature may include P1a (P2).
P1(xP1c) exists at low to moderate levels among various groups in Island South East Asia, the South West Pacific and East Asia.[4]
P1* (perhaps P1a/P2) is found at its highest rate among members of the Aeta (or Agta), a people indigenous to Luzon who formed from various ancient groups, such as Oceanians and Austronesian peoples from Taiwan.[7] P1 is most common among individuals in Siberia and Central Asia, as well as in Southern Asian at lower frequency.[3][4][11][16]
Root P* (P-PF5850*) was found among a Jehai sample in Malaysia.[17][7] Basal P1* was also found in one historical 19th-century Andaman islander.[18]
Population | P* % | Notes |
---|---|---|
Papua New Guinea | 0.69 | assumed from Kayser et al. 2006 1 P* found[4] |
New Zealand | 0 | |
Fiji | 0 | |
Solomon Islands | 0 | |
French Polynesia | 0 | |
Vanuatu | 0 | |
New Caledonia | ||
Guam | 0 | |
Samoa | 0 | |
Kiribati | ||
Tonga | 0 | |
Micronesia FDR | 0 | |
Marshall Islands | 0 | |
American Samoa | ||
Northern Mariana Islands | ||
Palau | ||
Cook Islands | 0 | |
Wallis and Futuna | 0 | |
Tuvalu | 0 | |
Nauru | ||
Norfolk Island | ||
Niue | 0 | small sample size |
Tokelau | 0 | small sample size |
Hawaii | 0 | small sample size from FTDNA |
Australia | 0 | |
Timor | 10.8 | |
Aeta (Philippines) | 28 | |
Austronesians (Philippines) | 0 | |
Malaysia | 0 | |
Flores | 0 | |
Sulawesi | 0.6 | |
East Indonesia | 0 | |
Java Indonesia | 0 | |
Bali Indonesia | 0 | |
Sumatra Indonesia | 0 | |
Borneo Indonesia | 0 | |
West Papua Province | 0 | |
Papua Province | 0 | |
Sumba Indonesia | 3.2 |
P-M45 (P1c)
editDerived P1c (P-M45) has been found among the Ancient North Eurasian Yana specimens, which carried around 29–47% ancestry from an East Eurasian source represented by the Tianyuan man.[19][20]
Many modern ethnic groups with high frequencies of P1c, also known as P-M45 and K2b2a, are located in Central Asia and Siberia: 35.4% among Tuvans, 28.3% among Altai-Kizhi (PxQ-M3,R1),[21] and 35% among Nivkh males.
Modern population | Modern ethnolinguistic affiliation | Reference | n | Percentage | Notes/SNPs tested |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tuvinian | Turkic | [21] | 113 | 35.40 | P-M45 |
Nivkh | isolate | [22] | 17 | 35 | P-M45 |
Altai-Kizhi | Turkic | [21] | 92 | 28.3 | P-M45 |
Todjin | Turkic | [21] | 36 | 22.2 | P-M45 |
Chukchi | Chukotkan | [22] | 24 | 20.8 | P-M45 |
Koryak | Chukotkan | [22] | 27 | 18.5 | P-M45 |
Yupik | Eskimo-Aleut | [22] | 33 | 18.2 | P-M45 |
Uighur | Turkic | [23] | 70 | 17.1 | P-M45 |
Kalmyk | Mongolic | [21] | 68 | 11.8 | P-M45 |
Turkmen | Turkic | [24] | 30 | 10 | P-M45 |
Soyot | Turkic | [21] | 34 | 8.8 | P-M45 |
Uriankhai | Mongolic | [25] | 60 | 8.3 | P-M45 |
Khakas | Turkic | [21] | 53 | 7.6 | P-M45 |
Kazakh | Turkic | [24] | 54 | 5.6 | P-M45 |
Uzbek | Turkic | [24] | 366 | 5.5 | P-M45 |
Khasi-Khmuic | Austro-Asiatic | [26] | 353 | 5.40 | P-M45(xM173) § |
Munda | Austro-Asiatic | [26] | 64 | 10.90 | P-M45(xM173) § |
Nicobarese | Austro-Asiatic | [26] | 11 | 0.00 | P-M45(xM173) § |
Southeast Asia | Austro-Asiatic | [26] | 257 | 1.60 | P-M45(xM173) § |
Garo | Tibeto-Burman | [26] | 71 | 1.40 | P-M45(xM173) § |
India | Tibeto-Burman | [26] | 226 | 3.10 | P-M45(xM173) § |
East Asia | Tibeto-Burman | [26] | 214 | 0.00 | P-M45(xM173) § |
Eastern India | unclear/various | [26] | 54 | 18.50 | P-M45(xM173) § |
Southern Talysh, Iran | Iranian | [27] | 50 | 4.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
Northern Talysh, Azerbaijan | Iranian | [27] | 40 | 5.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
Mazandarani | Iranian | [27] | 50 | 4.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
Gilaki | Iranian | [27] | 50 | 0.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
Tehran | Iranian | [27] | 80 | 4.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
Isfahan | Iranian | [27] | 50 | 6.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
Bakhtiari | Iranian | [28] | 53 | 2.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
Iranian Arabs | Arabic | [28] | 47 | 2.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
North Iran | Iranian | [29] | 33 | 9.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
South Iran | Iranian | [29] | 117 | 3.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
South Caucacus | Georgian | [30] | 77 | 3.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
South Caucacus | Armenian | [30] | 100 | 2.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
Hvar | Croatian | [31] | 14 | ||
Korčula | Croatian | [31] | 6 |
§ May include members of haplogroup R2.
Population group | N | P (xQ, xR) | Q | R | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[32] | Count | % | Count | % | Count | % | |
Gope | 16 | 1 | 6.4 | ||||
Oriya Brahmin | 24 | 1 | 4.2 | ||||
Mahishya | 17 | 3 | 17.6 | ||||
Bhumij | 15 | 2 | 13.3 | ||||
Saora | 13 | 3 | 23.1 | ||||
Nepali | 7 | 2 | 28.6 | ||||
Muslims of Manipur | 9 | 3 | 33.3 | ||||
Himachal Pradesh Rajput | 15 | 1 | 6.7 | ||||
Lambadi | 18 | 4 | 22.2 | ||||
Gujarati Patel | 9 | 2 | 22.2 | ||||
Katkari | 19 | 1 | 5.3 | ||||
Madia Gond | 14 | 1 | 7.1 | ||||
Kamma Chowdary | 15 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6.7 | 12 | 80 |
Q
editNear universal in the Kets (95%) of Siberia. Very common in pre-modern Native American populations and Selkups, except for the Na-Dene peoples, where it reaches 50-90%. Also common, at 25-50% in Siberian populations such as the Siberian Tatars, Nivkh, Tuvans, Chukchi, Siberian Eskimos, Northern Altaians, and in 70% of Turkmens.
R
editThe only discovered case of basal R* (i.e. one that does not belong to R1 or R2) is the Mal'ta Boy in the Upper Paleolithic on the upper Angara River in the area west of Lake Baikal in the Irkutsk Oblast, Siberia, Russian Federation.
