Haplogroup F (mtDNA)

Haplogroup F
Haplogroup F
Possible time of origin	43,400 YBP
Possible place of origin	Asia
Ancestor	R9
Descendants	F1, F2, F3, F4
Defining mutations	249d, 6392, 10310

Haplogroup F is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. The clade is most common in East Asia and Southeast Asia. It has not been found among Native Americans.^[3]

It is a primary branch of haplogroup R9.

Distribution

The F haplogroup is fairly common in East Asia. High frequencies of the clade are found among the Lahu from Yunnan (33% - 77%, average 52%), Nicobar Islands (50%), Shors from Kemerovo Oblast of Siberia (41%), and Arunachal Pradesh, India (31%).^[4] There is also an important frequency in Taiwanese aborigines, Khakas, Kets, Han Chinese (and, thus, nearly all of China), Lombok, Sumba, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its distribution extends with low frequency to the Tharu of southern Nepal and the Bashkirs of the southern Urals.^[5]^[6]^[7]

Haplogroup F also occurs at low frequencies on the Comoros Islands (<10%).^[8] It is also found at low frequencies on the Hvar island in Croatia (8.3%).

Subclades

F1a clearly predominates among the representatives of haplogroup F in Southeast Asia, but subclades of this haplogroup have been found in populations as far north as the Buryats and Ulchi of Siberia.

F1b tends to become more frequent as a fraction of total F in populations of the northern parts of East Asia and Central Asia, such as Mongols, Kazakhs, Uyghurs, and Japanese. It also has been found among the Yi people. There are odd exclaves of F1b in Gaininsk Bashkirs of Perm Oblast and Croats of Hvar Island.^[5]^[9]

F1d is the second most frequent sub-clade in Newar (Nepal). Haplogroup F1d reaches the greatest proportion in Newar (11.97%) of Nepal and Kshatriya (16%) of North India.^[10]

F2 has been found mainly in the form of F2a, which has been observed in more than 10% of a couple samples of Nu and Lisu from Gongshan, Yunnan.^[11] F2 has been found with frequencies exceeding 5% in several other populations of Southwest China, Guangxi, and Hainan, including the Han majority population. Outside of southwestern China, F2 has been found with frequency greater than 5% in a sample of Oirat Mongols from Xinjiang and a sample of Khakas from Khakassia, with the former population boasting particularly high diversity within this clade.

F3 is especially common among Austronesian peoples of Taiwan and the Malay Archipelago, but it also has been found in many populations of Southwest China and South-Central China, and in a sample of Hans from Xinjiang.

F4 has been found mainly in aboriginal populations of Taiwan and Hainan, with some representatives among samples of Filipinos from Luzon, Indonesians from Sumatra, and Hans and Uzbeks from Xinjiang.

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup F subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation^[2] and subsequent published research.

F
- F* – China, Korea^[12]
- F1
  - F1a'c'f – Thailand (Kaleun in Nakhon Phanom Province^[13]), China, Korea,^[12] Kazakhstan
    - F1a – China, Korea,^[12] Uyghur, Thailand, Mongolia^[14]
      - F1a1'4 – Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province^[13]), China (Ma'an site, Wuxi, Majiabang culture)
        F1a1 – Japan, Korea,^[12] China, Ulchi, Uyghur, Vietnam (incl. Cờ Lao), Laos, Thailand, Indonesia, Mexico
        F1a1a – Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, China (Zhanjiang, etc.), Tibet, Indonesia
        F1a1a1 – Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Nicobar Islands, Malaysia, Indonesia, China, Uyghur
        
        F1a1b – Japan, Korea
        
        F1a1c – Zhuang (Bama), Thailand, Tibet, Buryats (Inner Mongolia and Irkutsk Oblast), Japan
        F1a1c1 – Moken
        
        F1a1c2 – Japan, Xibo, China (Shanghai)
        
        F1a1d – Thailand, China, Taiwan (Tsou, Bunun, Rukai), Philippines
        F1a1d1 – Tao (Orchid Island)
        
        F1a4
        F1a4a – Thailand, Han Chinese (Denver), Ulchi
        F1a4a1 – Taiwan (Tsou, Makatao, Bunun, Ami, etc.), Philippines (Ivatan, Ibaloi, Abaknon, Bugkalot, Kalangoya, Dulag, etc.), Guam, Malaysia (Kelantan Malay), Sumatra, Vietnam (Dao), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son Province and Chiang Mai Province^[13]), South Africa
        