R1
editContinental | Country | Population | Sample | R1a1 [a] | R1a1* [b] | R1a1a [c] | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Caucasus | Ossetians | North | 134 | NA | 0.00 | 0.75 | [33] |
Europe | Estonia | 100 | NA | 0.00 | 35.00 | [33] | |
Europe | Romania | 335 | NA | 0.00 | 17.01 | [33] | |
Europe | Croatia | Krk (island) | 74 | NA | 0.00 | 36.49 | [33] |
Europe | Croatia | Brac (island) | 49 | NA | 0.00 | 24.49 | [33] |
Europe | Croatia | Hvar (island) | 91 | NA | 0.00 | 6.59 | [33] |
Europe | Croatia | Korcula (island) | 134 | NA | 0.00 | 15.67 | [33] |
Europe | Croatia | mainland | 108 | NA | 0.00 | 26.85 | [33] |
Europe | Bosnia-Herzegovina | Herzegovina | 141 | NA | 0.00 | 12.06 | [33] |
Europe | Kosovo | Albanians | 114 | NA | 0.00 | 3.51 | [33] |
Europe | Serbia | 113 | NA | 0.00 | 18.58 | [33] | |
Europe | Republic of Macedonia | Macedonia | 79 | NA | 0.00 | 13.92 | [33] |
Europe | Czech Republic | 53 | NA | 0.00 | 37.74 | [33] | |
Europe | Belarus | Brest | 97 | NA | 0.00 | 58.8 | [34] |
Europe | Belarus | 267 | NA | 0.00 | 54.7 | [34] | |
Europe | Belarus | 50 | NA | 0.00 | 42.00 | [33] | |
Europe | Russia | Russians | 39 | NA | 0.00 | 38.46 | [33] |
Central Asia | Tajiks, Turkmens | 38 | NA | 0.00 | 7.89 | [33] | |
North Asia | Russia | Tuvas | 104 | NA | 0.00 | 7.69 | [33] |
North Asia | Russia | Altaians | 58 | NA | 0.00 | 41.38 | [33] |
South Asia | India | Jammu Jharkhand | 61 | NA | 0.00 | 37.70 | [33] |
South Asia | India | Andhra-Pradesh Jharkhand | 19 | NA | 0.00 | 26.32 | [33] |
South Asia | India | Madhya-Pradesh Madhya-Pradesh | 54 | NA | 0.00 | 35.19 | [33] |
South Asia | India | Khatri-Punjab/Haryana | 15 | NA | 0.00 | 67.00 | [33] |
South Asia | India | Ahir-Punjab/Haryana | 24 | NA | 0.00 | 63.00 | [33] |
South Asia | India | Uttar-Pradesh Jharkhand | 171 | NA | 0.00 | 49.71 | [33] |
South Asia | India | Uttranchal Jharkhand | 21 | NA | 0.00 | 47.62 | [33] |
South Asia | India | West-Bengal Chhattisgarh | 49 | NA | 0.00 | 48.98 | [33] |
South Asia | India | Asur Maharashtra | 88 | NA | 0.00 | 5.68 | [33] |
South Asia | India | Ho Madhya-Pradesh | 45 | NA | 0.00 | 0.00 | [33] |
South Asia | India | Mawasi Orissa | 27 | NA | 0.00 | 3.70 | [33] |
South Asia | India | Mawasi Chhattisgarh | 12 | NA | 0.00 | 8.33 | [33] |
South Asia | India | Mahali Orissa | 32 | NA | 0.00 | 9.38 | [33] |
South Asia | India | Santhal Meghalaya | 20 | NA | 0.00 | 10.00 | [33] |
South Asia | India | Birhor Meghalaya | 27 | NA | 0.00 | 3.70 | [33] |
South Asia | India | Birhor | 35 | NA | 0.00 | 2.86 | [33] |
South Asia | India | Baiga | 23 | NA | 0.00 | 8.70 | [33] |
South Asia | India | Baiga | 42 | NA | 0.00 | 2.38 | [33] |
South Asia | India | Kharia | 37 | NA | 0.00 | 5.41 | [33] |
South Asia | India | Savara | 21 | NA | 0.00 | 9.52 | [33] |
South Asia | India | Meghwal Rajasthan | 50 | NA | 0.00 | 30.00 | [33] |
South Asia | India | Garo | 25 | NA | 0.00 | 4.00 | [33] |
South Asia | India | Lohana Gujarat | 20 | NA | 0.00 | 60.00 | [33] |
South Asia | India | Khasi | 21 | NA | 0.00 | 4.76 | [33] |
South Asia | Iran | 87 | NA | 0.00 | 10.34 | [33] | |
South Asia | Pakistan | Sindhi | 134 | NA | 0.00 | 49.00 | [33] |
South Asia | Pakistan | Mohanna | 70 | NA | 0.00 | 71.00 | [33] |
Europe | Turkey | 89 | NA | 0.00 | 3.37 | [33] | |
Caucasus | Armenia | 25 | NA | 0.00 | 4.00 | [33] | |
Caucasus | Megrels | 67 | NA | 0.00 | 8.96 | [33] | |
Caucasus | Abkhazes | 162 | NA | 0.00 | 9.26 | [33] | |
Caucasus | Avars | 42 | NA | 0.00 | 2.38 | [33] | |
Caucasus | Chamalals | 27 | NA | 0.00 | 7.41 | [33] | |
Caucasus | Bagvalals | 28 | NA | 0.00 | 3.57 | [33] | |
Caucasus | Andis | 49 | NA | 0.00 | 2.04 | [33] | |
Caucasus | Lezgis | 31 | NA | 0.00 | 0.00 | [33] | |
Caucasus | Darginians | 68 | NA | 0.00 | 0.00 | [33] | |
Caucasus | Tabasarans | 43 | NA | 0.00 | 2.33 | [33] | |
Caucasus | Adyghes | 160 | NA | 0.00 | 11.25 | [33] | |
Caucasus | Karachays | 69 | NA | 0.00 | 27.54 | [33] | |
Caucasus | Kumyks | 76 | NA | 0.00 | 13.16 | [33] | |
Caucasus | Balkars | 136 | NA | 0.00 | 25.74 | [33] | |
Caucasus | Cherkessians | 126 | NA | 0.00 | 12.70 | [33] | |
Caucasus | Kabardians | 141 | NA | 0.71 | 13.48 | [33] | |
Caucasus | Abazas | 89 | NA | 0.00 | 19.10 | [33] | |
Caucasus | Nogays | 87 | NA | 0.00 | 12.64 | [33] | |
Caucasus | Karanogays | 77 | NA | 0.00 | 9.09 | [33] | |
Caucasus | Tats | 10 | NA | 0.00 | 0.00 | [33] | |
Europe | Crete | 193 | NA | 0.00 | 8.81 | [33] | |
Middle East | Oman | 121 | NA | 0.00 | 9.09 | [33] | |
Middle East | Iran | 150 | NA | 0.67 | 12.67 | [33] | |
Middle East | United Arab Emirates | 164 | NA | 0.00 | 7.32 | [33] | |
Europe | Turkey | 523 | NA | 0.00 | 6.88 | [33] | |
Europe | Lithuania | Aukštaičiai | 106 | 45.3 | NA | NA | [35] |
Europe | Lithuania | Žemaičiai | 90 | 44.4 | NA | NA | [35] |
Europe | Norway | North | 377 | 27.1 | NA | NA | [36] |
Europe | Norway | Middle | 317 | 31.5 | NA | NA | [36] |
Europe | Norway | West | 301 | 24.3 | NA | NA | [36] |
Europe | Norway | East | 493 | 26.8 | NA | NA | [36] |
Europe | Norway | Bergen | 93 | 28 | NA | NA | [36] |
Europe | Norway | Oslo | 109 | 19.3 | NA | NA | [36] |
Europe | Norway | South | 76 | 13.2 | NA | NA | [36] |
Europe | Spain/Portugal | large survey | 1140 | NA | 0.00 | 1.2 | [37] |
Europe | Greece | Greeks | 92 | NA | 0.00 | 16.3 | [38] |
Europe | Greece | Macedonian Greeks | 57 | NA | 1.80 | 10.5 | [38] |
Europe | Albania | 55 | NA | 0.00 | 9.1 | [38] | |
Europe | Bosnia | Serbs | 81 | NA | 0.00 | 13.6 | [38] |
Europe | Bosnia | Bosniacs | 84 | NA | 0.00 | 15.5 | [38] |
Europe | Bosnia | Croats | 90 | NA | 0.00 | 12.2 | [38] |
Europe | Croatia | 89 | NA | 0.00 | 27.0 | [38] | |
Europe | Hungary | 53 | NA | 0.00 | 56.6 | [38] | |
Europe | Czech Republic | 75 | NA | 0.00 | 41.3 | [38] | |
Europe | Poland | 99 | NA | 0.00 | 56.6 | [38] | |
Europe | Ukraine | 92 | NA | 0.00 | 50.0 | [38] | |
Europe | Georgia | 66 | NA | 0.00 | 10.6 | [38] | |
Europe | Russia | Balkarians | 38 | NA | 0.00 | 13.2 | [38] |
Europe | Republic of Macedonia | Albanian language | 64 | NA | 0.00 | 1.6 | [38] |
Europe | Croatia | Osijek | 29 | NA | 0.00 | 37.9 | [38] |
Europe | Slovenia | Slovenians | 75 | NA | 0.00 | 38.70 | [38] |
Europe | Italy | North East | 67 | NA | 0.00 | 10.4 | [38] |
- | - | Ashkenazi Cohen | 76 | NA | 0.00 | 1.3 | [39] |
- | - | Sephardi Cohen | 69 | NA | 0.00 | 5.8 | [39] |
Europe | - | Ashkenazi Levite | 60 | NA | 0.00 | 51.7 | [39] |
- | - | Sephardi Levite | 31 | NA | 0.00 | 3.2 | [39] |
Middle East | Israel | Ashkenazi | 100 | NA | 0.00 | 4.0 | [39] |
Middle East | Israel | Sephardi | 63 | NA | 0.00 | 1.6 | [39] |
Europe | Germany | 88 | NA | 0.00 | 12.5 | [39] | |
Europe | Norway | 83 | NA | 0.00 | 21.7 | [39] | |
Europe | Germany | Sorbs | 112 | NA | 0.00 | 63.4 | [39] |
Europe | Belarus | 306 | NA | 0.33 | 51.0 | [39] | |
Europe | Spain | Spanish Basques | 42 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [40] |
Europe | British Crown | Channel Islands | 128 | NA | NA | 2.0 | [40] |
Europe | England | Chippenham | 52 | NA | NA | 6.0 | [40] |
Europe | England | Cornwall | 52 | NA | NA | 6.0 | [40] |
Europe | England | Dorchester | 73 | NA | NA | 4.0 | [40] |
Europe | England | Faversham | 55 | NA | NA | 2.0 | [40] |
Europe | England | Midhurst | 80 | NA | NA | 1.0 | [40] |
Europe | England | Morpeth | 95 | NA | NA | 2.0 | [40] |
Europe | England | Norfolk | 121 | NA | NA | 2.0 | [40] |
Europe | England | Penrith | 90 | NA | NA | 2.0 | [40] |
Europe | England | Southwell | 70 | NA | NA | 4.0 | [40] |
Europe | England | Uttoxeter | 84 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [40] |
Europe | England | York | 46 | NA | NA | 2.0 | [40] |
Europe | Denmark/Germany | Denmark/Schleswig-Holstein | 190 | NA | NA | 8.0 | [40] |
Europe | Ireland | Castlerea | 43 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [40] |
Europe | British Crown | Isle of Man | 62 | NA | NA | 8.0 | [40] |
Europe | Norway | 201 | NA | NA | 12.0 | [40] | |
Europe | Scotland | Orkney | 121 | NA | NA | 7.0 | [40] |
Europe | Ireland | Rush, Dublin | 76 | NA | NA | 1.0 | [40] |
Europe | Scotland | Durness | 51 | NA | NA | 2.0 | [40] |
Europe | Scotland | Oban | 42 | NA | NA | 2.0 | [40] |
Europe | Scotland | Pitlochry | 41 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [40] |
Europe | Scotland | Stonehaven | 44 | NA | NA | 5.0 | [40] |
Europe | Scotland | Western Isles | 88 | NA | NA | 3.0 | [40] |
Europe | Scotland | Shetland | 63 | NA | NA | 6.0 | [40] |
Europe | Wales | Haverfordwest | 59 | NA | NA | 2.0 | [40] |
Europe | Wales | Llangefni | 80 | NA | NA | 1.0 | [40] |
Europe | Wales | Llanidloes | 57 | NA | NA | 4.0 | [40] |
Europe | Turkey | 523 | NA | NA | 6.9 | [41] | |
Europe | Italy | Sicily | 236 | NA | NA | 5.5 | [42] |
Europe | Greece | 77 | NA | NA | 15.6 | [43] | |
South Asia | Pakistan | Burusho | 97 | NA | NA | 25.8 | [43] |
South Asia | Pakistan | Kalash | 44 | NA | NA | 18.2 | [43] |
South Asia | Pakistan | Pathan (Pashtun) | 96 | NA | NA | 44.8 | [43] |
South Asia | Pakistan | 638 | NA | NA | 37.1 | [43] | |
South Asia | Nepal | Tharu from Chitwan District in central Inner Terai ('CI' village sample) | 57 | NA | 0.00 | 10.5 | [44] |
South Asia | Nepal | Tharu from Chitwan District ('CII' village sample) | 77 | NA | 0.00 | 3.9 | [44] |
South Asia | Nepal | Tharu from Morang District in eastern Outer Terai | 37 | NA | 0.00 | 16.2 | [44] |
South Asia | Nepal/India | Hindus (as proxy for Indian ancestry) Chitwan District, Nepal | 26 | NA | 0.00 | 69.2 | [44] |
South Asia | India | Hindus New Delhi | 49 | NA | 0.00 | 34.7 | [44] |
South Asia | India | Andhara Pradesh tribal | 29 | NA | 0.00 | 27.6 | [44] |
Europe | Poland | 913 | NA | NA | 57.0 | [45] | |
Europe | Germany | 1215 | NA | NA | 17.9 | [45] | |
Europe | Germany | Berlin | 103 | NA | NA | 22.3 | [45] |
Europe | Germany | Leipzig | 144 | NA | NA | 27.1 | [45] |
Europe | Germany | Magdeburg | 100 | NA | NA | 21 | [45] |
Europe | Germany | Rostock | 96 | NA | NA | 31.3 | [45] |
Europe | Germany | Greifswald | 104 | NA | NA | 19.2 | [45] |
Europe | Germany | Hamburg | 161 | NA | NA | 16.8 | [45] |
Europe | Germany | Münster | 102 | NA | NA | 7.8 | [45] |
Europe | Germany | Freiburg | 102 | NA | NA | 10.8 | [45] |
Europe | Germany | Cologne | 96 | NA | NA | 15.6 | [45] |
Europe | Germany | Mainz | 95 | NA | NA | 8.4 | [45] |
Europe | Germany | Munich | 95 | NA | NA | 14.3 | [45] |
Europe | Greece | Nea Nikomedeia | 57 | NA | 0.00 | 21.1 | [46] |
Europe | Greece | Sesklo/Dimini | 57 | NA | 0.00 | 10.5 | [46] |
Europe | Greece | Lerna/Franchthi | 57 | NA | 0.00 | 1.8 | [46] |
Europe | Greece | Crete | 193 | NA | 0.50 | 8.3 | [46] |
Europe | Greece | Crete, Heraklion Prefecture | 104 | NA | 0.00 | 8.7 | [47] |
Europe | Greece | Crete, Lasithi Plateau | 41 | NA | 0.00 | 29.3 | [47] |
Europe | Greece | Crete, Lasithi Prefecture | 23 | NA | 0.00 | 17.4 | [47] |
Europe | Ukraine | 94 | NA | NA | 43.6 | [48] | |
Europe | Belarus | 68 | NA | NA | 45.6 | [49] | |
North Asia | Russia (Altai Republic) | Northern Altaians (Gorno-Altaisk) | 20 | NA | NA | 50.0 | [50] |
North Asia | Russia (Altai Republic) | Northern Altaians (Kurmach-Baigol) | 11 | NA | NA | 18.2 | [50] |
North Asia | Russia (Altai Republic) | Northern Altaians (Turochak) | 19 | NA | NA | 36.8 | [50] |
North Asia | Russia (Altai Republic) | Southern Altaians (Beshpel'tir) | 43 | NA | NA | 58.1 | [50] |
North Asia | Russia (Altai Republic) | Southern Altaians (Kulada) | 46 | NA | NA | 52.2 | [50] |
North Asia | Russia (Altai Republic) | Southern Altaians (Kosh-Agach) | 7 | NA | NA | 28.6 | [50] |
Europe | England | West Lancashire (standard 2-G[d]) | 49 | NA | NA | 2.0 | [51] |
Europe | England | Wirral Peninsula (standard 2-G[d]) | 100 | NA | NA | 4.0 | [51] |
Europe | England | West Lancashire (medieval[e]) | 42 | NA | NA | 16.7 | [51] |
Europe | England | Wirral Peninsula (medieval[e]) | 37 | NA | NA | 13.5 | [51] |
South Asia | India | South India, Chenchu | 41 | NA | NA | 26.8 | [52] |
South Asia | India | South India, Koya | 41 | NA | NA | 2.4 | [52] |
South Asia | India | West Bengal | 31 | NA | NA | 38.7 | [52] |
South Asia | India | Konkanastha Brahmins, Bombay | 43 | NA | NA | 41.9 | [52] |
South Asia | India | Gujarat | 29 | NA | NA | 24.1 | [52] |
South Asia | India | Lambadi | 35 | NA | NA | 8.6 | [52] |
South Asia | India | Punjab | 66 | NA | NA | 47.0 | [52] |
South Asia | Sri Lanka | Sinhalese | 39 | NA | NA | 12.8 | [52] |
North Asia | Russia | Tuvan | 40 | NA | NA | 7.5 | [22] |
North Asia | Russia | Tofalar | 19 | NA | NA | 5.3 | [22] |
North Asia | Russia | Buryat | 13 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [22] |
North Asia | Russia | Yenisey Evenk | 31 | NA | NA | 9.7 | [22] |
North Asia | Russia | Okhotsk Evenk | 16 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [22] |
North Asia | Russia | Ulchi/Nanai | 53 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [22] |
North Asia | Russia | Upriver Negidal | 10 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [22] |
North Asia | Russia | Downriver Negidal | 7 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [22] |
North Asia | Russia | Ugedey | 20 | NA | NA | 5.0 | [22] |
North Asia | Russia | Nivkh | 17 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [22] |
North Asia | Russia | Kamchatka, Koryak | 27 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [22] |
North Asia | Russia | Kamchatka, Itel\'man | 18 | NA | NA | 22.2 | [22] |
North Asia | Russia | Chukotka, Chukchi | 24 | NA | NA | 4.2 | [22] |
North Asia | Russia | Chukotka, Asiatic Eskimo | 33 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [22] |
Caucasus | Russia | Abazinians | 14 | NA | NA | 14.0 | [27] |
Caucasus | Russia | Chechenians | 19 | NA | NA | 5.0 | [27] |
Caucasus | Russia | Darginians | 26 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [27] |
Caucasus | Russia | Ingushians | 22 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [27] |
Caucasus | Russia | Kabardinians | 59 | NA | NA | 2.0 | [27] |
Caucasus | Russia | Lezgi (Dagestan) | 25 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [27] |
Caucasus | Russia | Ossetians (Ardon) | 28 | NA | NA | 4.0 | [27] |
Caucasus | Russia | Ossetians (Digora) | 31 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [27] |
Caucasus | Russia | Rutulians | 24 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [27] |
Caucasus | Georgia | Abkhazians | 12 | NA | NA | 33.0 | [27] |
Caucasus | Armenia | Armenians | 100 | NA | NA | 6.0 | [27] |
Caucasus | Azerbaijan | Azerbaijanians | 72 | NA | NA | 7.0 | [27] |
Caucasus | Georgia | Georgians | 77 | NA | NA | 10.0 | [27] |
Europe | Turkey | 39 | NA | NA | 13.0 | [27] | |
Middle East | Iran | Isfahan | 50 | NA | NA | 18.0 | [27] |
Middle East | Iran | Tehran | 80 | NA | NA | 20.0 | [27] |
South Asia | Pakistan | Balti | 13 | NA | NA | 15.0 | [53] |
South Asia | Pakistan | Brahui | 110 | NA | NA | 8.2 | [53] |
South Asia | Pakistan | Burusho | 94 | NA | NA | 27.7 | [53] |
South Asia | Pakistan | Pakistan Hazara | 23 | NA | NA | 60.9 | [53] |
South Asia | Pakistan | Kalash | 44 | NA | NA | 9.1 | [53] |
South Asia | Pakistan | Pakistan Kashmiri | 12 | NA | NA | 25.0 | [53] |
South Asia | Pakistan | Makrani Baluch | 25 | NA | NA | 24.0 | [53] |
South Asia | Pakistan | Makrani Negroid | 33 | NA | NA | 18.2 | [53] |
South Asia | Pakistan | Pakistan Parsi | 90 | NA | NA | 26.7 | [53] |
South Asia | Pakistan | Pathan (Pashtun) | 93 | NA | NA | 10.8 | [53] |
South Asia | Pakistan | Pakistan Sindhi | 122 | NA | NA | 12.3 | [53] |
Europe | Albania | Albanian | 51 | NA | NA | 9.8 | [54] |
Europe | France | French Basque | 22 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [54] |
Europe | Spain | Spanish Basque | 45 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [54] |
Europe | Italy | Calabrian | 37 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [54] |
Europe | Spain | Catalan | 24 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [54] |
Europe | Italy | Central/Northern | 50 | NA | NA | 4.0 | [54] |
Europe | Croatia | Croatian | 58 | NA | NA | 29.3 | [54] |
Europe | Czech Republic/Slovakia | Czech/Slovak | 45 | NA | NA | 26.7 | [54] |
Europe | Netherlands | Dutch | 27 | NA | NA | 3.7 | [54] |
Europe | Georgia | Georgian | 63 | NA | NA | 7.9 | [54] |
Europe | Germany | German | 16 | NA | NA | 6.2 | [54] |
Europe | Greece | Greek | 76 | NA | NA | 11.8 | [54] |
Europe | Hungary | Hungarian | 45 | NA | NA | 60.0 | [54] |
Middle East | Lebanon | Lebanese | 31 | NA | NA | 9.7 | [54] |
Europe | Republic of Macedonia | Macedonian | 20 | NA | NA | 35.0 | [54] |
Europe | Poland | Polish | 55 | NA | NA | 56.4 | [54] |