        F1a4b – China
      - F1a2 – Thailand, Vietnam (Hmong), China (Guizhou)
        F1a2a – Thailand (Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Nyaw in Nakhon Phanom Province, Mon in Lopburi Province^[13]), China (Han in Zhanjiang, Dong, etc.)
      - F1a3 – Thailand, Uyghur
        F1a3a – Filipino (Lipa City), Indonesia
        F1a3a1 – Japan
        F1a3a1a – Japan, Korea
        
        F1a3a2 – Philippines (Ivatan)
        
        F1a3a3 – Taiwan (Tsou, Bunun, Makatao, Thao), Philippines (Ivatan)
    - F1c – Japan
      - F1c1 – Japan
        F1c1a – Korea, Xinjiang, Tibet, Jammu and Kashmir, Thailand (Palaung in Chiang Mai Province, Khmu in Nan Province, Khon Mueang in Lampang Province^[13])
        F1c1a1 – Russia, China (Qingdao, etc.), Evenk (New Barag Left Banner), Oroqen, Zhuang (Bama), Taiwan (Minnan)
        F1c1a1a – Tibet (Shannan, Sherpa, etc.), Yi
        
        F1c1a1b – China
        
        F1c1a2 – Tibet, Thailand, China (Chongqing), India
    - F1f – Thailand, China, Lahu, Myanmar, Tibet, Cambodia, Vietnam (Hmong)
  - F1-T16189C!
    - F1b - Korea,^[12] Japan, Mongolia,^[14] China (North China)
      - F1b1 – China, Tibet (Shigatse, etc.), Ladakh, Uyghur (Artux, etc.), Kyrgyz, Azeri, Kurd (Iran), Armenian, Turkey, Russia, Croatia
        F1b1a – Japan, Korea, Uyghur
        F1b1a1 – Japan, Korea
        F1b1a1a – Japan, Korea, USA (African American)^[15]
        F1b1a1a1 – Japan, Korea
        F1b1a1a1a – Japan
        
        F1b1a1a2 – Japan, Korea
        
        F1b1a1a3 – Japan
        
        F1b1a2 – Japan, Korea
        
        F1b1b – Yakut, Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Turk, Even (Sakkyryyr, Tompo), Korea
        
        F1b1c – China, Yi, Buryat
        
        F1b1d – Japan, Korea
        
        F1b1e – Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Buryat, Oroqen, Russian (Sverdlovsk Oblast)
        F1b1e1 – Yakut
        