Europe | Saami | 24 | NA | NA | 8.3 | [54] | |
Europe | Italy | Sardinian | 77 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [54] |
Europe | Syria | Syrian | 20 | NA | NA | 10.0 | [54] |
Europe | Turkey | Turkish | 30 | NA | NA | 6.6 | [54] |
Asia | Russia | Udmurt | 43 | NA | NA | 37.2 | [54] |
Europe | Ukraine | Ukrainian | 50 | NA | NA | 54.0 | [54] |
South Asia | Pakistan | 85 | NA | NA | 16.5 | [55] | |
South Asia | India | Rajput (of Rajasthan) | 29 | NA | NA | 31.3 | [55] |
South Asia | Pakistan | Southern | 91 | NA | NA | 31.9 | [55] |
Southeast Asia | Cambodia | 6 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [55] | |
East Asia | China | 128 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [55] | |
East Asia | Japan | 23 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [55] | |
North Asia | Siberia | 18 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [55] | |
South Asia | India | Tribe (Austro-Asiatic) | 64 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [55] |
South Asia | India | Tribe (Dravidian) | 18 | NA | NA | 2.8 | [55] |
South Asia | India | Tribe (Tibeto-Burman) | 87 | NA | NA | 4.6 | [55] |
South Asia | India | Tribe (Indo-European) | 21 | NA | NA | 19.1 | [55] |
South Asia | India | Dravidian Upper Caste | 59 | NA | NA | 28.8 | [55] |
South Asia | India | Dravidian Middle Caste | 85 | NA | NA | 11.8 | [55] |
South Asia | India | Dravidian Lower Caste | 29 | NA | NA | 24.1 | [55] |
South Asia | India | Indo-European Upper Caste | 86 | NA | NA | 45.4 | [55] |
South Asia | India | Indo-European Middle Caste | 48 | NA | NA | 50.4 | [55] |
South Asia | India | Indo-European Lower Caste | 50 | NA | NA | 26.0 | [55] |
South Asia | India | Kashmiri Gujars | 49 | NA | 0.00 | 40.86 | [56] |
South Asia | India | Kashmiri Pandits | 51 | NA | 3.92 | 19.61 | [56] |
South Asia | India | Gujarat Brahmins | 64 | NA | 0.00 | 32.81 | [56] |
South Asia | India | Bihar Paswan | 27 | NA | 0.00 | 40.74 | [56] |
South Asia | India | Bihar Brahmins | 38 | NA | 0.00 | 60.53 | [56] |
South Asia | India | Himachal Pradesh Brahmin | 30 | NA | 0.00 | 47.37 | [56] |
South Asia | India | Indian Punjab Brahmins | 49 | NA | 0.00 | 35.71 | [56] |
South Asia | India | West Bengal Brahmins | 30 | NA | 0.00 | 72.22 | [56] |
South Asia | India | Uttar Pradesh Brahmins | 31 | NA | 0.00 | 67.74 | [56] |
South Asia | India | Uttar Pradesh Kols | 38 | NA | 0.00 | 14.81 | [56] |
South Asia | India | Madhya Pradesh Saharia | 57 | NA | 22.8 | 28.07 | [56] |
South Asia | India | Madhya Pradesh Brahmins | 42 | NA | 0.00 | 38.1 | [56] |
South Asia | India | Maharashtra Brahmins | 32 | NA | 0.00 | 43.33 | [56] |
Europe | Moldova | Moldavians, Carahasani[57][58] | 72 | NA | NA | 34.7 | [58] |
Europe | Moldava | Moldavians Sofia, Drochia, Moldava | 54 | NA | NA | 20.4 | [58] |
Europe | Romania | Dniester-Carpathian region | - | NA | NA | 20.4 | [58] |
Europe | Ukraine | Ukrainians, Rașcov (Rashkovo), Camenca district | 53 | NA | NA | 41.5 | [58] |
Europe | Moldava | Gagauzes, Kongaz | 48 | NA | NA | 12.5 | [58] |
Europe | Ukraine | Gagauzes, Etulia | 41 | NA | NA | 26.8 | [58] |
East Asia | China | Dongxiang (Mongolian descent) | 49 | 28.0 | [59] | ||
East Asia | China | Salar (Central Asian Turkish descent[59]) | 52 | NA | 17.0 | [59] | |
East Asia | China | Bo\'an (Bonan) Mongolian descent | 47 | NA | 26.0 | [59] | |
Caucasus | Armenia | Ararat | 44 | NA | 0.00 | 0.0 | [60] |
Caucasus | Armenia/Georgia | \"Northern Armenians\" | 189 | NA | 0.53 | 4.2 | [60] |
Caucasus | Armenia | Syunik (South Armenia) | 140 | NA | 0.00 | 9.3 | [60] |
Caucasus | Azerbaijan/Armenia | Karabakh | 215 | NA | 0.00 | 5.6 | [60] |
Middle East | Iran | Isfahan, New Julfa, (Armenian descent) | 56 | NA | 0.00 | 1.8 | [60] |
Europe | Turkey | near Armenia | 90 | NA | 1.11 | 3.3 | [60] |
Europe | Turkey | Istanbul University | 173 | NA | 0.00 | 10.4 | [60] |
Caucasus | Azerbaijan | Baku | 29 | NA | 0.00 | 10.3 | [60] |
Middle East | Syria | Damascus University | 44 | NA | 0.00 | 2.3 | [60] |
Caucasus | Georgia | Tbilisi | 68 | NA | 0.00 | 4.4 | [60] |
Europe | Greece | Athens | 132 | NA | 0.00 | 6.1 | [60] |
Europe | Mongolia | soldiers mainly from Khalkh | 402 | NA | 0.00 | 2.5 | [60] |
Europe | Hungary | 215 | NA | 1.40 | 24.2 | [61] | |
Europe | Wales | North Wales | 98 | NA | NA | 1.0 | [62] |
Europe | England | English Midlands | 136 | NA | NA | 4.4 | [62] |
Europe | England | East Anglia | 173 | NA | NA | 4.6 | [62] |
Europe | Netherlands | Friesland | 94 | NA | NA | 7.4 | [62] |
Europe | Norway | 83 | NA | NA | 21.7 | [62] | |
Europe | United Kingdom | British | 25 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [24] |
Europe | Scotland | Orkney | 26 | NA | NA | 27.0 | [24] |
Europe | Russia | Pomor | 28 | NA | NA | 36.0 | [24] |
Europe | Russia | Russian, North | 49 | NA | NA | 43.0 | [24] |
Asia | Russia | Russian, Tashkent | 89 | NA | NA | 47.0 | [24] |
Europe | Russia | Kazan Tatar | 38 | NA | NA | 24.0 | [24] |
Europe | Russia | Saami | 23 | NA | NA | 22.0 | [24] |
Asia | Russia | Nenets | 54 | NA | NA | 11.0 | [24] |
Middle East | Lebanon | 50 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [24] | |
Middle East | Iran | Tehran | 24 | NA | NA | 4.0 | [24] |
Middle East | Iran | Shiraz | 12 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [24] |
Middle East | Iran | Esfahan | 16 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [24] |
Caucasus | Georgia | Svans (Svanetians) | 25 | NA | NA | 8.0 | [24] |
Caucasus | Georgia | Kazbegi | 25 | NA | NA | 4.0 | [24] |
Caucasus | Georgia | South Ossetians | 17 | NA | NA | 6.0 | [24] |
Caucasus | Azerbaijan | Lezgi in Azerbaijan | 12 | NA | NA | 8.0 | [24] |
Caucasus | Azerbaijan | Azerbaijanians | 21 | NA | NA | 10.0 | [24] |
Caucasus | Armenia | Armenians | 47 | NA | NA | 9.0 | [24] |
Central Asia | Afghanistan | Pashtuns | 49 | NA | NA | 51.02 | [63] |
Central Asia | Afghanistan | Tajiks | 56 | NA | NA | 30.36 | [63] |
Central Asia | Afghanistan | Hazara | 60 | NA | NA | 6.66 | [63] |
Central Asia | Afghanistan | Uzbeks | 17 | NA | NA | 17.64 | [63] |
Central Asia | Afghanistan | Balochs | 13 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [63] |
Central Asia | Afghanistan | Nuristanis | 5 | NA | NA | 60.0 | [63] |
Central Asia | Turkmenistan | Turkmen | 30 | NA | NA | 7.0 | [24] |
Central Asia | Turkmenistan | Turkmenistan Kurd | 17 | NA | NA | 12.0 | [24] |
Central Asia | Uzbekistan | Sinte Romani | 15 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [24] |
Central Asia | Uzbekistan | Iranian (Samarkand) | 53 | NA | NA | 11.0 | [24] |
Central Asia | Uzbekistan | Tajik (Samarkand) | 40 | NA | NA | 25.0 | [24] |
Central Asia | Uzbekistan | Arab Bukhara | 42 | NA | NA | 19.0 | [24] |
Central Asia | Uzbekistan | Crimean Tartar | 22 | NA | NA | 32.0 | [24] |
Central Asia | Uzbekistan | Karakalpak | 44 | NA | NA | 18.0 | [24] |
Central Asia | Uzbekistan | Uzbek/ Kashkadarya | 19 | NA | NA | 16.0 | [24] |
Central Asia | Uzbekistan | Uzbek/ Bukhara | 58 | NA | NA | 28.0 | [24] |
Central Asia | Uzbekistan | Uzbek/ Surkhandarya | 68 | NA | NA | 29.0 | [24] |
Central Asia | Uzbekistan | Uzbek/ Khorezm | 70 | NA | NA | 30.0 | [24] |
Central Asia | Uzbekistan | Uzbek/ Tashkent | 43 | NA | NA | 28.0 | [24] |
Central Asia | Uzbekistan | Uzbek/ Fergana Valley | 63 | NA | NA | 22.0 | [24] |
Central Asia | Uzbekistan | Samarkand | 45 | NA | NA | 13.0 | [24] |
Central Asia | Tajikistan | <<link:2>> (near Afghanistan) | 25 | NA | NA | 68.0 | [24] |
Central Asia | Tajikistan | Bartangi | 30 | NA | NA | 40.0 | [24] |
Central Asia | Tajikistan | Shugnan | 44 | NA | NA | 23.0 | [24] |
Central Asia | Tajikistan | Yagnobi | 31 | NA | NA | 16.0 | [24] |
Central Asia | Tajikistan | Tajiks/Panjikent | 22 | NA | NA | 64.0 | [24] |
Central Asia | Tajikistan | Tajiks/Dushanbe | 16 | NA | NA | 19.0 | [24] |
Central Asia | Kyrgyzstan | Kyrgyz | 52 | NA | NA | 63.0 | [24] |
Central Asia | Kyrgyzstan | Dungan (Sino-Tibetan) | 40 | NA | NA | 10.0 | [24] |
Central Asia | Kazakhstan | Kazakhs | 54 | NA | NA | 4.0 | [24] |
Central Asia | Kazakhstan | Uighur | 41 | NA | NA | 22.0 | [24] |
South Asia | India | South India Sourashtran | 46 | NA | NA | 39.0 | [24] |
South Asia | India | South India Kallar Dravidian | 84 | NA | NA | 4.0 | [24] |
South Asia | India | South India Yadhava | 129 | NA | NA | 13.0 | [24] |