        F1b1f – China, Uyghur, Buryat (Buryat Republic), Yakut (Namsky District), Evenk (Stony Tunguska River basin), Hungary (ancient Avars)
    - F1d – China (Hunan, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Beijing, Liaoning, Korean from Antu County, Hezhen), Taiwan (Minnan, etc.), Tibet (Lhasa, etc.), Thailand (Mon in Kanchanaburi Province^[13]), South Korea, Japan, Kyrgyz (Artux, Ak-Say), ancient Scythian
      - F1d1 – Tibet, Nepal (Tharu), Newar of Nepal (12%),^[10] Myanmar, Thailand (Mon in Kanchanaburi Province^[13]), China, Japan, South Africa
    - F1e
      - F1e1 – China (North China), Mongolia
        F1e1a – Japan
      - F1e2 – China, Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan)
      - F1e3 – China (Guangdong, etc.), Laos (Lao in Vientiane^[13]), Thailand (Phuan in Lopburi Province and Phichit Province^[13]), Sumatra, Vietnam (Kinh)
    - F1g – Tibet, Thailand (Phuan in Lopburi Province, Sukhothai Province, and Phichit Province^[13]), China, Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan)
      - F1g1 – China (Yunnan, etc.), Vietnam (Hmong, Dao), Nepal (Newar, 2.4%)^[10]
- F2
  - F2* – Laos (Lao in Vientiane^[13]), China, Hong Kong, Uyghur (Artux)
  - F2a'b'g
    - F2a – China (Han from Beijing, Xinjiang, etc.), Taiwan (Makatao), Korea,^[12] Japan, Kazakhstan
      - F2a1 – China (Han from Shandong), Naxi, Bai, Nu, Tu (Monguor),^[16] Yi, Tibetan
      - F2a2 – China (Han from Zhanjiang, etc.), Miao (Guizhou), Kinh (Guangxi), Dai and Lisu (Yunnan)^[16]
      - F2a3 – China (Han from Xinjiang, Yunnan, Qinghai, and Shandong), Tu, Hui, Mongols in Inner Mongolia^[16]
    - F2b – China (Han from Qingdao), Taiwan (Hakka)
      - F2b1 – Thailand (Lao Isan in Roi Et Province and Chaiyaphum Province, Khon Mueang in Lampang Province^[13]), China (Han from Beijing, Xinjiang, etc.), Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast), Yakut, Even (NE Sakha Republic),^[17] Yukaghir (NE Sakha Republic),^[17] Nepal (Newar, 1.1%)^[10]
    - F2g – China, Ladakh
  - F2c – China
    - F2c1 – China (Shantou, etc.), Japan
    - F2c2 – China (Han from Beijing), Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz)
  - F2d – China, Uyghur, Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province and Lamphun Province^[13]), Singapore, Japan, Kazakhstan
  - F2e – China, Thailand (Tai Yuan in Uttaradit Province, Phuan in Phrae Province and Lopburi Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province^[13]), Vietnam (Dao)
    - F2e1 – China, Barghut (Hulun Buir)
  - F2f – Japan, Korea, China, Pakistan (Hazara), Azerbaijan (Astara),^{[citation needed]} Bashkortostan (Bashkir), Poland
  - F2h'i – China
    - F2h – China, Tibet (Lhasa), Taiwan, Thailand (Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province^[13])
    - F2i – China, Taiwan (Makatao), Korea
- F3 (formerly R9a)
  - F3a – China (Han from Ili, etc.), Uyghur, Thailand
    - F3a1 – China (Han from Yunnan, Guizhou, Shantou, Lanzhou,^[18] etc.), Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Taiwan (Hakka, etc.), Thailand (Phuan in Suphan Buri Province, Shan in Mae Hong Son Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province, Mae Hong Son Province, Chiang Mai Province, Lamphun Province, and Lampang Province^[13]), Vietnam (Hmong, Dao)
  - F3b – Thailand, Japan, Korea,^[12] China (Han from Qijiang), Yi
    - F3b1 – Philippines, Comoros (Comorian from Grande Comore), USA
      - F3b1a – Taiwan (Rukai, Puyuma, Paiwan, Tsou, Makatao, Bunun, Ami, etc.), Philippines (Maranao)
        F3b1a1 – Philippines (Bugkalot), Indonesia
        
        F3b1a2 – Taiwan (Puyuma, Bunun, Paiwan, etc.)
      - F3b1b – Madagascar, Sumatra, Philippines (Batak from Palawan Island)
        F3b1b1 – Philippines (Ibaloi, Kankanaey, Ifugao), Spain, Denmark
- F4
  - F4a – Thailand/Laos, China, Taiwan, Korea^[12]
    - F4a1
      - F4a1a – Japan, China (Han from Lanzhou,^[18] She), Taiwan
      - F4a1b – China, Japan
    - F4a2 – China, Laos (Lao in Vientiane and Luang Prabang^[13]), Thailand (Phuan in Lopburi Province, Nyah Kur in Chaiyaphum Province, Khon Mueang in Lamphun Province^[13])
  - F4b – China (Han from Beijing), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son Province, Lao Isan in Roi Et Province^[13])
    - F4b1 – China, Taiwan (Atayal, Bunun, Saisiyat, Thao, Tsou, Ami, Makatao, etc.), Philippines, Madagascar