North Asia | Russia | Tuvinian | 42 | NA | NA | 14.0 | [24] |
North Asia | Mongolia | 24 | NA | NA | 4.0 | [24] | |
East Asia | Korea | 45 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [24] | |
East Asia | China | Liqian from Yongchang | 87 | NA | NA | 1.1 | [64] |
East Asia | China | Yugur from Sunan in Gansu | 52 | NA | NA | 1.9 | [64] |
East Asia | China | Tibetan from Guide, Qinghai | 39 | NA | NA | 2.6 | [64] |
East Asia | China | Uyghurs from Urumqi | 49 | NA | NA | NA | [64] |
Europe | Italy | Sardinia | 10 | 0.0 | NA | NA | [65] |
Europe | England | Cornwall | 51 | 0.0 | NA | NA | [65] |
Europe | Spain | Basque | 26 | 0.0 | NA | NA | [65] |
Europe | Portugal | Northern | 328 | 0.0 | NA | NA | [65] |
North Africa | Algeria | 27 | 0.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
North Africa | 129 | 0.0 | NA | NA | [65] | ||
North Africa | Tunisia | 'Jerbian' Arabs (from the island of Djerba) | 46 | NA | 4.3 | 4.3 | [66] |
Europe | Finland | 57 | 10.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
Europe | Bulgaria | 24 | 12.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
Europe | Netherlands | 84 | 13.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
Europe | Germany | Bavarian | 80 | 15.0 | NA | NA | [65] |
Europe | Sweden | Gotlander | 64 | 16.0 | NA | NA | [65] |
Europe | Yugoslavian | 100 | 16.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
Europe | Russia | Chuvash | 17 | 18.0 | NA | NA | [65] |
Europe | Sweden | Northern | 48 | 19.0 | NA | NA | [65] |
Europe | Romania | 45 | 20.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
Europe | Iceland | 28 | 21.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
Europe | Saami | 48 | 21.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
Europe | Hungary | 36 | 22.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
Europe | Estonia | 207 | 27.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
Europe | Russia | Mari | 48 | 29.0 (Tambets disagrees) | NA | NA | [65] |
Europe | Ukraine | Ukraine | 27 | 30.0 | NA | NA | [65] |
Europe | Germany | 30 | 30.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
Europe | Norway | 52 | 31.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
Europe | Lithuania | 38 | 34.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
Europe | Slovenia | 70 | 37.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
Europe | Czech Republic | 53 | 38.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
Europe | Belarus | 41 | 39.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
Europe | Latvia | 34 | 41.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
Asia | Russia | 122 | 47.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
Europe | Slovakia | 70 | 47.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
Europe | Poland | 112 | 54.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
Europe | Ireland | 57 | 1.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
Europe | Ossetia | 47 | 2.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
Europe | Cyprus | 45 | 2.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
Europe | Italy | 99 | 2.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
Europe | Spain | 126 | 2.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
Europe | Portugal | Southern | 57 | 2.0 | NA | NA | [65] |
Europe | Belgium | 92 | 4.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
Europe | Turkey | 167 | 5.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
Europe | France | 40 | 5.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
Europe | Georgia | 64 | 6.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
Europe | Armenia | 89 | 6.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
Europe | Denmark | 56 | 7.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
Europe | Scotland | Western | 120 | 7.0 | NA | NA | [65] |
Europe | Scotland | 43 | 7.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
Europe | Greece | 36 | 8.0 | NA | NA | [65] | |
Europe | England | East Anglia | 172 | 9.0 | NA | NA | [65] |
Europe | Iceland | 181 | 23.8 | NA | NA | [67] | |
Europe | Norway | 112 | 17.9 | NA | NA | [67] | |
Europe | Sweden | 110 | 17.3 | NA | NA | [67] | |
Europe | Denmark | 12 | 16.7 | NA | NA | [67] | |
Europe | Ireland | 222 | 0.5 | NA | NA | [67] | |
Europe | Scotland | 61 | 6.6 | NA | NA | [67] | |
Europe | Britain | 32 | 9.4 | NA | NA | [67] | |
Europe | Germany | 32 | 9.4 | NA | NA | [67] | |
Europe | Greece | 42 | 4.8 | NA | NA | [67] | |
Europe | Italy | 332 | 2.7 | NA | NA | [67] | |
Asia | Russia | 30 | 43.3 | NA | NA | [67] | |
Europe | Estonia | 74 | 36.5 | NA | NA | [68] | |
Europe | Russia | Komi-Permyaks | 42 | 23.8 | NA | NA | [68] |
Europe | Russia | Russian (Perm) | 37 | 43.2 | NA | NA | [68] |
Europe | Russia - Mordovia | Mordovian Erzya | 46 | 39.1 | NA | NA | [68] |
Europe | Russia - Mordovia | Mordovian Moksi | 46 | 21.7 | NA | NA | [68] |
Europe | Estonia | Estonia Russian | 26 | 26.9 | NA | NA | [68] |
Europe | Ukraine | Ukrainian | 6 | 50.0 | NA | NA | [68] |
Europe | Bulgaria | Bulgarian | 808 | 17.5 | NA | NA | [69] |
Europe | Turkey | Northeast Turkish | 11 | 18.2 | NA | NA | [68] |
Europe | Turkey | Central Anatolian | 18 | 11.1 | NA | NA | [68] |
Europe | Turkey | Southwest Turkish | 29 | 10.3 | NA | NA | [68] |
Europe | Turkey | Southeast Turkish | 13 | 15.4 | NA | NA | [68] |
Europe | Cyprus | Turkish Cypriots | 22 | 13.6 | NA | NA | [68] |
Middle East | Talysh | 20 | 10.0 | NA | NA | [68] | |
Caucasus | Azerbaijan | Azeri | 24 | 12.5 | NA | NA | [68] |
Europe | Croatia | Mainland | 108 | 34.3 | NA | NA | [70] |
Europe | Bosnia-Herzogivina | Bosnians | 69 | 24.6 | NA | NA | [70] |
Europe | Bosnia-Herzogivina | Herzogivinians | 141 | 12.1 | NA | NA | [70] |
Europe | Serbia | Serbians | 113 | 15.9 | NA | NA | [70] |
Europe | Kosova | Albanians | 114 | 4.4 | NA | NA | [70] |
Europe | Republic of Macedonia | Macedonians | 79 | 15.2 | NA | NA | [70] |
Europe | Republic of Macedonia | Romani | 57 | 1.8 | NA | NA | [70] |
Europe | Croatia | Mainland | 109 | 33.9 | NA | NA | [31] |
Europe | Croatia | Krk | 74 | 28.0 | NA | NA | [31] |
Europe | Croatia | Brač | 49 | 13.0 | NA | NA | [31] |
Europe | Croatia | Hvar | 91 | 8.0 | NA | NA | [31] |
Europe | Croatia | Korčula | 134 | 27.0 | NA | NA | [31] |
Europe | Russia | North | 380 | 34.20 | NA | NA | [71] |
Europe | Russia | Central | 364 | 46.50 | NA | NA | [71] |
Europe | Russia | South | 484 | 55.40 | NA | NA | [71] |
Europe | Portugal | 553 | 1.27 | NA | NA | [72] | |
Europe | Sweden | Swedes | 141 | 18.4 | NA | NA | [73] |
Europe | Estonia | Estonians | 209 | 33.5 | NA | NA | [73] |
Europe | Latvia | Latvians | 86 | 38.4 | NA | NA | [73] |
Europe | Russia | Mari | 111 | 47.7 (Rosser disagrees) | NA | NA | [73] |
Europe | Russia | Mordvin | 83 | 26.5 | NA | NA | [73] |
Europe | Russia | Komi | 94 | 33 | NA | NA | [73] |
Europe | Russia | Udmurt | 87 | 10.3 | NA | NA | [73] |
Europe | Russia | Chuvash | 79 | 31.6 | NA | NA | [73] |
Europe | Russia | Volga Tatars | 126 | 34.1 | NA | NA | [73] |
Europe | France | French | 61 | 0 | NA | NA | [73] |
Europe | Hungary | Hungarians | 113 | 20.4 | NA | NA | [73] |
Europe | Russia | Russians | 61 | 42.6 | NA | NA | [73] |
North Asia | Russia | Khant | 47 | 4.3 | NA | NA | [73] |
North Asia | Russia | Nganasan | 38 | 0 | NA | NA | [73] |
North Asia | Russia | Nenets | 148 | 0 | NA | NA | [73] |
North Asia | Russia | Selkup | 131 | 19.1 | NA | NA | [73] |
North Asia | Russia | Ket | 48 | 0 | NA | NA | [73] |
North Asia | Russia | Dolgan | 67 | 16.4 | NA | NA | [73] |
North Asia | Russia | Yakut | 155 | 1.9 | NA | NA | [73] |
North Asia | Russia | Buryat | 81 | 1.2 | NA | NA | [73] |
North Asia | Russia | Evenk | 96 | 1 | NA | NA | [73] |
North Asia | Russia | Evens | 31 | 6.5 | NA | NA | [73] |
North Asia | Russia | Altaians | 98 | 46.9 | NA | NA | [73] |
Europe | Norway | Norwegians | 72 | 23.6 | NA | NA | [73] |
Europe | Denmark | Danes | 194 | 16.5 | NA | NA | [74] |
Europe | Turkey | Kurds Zazaki speakers | 27 | NA | NA | 25.9 | [75] |
Europe | Turkey | Kurds Kurmanji speakers | 87 | NA | NA | 12.7 | [75] |
Middle East | Iraq | Kurds | 95 | NA | NA | 11.6 | [76] |
Caucasus | Georgia | Kurds | 25 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [75] |
Middle East | Jordan | Amman | 101 | NA | NA | 2.0 | [77] |
Middle East | Jordan | Dead Sea | 45 | NA | NA | 0.0 | [77] |
Middle East | Iraq | Baghdad, different ethnic groups | 139 | NA | NA | [78] | |
Europe | Russia | Arkhangelsk | 28 | NA | 0.00 | 17.9 | [79] |
North Asia | Russia | Khanty | 27 | NA | 0.00 | 14.8 | [79] |
Europe | Russia (Komi Republic) | Izhma Komi from Izhemsky District | 54 | NA | 0.00 | 29.6 | [79] |
Europe | Russia (Komi Republic) | Komi from Priluzsky District | 49 | NA | 0.00 | 32.7 | [79] |
Europe | Russia | Kursk region Russian | 40 | NA | 0.00 | 52.5 | [79] |
Europe | Russia | Tver region Russian | 38 | NA | 0.00 | 57.9 | [79] |
Continent | Population | #No. | Total% | R-P25* | R-V88 | R-M269 | R-M73 |
Africa | Northern Africa | 691 | 5.9% | 0.0% | 5.2% | 0.7% | 0.0% |
Africa | Central Sahel Region | 461 | 23.0% | 0.0% | 23.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Africa | Western Africa | 123 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Africa | Eastern Africa | 442 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Africa | Southern Africa | 105 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Europe | Western Europeans | 465 | 57.8% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 57.8% | 0.0% |
Europe | North western Europeans | 43 | 55.8% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 55.8% | 0.0% |
Europe | Central Europeans | 77 | 42.9% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 42.9% | 0.0% |
Europe | North Eastern Europeans | 74 | 1.4% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 1.4% | 0.0% |
Europe | Russians | 60 | 6.7% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 6.7% | 0.0% |
Europe | Eastern Europeans | 149 | 20.8% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 20.8% | 0.0% |
Europe | South eastern Europeans | 510 | 13.1% | 0.0% | 0.2% | 12.9% | 0.0% |
Asia | Western Asians | 328 | 5.8% | 0.0% | 0.3% | 5.5% | 0.0% |
Asia | Southern Asians | 288 | 4.8% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 1.7% | 3.1% |
Asia | South eastern Asians | 10 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Asia | North eastern Asians | 30 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Asia | Eastern Asians | 156 | 0.6% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.6% | 0.0% |
TOTAL | 5326 |
R2
editHaplogroup R2 is most common in South Asia and south Central Asia, as well as diaspora populations, such as the Romanis.
Tibeto-Burman | Austro-Asiatic | Dravidian | Indo-European | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tribe | 5.75% | 10.94% | 5.00% | - |
Lower Caste | - | - | 13.79% | 10.00% |
Middle Caste | - | - | 3.53% | 18.75% |
Upper Caste | - | - | 10.17% | 16.28% |
Count | Sample Size | R-M124 Frequency % | |
---|---|---|---|
UAE[80] | 8 | 217 | 3.69% |
Qatar[81] | 1 | 72 | 1.39% |
Kuwait[82] | 1 | 153 | 0.65% |
Yemen[81] | 1 | 104 | 0.96% |
Jordan[77] | 2 | 146 | 1.37% |
Lebanon[83] | 2 | 935 | 0.21% |
Palestine[84] | 1 | 49 | 2.04% |
Egypt[85] | 1 | 147 | 0.68% |
R2b% | Population |
---|---|
10.3% | Burusho |
6.8% | Kalash |
1.0% | Pashtuns |
3.4% | Gujarat |
0.63% | Pakistan |
P1a (P-B253, formerly P2)
editThe Aeta (or Agta) people of Luzon in the Philippines have also provided the only known samples of P1a (P-B253).[7]
Notes
edit- ^ SRY1532.2 positive, M17/M198 not tested (%)
- ^ SRY1532.2 positive, M17/M198 negative (%)
- ^ SRY1532.2 positive, M17/M198 positive (%)
- ^ a b The first sample recruited for the study by Bowden, Balaresque, et al., followed the usual sampling strategy: Evidence of two generations of residence in a studied location were sufficient to qualify a donor to participate in the study of DNA localised to a particular geographical area. They contrasted this 'modern' group with a 'medieval' group they recruited, in whom they required additional "cultural markers" of ancestry.
- ^ a b For a sample with local (either: West Lancashire; or the Wirral) ancestry likely going back to the time of the Viking influx into Northern England, Bowden, Balaresque, et al. used special inclusion criteria:
"Subjects for the second sample ('medieval') were also required to have at least two generations of residence, and to have their earliest recorded patrilineal ancestor born in the relevant area. However, in addition they were required to carry surnames that were present in the relevant region prior to 1572 as judged by documentary sources"
— Bowden, Balaresque, et al. (2008)
References
edit- ^ "FamilyTreeDNA - Genetic Testing for Ancestry, Family History & Genealogy".
- ^ "Y DNA Tree P". 9 August 2024.
- ^ a b Tumonggor MK, Karafet TM, Downey S, Lansing JS, Norquest P, Sudoyo H, et al. (September 2014). "Isolation, contact and social behavior shaped genetic diversity in West Timor". Journal of Human Genetics. 59 (9): 494–503. doi:10.1038/jhg.2014.62. PMC 4521296. PMID 25078354. and Heyer E, Georges M, Pachner M, Endicott P (2013). "Genetic diversity of four Filipino negrito populations from Luzon: comparison of male and female effective population sizes and differential integration of immigrants into Aeta and Agta communities". Human Biology. 85 (1–3): 189–208. doi:10.3378/027.085.0310. PMID 24297226. S2CID 19479827.
- ^ a b c d e Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Sudoyo H, Lansing JS, Hammer MF (March 2015) [online June 2014]. "Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia". European Journal of Human Genetics. 23 (3): 369–373. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.106. PMC 4326703. PMID 24896152.
- ^ Sahoo S, Singh A, Himabindu G, Banerjee J, Sitalaximi T, Gaikwad S, et al. (January 2006). "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: evaluating demic diffusion scenarios". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (4): 843–848. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..843S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0507714103. eISSN 1091-6490. PMC 1347984. PMID 16415161.
- ^ Magoon GR, Banks RH, Rottensteiner C, Schrack BE, Tilroe VO, Robb T, et al. (2013). "Generation of high-resolution a priori Y-chromosome phylogenies using "next-generation" sequencing data". bioRxiv: 000802. doi:10.1101/000802. S2CID 377800.
- ^ a b c d e f g Estes R (12 September 2020). "Y DNA Haplogroup P Gets a Brand-New Root – Plus Some Branches". DNAeXplained - Genetic Genealogy.
- ^ "P YTree". www.yfull.com.
- ^ "P YTree". www.yfull.com. Retrieved 2023-09-11.
- ^ This pattern leads us to hypothesize a southeastern Asian origin for P-P295 and a later expansion of the ancestor of subhaplogroups R and Q into mainland Asia. An alternative explanation would involve an extinction event of ancestral P-P295* chromosomes everywhere in Asia. These scenarios are equally parsimonious. They involve either a migration event (P* chromosomes from Indonesia to mainland Asia) or an extinction event of P-P295* paragroup in Eurasia.
- ^ a b Hallast P, Agdzhoyan A, Balanovsky O, Xue Y, Tyler-Smith C (February 2021). "A Southeast Asian origin for present-day non-African human Y chromosomes". Human Genetics. 140 (2): 299–307. doi:10.1007/s00439-020-02204-9. PMC 7864842. PMID 32666166.
- ^ Wells S (20 November 2007). Deep Ancestry: The Landmark DNA Quest to Decipher Our Distant Past. National Geographic Books. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-4262-0211-7. "Given the widespread distribution of K, it probably arose somewhere in the Middle East or Central Asia, perhaps in the region of Iran or Pakistan."
- ^ "P YTree". www.yfull.com. Retrieved 2024-08-09.
- ^ "Allen Ancient DNA Resource (AADR): Downloadable genotypes of present-day and ancient DNA data | David Reich Lab". reich.hms.harvard.edu. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
- ^ "P YTree". www.yfull.com. Retrieved 2023-09-11.
- ^ Sikora M, Pitulko VV, Sousa VC, Allentoft ME, Vinner L, Rasmussen S, et al. (June 2019). "The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene". Nature. 570 (7760): 182–188. Bibcode:2019Natur.570..182S. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1279-z. hdl:1887/3198847. PMID 31168093. S2CID 174809069.
- ^ McColl H, Racimo F, Vinner L, Demeter F, Gakuhari T, Moreno-Mayar JV, et al. (July 2018). "The prehistoric peopling of Southeast Asia". Science. 361 (6397): 88–92. Bibcode:2018Sci...361...88M. doi:10.1126/science.aat3628. hdl:10072/383365. PMID 29976827. S2CID 206667111.