Table of frequencies by ethnic group

Population	Frequency	Count	Source	Subtypes
Lahu (Lancang, Yunnan)	0.771	35	^[11]	F1a=18, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=9
Senoi (Malaysia)	0.442	52	^[19]	F1a1a=23
Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan)	0.433	30	^[11]	F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=6, F1a=4, F1c=2, F1b=1
Shor (Kemerovo)	0.415	82	^[4]	F1=33, F2a=1
Lahu (Simao, Yunnan)	0.344	32	^[11]	F1a=10, F2a=1
Lahu (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.333	15	^[11]	F1a=3, F1b=1, F1c=1
Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)	0.313	32	^[20]	F3=2, F1b=2, F1a1a=2, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a(xF1a1)=1, F1c=1
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou)	0.300	20	^{[citation needed]}	F1b=4, F1a=2
Lingao (Hainan)	0.290	31	^{[citation needed]}	F(xF1, F2, F3, F4)=2, F2=2, F1(xF1a)=1, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a1a=1, F3=1, F4=1
Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)	0.286	42	^[20]	F2a=4, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a(xF1a1)=2, F1b=1, F1c=1, F1(xF1a, F1b, F1c)=1, F3=1
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)	0.273	11	^[20]	F1b=1, F1a(xF1a1)=1, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1
Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)	0.269	26	^[20]	F1a(xF1a1)=5, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1
Bai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.263	19	^[11]	F1a=2, F1b=2, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)	0.263	19	^[20]	F1a1a=2, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a(xF1a1)=1, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1
Vietnamese	0.262	42	^{[citation needed]}	F1a=10, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=1
Taiwan (aborigines)	0.253	640	^{[citation needed]}	F4=72, F3=54, F1a1(xF1a1a)=21, F1a(xF1a1)=14, F2=1
Bai (Dali, Yunnan)	0.250	68	^[11]	F1a=6, F1c=4, F2a=4, F1b=2, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1
Indonesian (Mataram, Lombok)	0.250	44	^[19]	F1a1a=4, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=4, F1a3=1, F1a4=1, F(xF1a, F1b, F2, F3a, F3b, F4)=1
Uyghur (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.250	16	^[21]	F=4
Yi (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.250	16	^[11]	F1b=2, F1a=1, F2a=1
Khakassian (Khakassia)	0.246	57	^[4]	F1=11, F2a=3
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan)	0.244	45	^[11]	F1a=8, F1b=2, F2a=1
Bunu (Dahua & Tianlin, Guangxi)	0.240	25	^[20]	F1b=2, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a1a=1, F3=1
Ket	0.237	38	^[22]	F=9
Han (Beijing)	0.225	40	^{[citation needed]}	F1a=4, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=3, F1b=2
Taiwanese (Taipei, Taiwan)	0.220	91	^{[citation needed]}	F=20
Han (Southwest China; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, & 26 Guizhou)	0.219	137	^{[citation needed]}	F1a=15, F2=8, F3=7
Hani (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.212	33	^[11]	F1a=6, F1b=1
Tibetan (Shigatse, Tibet)	0.207	29	^{[citation needed]}	F1a=5, F1b=1
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou)	0.207	29	^{[citation needed]}	F1a=2, F1c=1, F2a3=1, F2b=1, F(xF1, F2)=1
Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong)	0.200	35	^[20]	F1b=3, F3=2, F1a1a=1, F1a(xF1a1)=1
Indonesian (Waingapu, Sumba)	0.200	50	^[19]	F1a4=3, F1a3=2, F1a1a=2, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=1, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F3b=1
Manchurian	0.200	40	^{[citation needed]}	F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=3, F1a=2, F1b=2, F1c=1
Thai	0.200	40	^{[citation needed]}	F1b=8
Li (Hainan)	0.197	346	^{[citation needed]}	F1a1(xF1a1a)=30, F2=20, F1(xF1a)=4, F1a(xF1a1)=4, F1a1a=3, F3=3, F4=3, F(xF1, F2, F3, F4)=1