- ^ Moreno-Mayar JV, Vinner L, de Barros Damgaard P, de la Fuente C, Chan J, Spence JP, et al. (December 2018). "Early human dispersals within the Americas" (PDF). Science. 362 (6419). Bibcode:2018Sci...362.2621M. doi:10.1126/science.aav2621. PMID 30409807. S2CID 53241760. See Supplementary Materials, Table S9
- ^ Sikora M, Pitulko VV, Sousa VC, Allentoft ME, Vinner L, Rasmussen S, et al. (June 2019). "The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene". Nature. 570 (7760): 182–188. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1279-z. PMID 31168093.
- ^ Vallini L, Zampieri C, Shoaee MJ, Bortolini E, Marciani G, Aneli S, et al. (March 2024). "The Persian plateau served as hub for Homo sapiens after the main out of Africa dispersal". Nature Communications. 15 (1): 1882. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-46161-7. PMC 10963722. PMID 38528002.
- ^ a b c d e f g Derenko M, Malyarchuk B, Denisova GA, Wozniak M, Dambueva I, Dorzhu C, et al. (January 2006). "Contrasting patterns of Y-chromosome variation in South Siberian populations from Baikal and Altai-Sayan regions". Human Genetics. 118 (5): 591–604. doi:10.1007/s00439-005-0076-y. PMID 16261343. S2CID 23011845.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Lell JT, Sukernik RI, Starikovskaya YB, Su B, Jin L, Schurr TG, et al. (January 2002). "The dual origin and Siberian affinities of Native American Y chromosomes". American Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (1): 192–206. doi:10.1086/338457. PMC 384887. PMID 11731934.
- ^ Xue Y, Zerjal T, Bao W, Zhu S, Shu Q, Xu J, et al. (April 2006). "Male demography in East Asia: a north-south contrast in human population expansion times". Genetics. 172 (4): 2431–2439. doi:10.1534/genetics.105.054270. PMC 1456369. PMID 16489223.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az Wells RS, Yuldasheva N, Ruzibakiev R, Underhill PA, Evseeva I, Blue-Smith J, et al. (August 2001). "The Eurasian heartland: a continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (18): 10244–10249. Bibcode:2001PNAS...9810244W. doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098. PMC 56946. PMID 11526236.
- ^ Katoh T, Munkhbat B, Tounai K, Mano S, Ando H, Oyungerel G, et al. (February 2005). "Genetic features of Mongolian ethnic groups revealed by Y-chromosomal analysis". Gene. 346: 63–70. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2004.10.023. PMID 15716011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Reddy BM, Langstieh BT, Kumar V, Nagaraja T, Reddy AN, Meka A, et al. (November 2007). "Austro-Asiatic tribes of Northeast India provide hitherto missing genetic link between South and Southeast Asia". PLOS ONE. 2 (11): e1141. Bibcode:2007PLoSO...2.1141R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001141. PMC 2065843. PMID 17989774.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Nasidze I, Ling EY, Quinque D, Dupanloup I, Cordaux R, Rychkov S, et al. (May 2004). "Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome variation in the caucasus". Annals of Human Genetics. 68 (Pt 3): 205–221. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00092.x. PMID 15180701. S2CID 27204150.
- ^ a b Nasidze I, Quinque D, Rahmani M, Alemohamad SA, Stoneking M (March 2008). "Close genetic relationship between Semitic-speaking and Indo-European-speaking groups in Iran". Annals of Human Genetics. 72 (Pt 2): 241–252. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00413.x. PMID 18205892. S2CID 5873833.
- ^ a b Regueiro M, Cadenas AM, Gayden T, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ (2006). "Iran: tricontinental nexus for Y-chromosome driven migration". Human Heredity. 61 (3): 132–143. doi:10.1159/000093774. PMID 16770078. S2CID 7017701.
- ^ a b Nasidze I, Stoneking M (June 2001). "Mitochondrial DNA variation and language replacements in the Caucasus". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 268 (1472): 1197–1206. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1610. PMC 1088727. PMID 11375109.
- ^ a b c d e f g Barać L, Pericić M, Klarić IM, Rootsi S, Janićijević B, Kivisild T, et al. (July 2003). "Y chromosomal heritage of Croatian population and its island isolates". European Journal of Human Genetics. 11 (7): 535–542. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200992. PMID 12825075. S2CID 15822710.
- ^ a b Sahoo S, Singh A, Himabindu G, Banerjee J, Sitalaximi T, Gaikwad S, et al. (January 2006). "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: evaluating demic diffusion scenarios". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (4): 843–848. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..843S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0507714103. PMC 1347984. PMID 16415161.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs Underhill PA, Myres NM, Rootsi S, Metspalu M, Zhivotovsky LA, King RJ, et al. (April 2010). "Separating the post-Glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a". European Journal of Human Genetics. 18 (4): 479–484. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.194. PMC 2987245. PMID 19888303.
- ^ a b Underhill PA, Poznik GD, Rootsi S, Järve M, Lin AA, Wang J, et al. (January 2015). "The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a". European Journal of Human Genetics. 23 (1): 124–131. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.50. PMC 4266736. PMID 24667786.
- ^ a b Kasperaviciūte D, Kucinskas V, Stoneking M (September 2004) [online September 2004]. "Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA variation in Lithuanians". Annals of Human Genetics. 68 (Pt 5): 438–452. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00119.x. PMID 15469421. S2CID 26562505.
- ^ a b c d e f g Dupuy BM, Stenersen M, Lu TT, Olaisen B (December 2006). "Geographical heterogeneity of Y-chromosomal lineages in Norway". Forensic Science International. 164 (1): 10–19. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.11.009. PMID 16337760.
- ^ Adams SM, Bosch E, Balaresque PL, Ballereau SJ, Lee AC, Arroyo E, et al. (December 2008). "The genetic legacy of religious diversity and intolerance: paternal lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula". American Journal of Human Genetics. 83 (6): 725–736. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007. PMC 2668061. PMID 19061982.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Battaglia V, Fornarino S, Al-Zahery N, Olivieri A, Pala M, Myres NM, et al. (June 2009) [online December 2008]. "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in Southeast Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics. 17 (6): 820–830. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.249. PMC 2947100. PMID 19107149.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Behar DM, Thomas MG, Skorecki K, Hammer MF, Bulygina E, Rosengarten D, et al. (October 2003). "Multiple origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y chromosome evidence for both Near Eastern and European ancestries". American Journal of Human Genetics. 73 (4): 768–779. doi:10.1086/378506. PMC 1180600. PMID 13680527.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Capelli C, Redhead N, Abernethy JK, Gratrix F, Wilson JF, Moen T, et al. (May 2003). "A Y chromosome census of the British Isles". Current Biology. 13 (11): 979–984. doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(03)00373-7. hdl:20.500.11820/8acb01f3-a7c1-45f5-89de-b796266d651e. PMID 12781138. S2CID 526263.
- ^ Cinnioğlu C, King R, Kivisild T, Kalfoğlu E, Atasoy S, Cavalleri GL, et al. (January 2004). "Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia". Human Genetics. 114 (2): 127–148. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4. PMID 14586639. S2CID 10763736.
- ^ Di Gaetano C, Cerutti N, Crobu F, Robino C, Inturri S, Gino S, et al. (January 2009). "Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome". European Journal of Human Genetics. 17 (1): 91–99. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.120. PMC 2985948. PMID 18685561.
- ^ a b c d e Firasat S, Khaliq S, Mohyuddin A, Papaioannou M, Tyler-Smith C, Underhill PA, et al. (January 2007). "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan". European Journal of Human Genetics. 15 (1): 121–126. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726. PMC 2588664. PMID 17047675.
- ^ a b c d e f Fornarino S, Pala M, Battaglia V, Maranta R, Achilli A, Modiano G, et al. (July 2009). "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9 (1): 154. Bibcode:2009BMCEE...9..154F. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154. PMC 2720951. PMID 19573232.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Kayser M, Lao O, Anslinger K, Augustin C, Bargel G, Edelmann J, et al. (September 2005). "Significant genetic differentiation between Poland and Germany follows present-day political borders, as revealed by Y-chromosome analysis". Human Genetics. 117 (5): 428–443. doi:10.1007/s00439-005-1333-9. PMID 15959808. S2CID 11066186.
- ^ a b c d King RJ, Ozcan SS, Carter T, Kalfoğlu E, Atasoy S, Triantaphyllidis C, et al. (March 2008). "Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic". Annals of Human Genetics. 72 (Pt 2): 205–214. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00414.x. PMID 18269686. S2CID 22406638.
- ^ a b c Martinez L, Underhill PA, Zhivotovsky LA, Gayden T, Moschonas NK, Chow CE, et al. (April 2007). "Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau". European Journal of Human Genetics. 15 (4): 485–493. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201769. PMID 17264870. S2CID 9847088.
- ^ Kharkov VN, Stepanov VA, Borinskaya SA, Kozhekbaeva ZM, Gusar VA, Grechanina EY, et al. (March 2004). "Gene pool structure of eastern Ukrainians as inferred from the Y-chromosome haplogroups". Russian Journal of Genetics. 40 (3): 326–331. doi:10.1023/B:RUGE.0000021635.80528.2f. S2CID 25907265.
- ^ Kharkov VN, Stepanov VA, Feshchenko SP, Borinskaya SA, Yankovsky NK, Puzyrev VP (August 2005). "Frequencies of Y chromosome binary haplogroups in Belarussians". Russian Journal of Genetics. 41 (8): 928–931. doi:10.1007/s11177-005-0182-x. PMID 16161635. S2CID 1357824.
- ^ a b c d e f Kharkov VN, Stepanov VA, Medvedeva OF, Spiridonova MG, Voevoda MI, Tadinova VN, et al. (May 2007). "Gene pool differences between northern and southern Altaians inferred from the data on Y-chromosomal haplogroups". Russian Journal of Genetics. 43 (5): 551–562. doi:10.1134/S1022795407050110. S2CID 566825.
- ^ a b c d Bowden GR, Balaresque P, King TE, Hansen Z, Lee AC, Pergl-Wilson G, et al. (February 2008). "Excavating past population structures by surname-based sampling: the genetic legacy of the Vikings in northwest England". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 25 (2): 301–309. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm255. PMC 2628767. PMID 18032405.