Han (Xinjiang)	0.191	47	^{[citation needed]}	F1a=2, F3=2, F1b=1, F1c=1, F2a2=1, F2a3=1, F4=1
Thailand	0.190	105	^[23]	F1=18, F(xF1)=2
Lisu (Gongshan, Yunnan)	0.189	37	^[11]	F2a=4, F1b=2, F1a=1
Han (southern California)	0.187	390	^{[citation needed]}	F=73
Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang)	0.184	49	^{[citation needed]}	F2(xF2a2, F2a3, F2b)=3, F1b=3, F1a=2, F2b=1
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou)	0.179	28	^{[citation needed]}	F1a=4, F1b=1
Han (Taiwan)	0.175	1117	^{[citation needed]}	F=196
CHB (Han from Beijing Normal University)	0.174	121	^{[citation needed]}	F=21
Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.167	18	^[11]	F1a=2, F1b=1
Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan)	0.167	30	^[11]	F2a=5
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)	0.161	31	^{[citation needed]}	F1a=3, F1(xF1a, F1b, F1c)=1, F(xF1, F2)=1
Nepal (Newar)	0.155		^[10]	F1c1a = 2.4%, F1d = 12%, F1g = 2.4%, F2b1 = 1.1%
CHD (Han from Denver)	0.151	73	^{[citation needed]}	F=11
Filipino (Palawan)	0.150	20	^{[citation needed]}	F3b2=3
Indonesian (52 Pekanbaru, 42 Medan, 34 Bangka, 28 Palembang, & 24 Padang)	0.150	180	^[19]	F1a1a=9, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=8, F1a5=3, F4=3, F1a3=2, F1a4=2
Kyrgyz (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.150	20	^[21]	F=3
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan)	0.150	40	^[11]	F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=2, F1a=2, F1b=2
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)	0.149	47	^{[citation needed]}	F1a=3, F1b=3, F2a=1
Borneo (89 Banjarmasin & 68 Kota Kinabalu)	0.146	157	^[19]	F3b=9, F(xF1a, F1b, F2, F3a, F3b, F4)=4, F1a3=3, F1a4=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=1, F1a1a=1
Indonesian (Bali)	0.146	82	^[19]	F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=5, F1a1(xF1a1a)=4, F1a1a=2, F(xF1a, F1b, F2, F3a, F3b, F4)=1
Hmong (Jishou, Hunan)	0.146	103	^[20]	F1a1(xF1a1a)=4, F1a1a=3, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=3, F1a(xF1a1)=2, F1b=2, F3=1
Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)	0.140	50	^[11]	F1a=6, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1
Indonesian (Ambon)	0.140	43	^[19]	F1a3=3, F1a4=2, F1a1a=1
Cun (Hainan)	0.133	30	^{[citation needed]}	F4=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1
Hui (Xinjiang)	0.133	45	^{[citation needed]}	F1b=2, F1c=2, F1a=1, F2a3=1
Batak (Palawan)	0.129	31	^{[citation needed]}	F1a3=3, F3b2=1
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan)	0.129	31	^[11]	F1b=3, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1
Mongolian (Khovd Province)	0.128	429	^[14]	F(xF1e1a)=7, F1=3, F1a=2, F1a1=4, F1a1a(xF1a1a1)=4, F1a2=2, F1b=2, F1b1(xF1b1b)=5, F2=1, F2a=14, F2b1=4, F4a=7
Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan)	0.125	24	^[20]	F1a(xF1a1)=1, F1b=1, F3=1
Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi)	0.122	41	^[20]	F1a1a=4, F1a(xF1a1)=1
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)	0.118	102	^{[citation needed]}	F1a(xF1a1)=4, F1b=3, F2(xF2a, F2b)=2, F3a=2, F3(xF3a)=1
Tibetan (Nagchu, Tibet)	0.114	35	^{[citation needed]}	F=4
Tibetan (Lhasa, Tibet)	0.114	44	^{[citation needed]}	F1a=2, F2=2, F1b=1
Filipino (Luzon)	0.113	177	^[24]	F1a3=6, F1a4=6, F3b=5, F4b=2, F1a1a=1
Indonesian (Alor)	0.111	45	^[19]	F1a4=3, F1a1a=1, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=1
Indonesian (Sulawesi, incl. 89 Manado, 64 Toraja, 46 Ujung Padang, & 38 Palu)	0.110	237	^[19]	F1a4=12, F1a3=4, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=4, F1a1a=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a5=1, F1b=1
Tujia (western Hunan)	0.109	64	^[11]	F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=2, F1a=2, F1b=2, F1c=1
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam)	0.107	168	^[25]	F1a1a=10, F1(xF1a)=3, F1a(xF1a1)=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)	0.105	19	^{[citation needed]}	F=2
Altai Kizhi (Altai Republic)	0.102	324	^[26]	F1=25, F2=8
Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan)	0.100	10	^[20]	F1a(xF1a1)=1
Filipino (Visayas)	0.098	112	^[24]	F1a4=7, F1a3=3, F3b=1
Korean (South Korea)	0.097	185	^{[citation needed]}	F1a=8, F1b=8, F2(xF2a)=2
Korean (Seoul National University Hospital)	0.097	1365	^[27]	F=132
Filipino	0.094	64	^[24]	F1a3=3, F1a4=3
Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi)	0.094	32	^[20]	F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a1a=1
Tibetan (Tibet)	0.093	216	^{[citation needed]}	F1a=13, F1b=4, F2=3
Mongolian (Mongolia)	0.092	2420	^[14]	F1a=55, F1b=71, F1c=13, F1(xF1d, F1e1)=33, F2=44, F3a=2, F4a=7
CHS (Han from Hunan & Fujian)	0.091	55	^{[citation needed]}	F=5
Altai (Altai Republic)	0.091	110	^[28]	F=10
Mongolian (Khentii Province)	0.091	132	^[14]	F1=1, F1a=3, F1b=5, F1c=2, F2b=1
Buryat	0.087	126	^{[citation needed]}	F1b=6, F1a=3, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=2
Tofalar	0.087	46	^[22]	F1b=4
Uzbek (Xinjiang)	0.086	58	^{[citation needed]}	F2a3=2, F4=2, F1b=1
Tuvinian (Tuva)	0.086	105	^[4]	F1=8, F2a=1
Korean (South Korea)	0.083	850	^[29]	F1a(xF1a3)=7, F1a1=17, F1b1=19, F1(xF1c, F1d)=11, F2=14, F3a=2, F4a1a=1
Japanese (Tōhoku)	0.083	336	^{[citation needed]}	F=28
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner)	0.083	48	^{[citation needed]}	F1a=2, F1c=1, F2a=1
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan)	0.083	36	^[11]	F2a=2, F1b=1
Tibetan (Diqing, Yunnan)	0.083	24	^[11]	F1a=1, F1b=1
Korean (South Korea)	0.080	593	^[30]	F=3, F1=7, F1ac=2, F1a=12, F1c=2, F1b=16, F2a=3
Korean (Ulsan)	0.079	1094	^[31]	F=86
Korean (northern China)	0.078	51	^{[citation needed]}	F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=1, F1a=1, F1b=1, F1c=1
Daur (Hulunbuir)	0.076	209	^[32]	F1a=2, F1a1(xF1a1a)=4, F1a1a1=1, F1b1(xF1b1b)=2, F1c1a=1, F2(xF2d)=5, F4a1b=1
JPT (Japanese from Tokyo)	0.076	118	^{[citation needed]}	F=9
Kazakh (Xinjiang)	0.075	53	^{[citation needed]}	F1b=3, F2(xF2a2, F2a3, F2b)=1
Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning)	0.075	160	^{[citation needed]}	F=12
Danga (Hainan)	0.075	40	^{[citation needed]}	F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F2=1, F3=1
Japanese (northern Kyūshū)	0.074	256	^{[citation needed]}	F=19
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)	0.074	54	^{[citation needed]}	F1a=2, F1b=2
Mongolian (Sükhbaatar Province)	0.073	246	^[14]	F=1, F1a=5, F1b=8, F1c=3, F2i=1
Uyghur	0.073	55	^{[citation needed]}	F1b=2, F1a=1, F1c=1
Filipino (Mindanao)	0.071	70	^[24]	F3b=2, F1a4=2, F1a3=1
Korean (Seoul & Daejeon, South Korea)	0.069	261	^{[citation needed]}	F1=12, F(xF1)=6
Tibetan (Chamdo, Tibet)	0.069	29	^{[citation needed]}	F1a=2
Semelai (Malaysia)	0.066	61	^[19]	F1a1a=4
Japanese (Hokkaidō)	0.065	217	Asari 2007	F=14
Mongolian (Dornod Province)	0.065	370	^[14]	F1(xF1c, F1d)=6, F1a=7, F1b=7, F2=4
Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)	0.065	31	^[20]	F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F3=1
Korean (South Korea)	0.064	203	^{[citation needed]}	F=13
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)	0.064	47	^[4]	F1=3
Uyghur (Xinjiang)	0.064	47	^{[citation needed]}	F1b=2, F1a=1
Bashkir (Beloretsky, Sterlibashevsky, Ilishevsky, & Perm)	0.063	221	^[5]	F=14
Dungan (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.063	16	^[21]	F=1
Japanese (Miyazaki)	0.060	100	^[33]	F1b=3, F1a=2, F2a=1
Kazakh (Zhetysu)	0.060	200	^[34]	F1=11, F2=1
Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal)	0.060	133	^[6]	F1c=7, F1(xF1c, F1d)=1