Samples ascertained on the basis of two generations of residence were compared with independent samples based on known ancestry in the region, plus the possession of a surname known from historical records to have been present there in medieval times.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Kivisild T, Rootsi S, Metspalu M, Mastana S, Kaldma K, Parik J, et al. (February 2003). "The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists both in Indian tribal and caste populations". American Journal of Human Genetics. 72 (2): 313–332. doi:10.1086/346068. PMC 379225. PMID 12536373.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Qamar R, Ayub Q, Mohyuddin A, Helgason A, Mazhar K, Mansoor A, et al. (May 2002). "Y-chromosomal DNA variation in Pakistan". American Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (5): 1107–1124. doi:10.1086/339929. PMC 447589. PMID 11898125.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G, Lin AA, Al-Zahery N, Battaglia V, et al. (May 2004). "Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area". American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 1023–1034. doi:10.1086/386295. PMC 1181965. PMID 15069642.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, Mehdi SQ, Edmonds CA, Chow CE, et al. (February 2006). "Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists". American Journal of Human Genetics. 78 (2): 202–221. doi:10.1086/499411. PMC 1380230. PMID 16400607.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Sharma S, Rai E, Sharma P, Jena M, Singh S, Darvishi K, et al. (January 2009). "The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1* substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system". Journal of Human Genetics. 54 (1): 47–55. doi:10.1038/jhg.2008.2. PMID 19158816. S2CID 22162114.
- ^ The source (Varzari) gives location as Karahasani, Tighina district. The Ștefan Vodă District, where Carahasani, or Karahasani [sic], is located, was formerly (1998-2003) part of Tighina County. During this period, Tighina County was included as an administrative division of Moldava: "... the southeastern sample of the Moldavians (N=123) is from the Village of Karahasani, the Tighina district."
- ^ a b c d e f g Varzari A (July 2006). Population History of the Dniester-Carpathians: Evidence from Alu Insertion and Y-Chromosome Polymorphisms (PDF) (PhD). Munich: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
... the southeastern sample of the Moldavians (N=123) is from the Village of Karahasani, the Tighina district.
: 21 - ^ a b c d Wang W, Wise C, Baric T, Black ML, Bittles AH (August 2003). "The origins and genetic structure of three co-resident Chinese Muslim populations: the Salar, Bo'an and Dongxiang". Human Genetics. 113 (3): 244–252. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-0948-y. PMID 12759817. S2CID 11138499.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Weale ME, Yepiskoposyan L, Jager RF, Hovhannisyan N, Khudoyan A, Burbage-Hall O, et al. (December 2001). "Armenian Y chromosome haplotypes reveal strong regional structure within a single ethno-national group". Human Genetics. 109 (6): 659–674. doi:10.1007/s00439-001-0627-9. PMID 11810279. S2CID 23113666.
- ^ Völgyi A, Zalán A, Béres J, Chang YM, Pamjav H (August 2008). "Haplogroup distribution of Hungarian population and the largest minority group". Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series. 1 (1): 383–5. doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2007.11.007.
- ^ a b c d e Weale ME, Weiss DA, Jager RF, Bradman N, Thomas MG (July 2002). "Y chromosome evidence for Anglo-Saxon mass migration". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 19 (7): 1008–1021. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004160. PMID 12082121.
- ^ a b c d e f Haber M, Platt DE, Ashrafian Bonab M, Youhanna SC, Soria-Hernanz DF, Martínez-Cruz B, et al. (2012). "Afghanistan's ethnic groups share a Y-chromosomal heritage structured by historical events". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e34288. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...734288H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288. PMC 3314501. PMID 22470552.
- ^ a b c d Zhou R, An L, Wang X, Shao W, Lin G, Yu W, et al. (2007). "Testing the hypothesis of an ancient Roman soldier origin of the Liqian people in northwest China: a Y-chromosome perspective". Journal of Human Genetics. 52 (7): 584–591. doi:10.1007/s10038-007-0155-0. PMID 17579807. S2CID 37658783.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au Rosser ZH, Zerjal T, Hurles ME, Adojaan M, Alavantic D, Amorim A, et al. (December 2000). "Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language". American Journal of Human Genetics. 67 (6): 1526–1543. doi:10.1086/316890. PMC 1287948. PMID 11078479.
- ^ Ennafaa H, Fregel R, Khodjet-El-Khil H, González AM, Mahmoudi HA, Cabrera VM, et al. (October 2011). "Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome microstructure in Tunisia". Journal of Human Genetics. 56 (10): 734–741. doi:10.1038/jhg.2011.92. PMID 21833004. S2CID 32139526.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Helgason A, Sigureth ardóttir S, Nicholson J, Sykes B, Hill EW, Bradley DG, et al. (September 2000). "Estimating Scandinavian and Gaelic ancestry in the male settlers of Iceland". American Journal of Human Genetics. 67 (3): 697–717. doi:10.1086/303046. PMC 1287529. PMID 10931763.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Di Giacomo F, Luca F, Popa LO, Akar N, Anagnou N, Banyko J, et al. (October 2004). "Y chromosomal haplogroup J as a signature of the post-neolithic colonization of Europe". Human Genetics. 115 (5): 357–371. doi:10.1007/s00439-004-1168-9. PMID 15322918. S2CID 18482536.
- ^ Karachanak S, Grugni V, Fornarino S, Nesheva D, Al-Zahery N, Battaglia V, et al. (2013). "Y-chromosome diversity in modern Bulgarians: new clues about their ancestry". PLOS ONE. 8 (3): e56779. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...856779K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056779. PMC 3590186. PMID 23483890.
- ^ a b c d e f g Pericić M, Lauc LB, Klarić IM, Rootsi S, Janićijevic B, Rudan I, et al. (October 2005). "High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22 (10): 1964–1975. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi185. PMID 15944443.
- ^ a b c Balanovsky O, Rootsi S, Pshenichnov A, Kivisild T, Churnosov M, Evseeva I, et al. (January 2008). "Two sources of the Russian patrilineal heritage in their Eurasian context". American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (1): 236–250. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.019. PMC 2253976. PMID 18179905.
- ^ Gonçalves R, Freitas A, Branco M, Rosa A, Fernandes AT, Zhivotovsky LA, et al. (July 2005). "Y-chromosome lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Açores record elements of Sephardim and Berber ancestry". Annals of Human Genetics. 69 (Pt 4): 443–454. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00161.x. hdl:10400.13/3018. PMID 15996172. S2CID 3229760.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Tambets K, Rootsi S, Kivisild T, Help H, Serk P, Loogväli EL, et al. (April 2004). "The western and eastern roots of the Saami--the story of genetic "outliers" told by mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomes". American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (4): 661–682. doi:10.1086/383203. PMC 1181943. PMID 15024688.
- ^ Sanchez JJ, Børsting C, Hernandez A, Mengel-Jørgensen J, Morling N (April 2004). "Y chromosome SNP haplogroups in Danes, Greenlanders and Somalis". International Congress Series. 1261. Elsevier: 347–349. doi:10.1016/S0531-5131(03)01635-2.
- ^ a b c Nasidze I, Quinque D, Ozturk M, Bendukidze N, Stoneking M (July 2005). "MtDNA and Y-chromosome variation in Kurdish groups". Annals of Human Genetics. 69 (Pt 4): 401–412. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2005.00174.x. PMID 15996169. S2CID 23771698.
- ^ Brinkmann C, Forster P, Schürenkamp M, Horst J, Rolf B, Brinkmann B (1999). "Human Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in a Kurdish population sample". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 112 (3): 181–183. doi:10.1007/s004140050228. PMID 10335882. S2CID 25668279.
- ^ a b c Flores C, Maca-Meyer N, Larruga JM, Cabrera VM, Karadsheh N, Gonzalez AM (2005). "Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis of Y-chromosome variation in Jordan". Journal of Human Genetics. 50 (9): 435–441. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0274-4. PMID 16142507. S2CID 6490283.
- ^ |Al-Zahery N, Semino O, Benuzzi G, Magri C, Passarino G, Torroni A, et al. (September 2003). "Y-chromosome and mtDNA polymorphisms in Iraq, a crossroad of the early human dispersal and of post-Neolithic migrations". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 28 (3): 458–72. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00039-3. PMID 12927131.
- ^ a b c d e f Mirabal S, Regueiro M, Cadenas AM, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, Verbenko DA, et al. (October 2009). "Y-chromosome distribution within the geo-linguistic landscape of northwestern Russia". European Journal of Human Genetics. 17 (10): 1260–1273. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.6. PMC 2986641. PMID 19259129.
- ^ Alshamali F, Pereira L, Budowle B, Poloni ES, Currat M (2009). "Local population structure in Arabian Peninsula revealed by Y-STR diversity". Human Heredity. 68 (1): 45–54. doi:10.1159/000210448. PMID 19339785. S2CID 2751928.
- ^ a b Cadenas AM, Zhivotovsky LA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ (March 2008). "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman". European Journal of Human Genetics. 16 (3): 374–386. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934. PMID 17928816. S2CID 32386262.
- ^ Mohammad T, Xue Y, Evison M, Tyler-Smith C (November 2009). "Genetic structure of nomadic Bedouin from Kuwait". Heredity. 103 (5): 425–433. doi:10.1038/hdy.2009.72. PMC 2869035. PMID 19639002.
- ^ Zalloua PA, Xue Y, Khalife J, Makhoul N, Debiane L, Platt DE, et al. (April 2008). "Y-chromosomal diversity in Lebanon is structured by recent historical events". American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (4): 873–882. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.01.020. PMC 2427286. PMID 18374297.
- ^ Myres NM, Rootsi S, Lin AA, Järve M, King RJ, Kutuev I, et al. (January 2011). "A major Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b Holocene era founder effect in Central and Western Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (1): 95–101. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.146. PMC 3039512. PMID 20736979.
- ^ Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M, Caeiro B, Cinnioğlu C, Roseman C, et al. (March 2004). "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations". American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (3): 532–544. doi:10.1086/382286. PMC 1182266. PMID 14973781.