Japanese (Gifu)	0.059	1617	^[35]	F=96
Japanese (Tōkai)	0.057	282	^{[citation needed]}	F=16
Teleut (Kemerovo)	0.057	53	^[4]	F1=3
Altai Kizhi	0.056	90	^[4]	F1=3, F2a=2
Kalmyk (Kalmykia)	0.055	110	^[4]	F1=6
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)	0.055	55	^{[citation needed]}	F1a=2, F2=1
Tibetan (Qinghai)	0.054	56	^[11]	F1c=2, F1a=1
Japanese	0.052	211	^[36]	F1b=9, F1a=2
Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan)	0.051	39	^[20]	F1b=1, F3=1
Kazakh (Kosh-Agach, Altai Republic)	0.051	98	^[37]	F1=5
Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.050	20	^[21]	F=1
Tharu (Morang, Nepal)	0.050	40	^[6]	F1c=1, F1d=1
Turkmen (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.050	20	^[21]	F=1
Korean (South Korea)	0.049	103	^[4]	F1=5
Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner)	0.045	44	^{[citation needed]}	F1b=2
Yakut	0.043	117	^{[citation needed]}	F2a=3, F1b=2
Tuvan	0.042	95	^[22]	F(xF1b)=3, F1b=1
Kyrgyz (Talas)	0.042	48	^{[citation needed]}	F1a=1, F1b=1
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)	0.042	24	^{[citation needed]}	F=1
Khamnigan (Buryatia)	0.040	99	^[4]	F1=4
Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan)	0.037	27	^[20]	F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1
Kazakh	0.036	55	^{[citation needed]}	F1b=2
Barghut (Hulunbuir)	0.034	149	^[37]	F1=4, F2=1
Buryat (Buryatia)	0.031	295	^[4]	F1=7, F2a=2
Ulch people	0.031	160	^{[citation needed]}	F1a=5
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan)	0.029	35	^[11]	F2a=1
Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan)	0.025	40	^[20]	F1a1(xF1a1a)=1
Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.025	40	^[21]	F=1
Okinawa	0.025	326	^{[citation needed]}	F=8
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner)	0.021	47	^{[citation needed]}	F1c=1
Ainu	0.020	51	^{[citation needed]}	F1b=1
Evenk (53 Stony Tunguska basin & 18 Tugur-Chumikan)	0.014	71	^[22]	F1b=1
Telenghit (Altai Republic)	0.014	71	^[4]	F1=1
Tubalar	0.014	72	^[22]	F1b=1
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk)	0.014	73	^[4]	F1=1
Ulchi (Old & New Bulava, Ulchsky, Khabarovsk)	0.011	87	^[22]	F(xF1b)=1
Mansi	0.010	98	^[22]	F=1
Khanty	0.009	106	^[7]	F1=1
Chukchi (Anadyr)	0.000	15	^[4]	-
Bukharan Arab (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.000	20	^[21]	-
Crimean Tatar (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.000	20	^[21]	-
Iranian (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.000	20	^[21]	-
Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.000	20	^[21]	-
Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)	0.000	20	^[21]	-
Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal)	0.000	24	^[6]	-
Nganasan	0.000	24	^[22]	-
Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk Oblast)	0.000	25	^[22]	-
Kurd (northwestern Iran)	0.000	25	^[4]	-
Andhra Pradesh (tribal)	0.000	29	^[6]	-
Batek (Malaysia)	0.000	29	^[19]	-
Mendriq (Malaysia)	0.000	32	^[19]	-
Negidal	0.000	33	^[22]	-
Temuan (Malaysia)	0.000	33	^[19]	-
Yakut (Yakutia)	0.000	36	^[4]	-
Tibetan (Deqin, Yunnan)	0.000	40	^[11]	-
Tajik (Tajikistan)	0.000	44	^[4]	-
Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner)	0.000	45	^{[citation needed]}	-
Evenk (Buryatia)	0.000	45	^[4]	-
Udege (Gvasiugi, Imeni Lazo, Khabarovsk)	0.000	46	^[22]	-
Itelmen	0.000	47	^[22]	-
Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash)	0.000	47	^{[citation needed]}	-
Korean (Arun Banner)	0.000	48	^{[citation needed]}	-
Jahai (Malaysia)	0.000	51	^[19]	-
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin)	0.000	56	^[22]	-
Mansi	0.000	63	^[7]	-
Chukchi	0.000	66	^{[citation needed]}	-
Siberian Eskimo	0.000	79	^[22]	-
Persian (eastern Iran)	0.000	82	^[4]	-
Koryak	0.000	155	^[22]	-

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