Wikipedia

Guided missiles of India

India has studied, produced and used various strategic and tactical missile systems since its independence. Decades long projects have realised development of all types of missile systems including ballistic, cruise, anti-ship, air-defence, air-to-air and anti-missile systems. India is one of seven countries in the world with intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and one of four countries with anti-ballistic missile systems. Since 2016, India has been a member of Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR).

The use of rockets for warfare in India has been recorded in as early as the 18th century. Mysorean rockets were the first iron-cased rockets in world that were successfully deployed for military use. Mysore's conflict with East India Company exposed British to the technology leading to development of Congreve rockets and introduction of rocketry in Europe.[1]

Research in missile technology resumed again after India's independence along with the weapons of mass destruction. Development of nuclear weapons was followed by various missile programs in 70s with development of various ballistic, cruise, surface-to-air, anti- ballistic missile and orbital launch systems. India conducted its first nuclear test and initiated with Project Devil as an attempt to reverse engineer Soviet surface-to-air missile SA-2 Guideline and Project Valiant to develop an intercontinental ballistic missile. However, it could not succeed and experience gained led to development of Prithvi series of short-range ballistic missiles.[2][3] In early 80s, India conducted its first successful orbital launch[4] and synchronized its research institutions under IGMDP and successfully developed a series of strategic missile systems.[5] The project began in early 1980s and ended in 2008, after these strategic missiles were successfully developed. The last major missile developed under the program was the Agni 3 intermediate-range ballistic missile which was successfully tested on 9 July 2007. Since then, India has developed, tested, operationalized, and is developing several missile systems that are limited to only a handful of countries including ICBMs, ASATs, SLBMs and hypersonic weapon systems. Threats posed by enemy missile systems led to the pursuit of Indian Ballistic Missile Defense Programme.

In 2017, India produced most of defined MTCR defined missile technologies required to be integrated to produce most missile systems.[6] As per G Satheesh Reddy, India achieved complete self reliance in missile technology.[7]

History

edit

Kingdom of Mysore

edit
Main article: Mysorean rockets
 
Tipu Sultan's troops rout the British using rockets in 1780 at the Battle of Guntur. The closely massed, British troops broke and ran when the Mysore army laid down a rocket barrage in their midst.

Mysorean rockets were the first iron-cased rockets that were successfully deployed for military use. Kingdom of Mysore utilised them effectively in the conflicts against the British East India Company. In addition, wheeled rocket launchers capable of launching five to ten rockets almost simultaneously were used in war. These rockets were re-engineered as Congreve rockets by British opening the door of development of advanced rocketry further in Europe.[1]

Post-independence

edit

Indian government constituted a teamd Special Weapons Development Team in 1958 to study guided missile systems.[8]

The phase-I of missile program was limited to development of a first generation anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) by DRDO. Liquid fuel rocket engines based on Soviet missile system SA-2 were developed. Despite the overall failure of DRDO to develop a reliable ATGM, Indian laboratories had established facilities useful for machining and fabricating various parts of missile systems including gyroscopes, actuators, silver oxide-zinc batteries, booster and sustainer motors, air frame hard- ware such as fiberglass wings, ground launcher mechanisms, and wire spool winding and reeling mechanisms. India later excepted the French offer to produce SS-11B anti-tank guided missiles in 1970s. In another phase initiated in 1970s, Project Devil to reverse engineer Soviet SA-2 Guideline and Project Valiant to develop an Inter-continental ballistic missile too ended up with limited success but imparting experience and facilities for further research on missiles and space rockets. DRDO simultaneously focused on building a guidance package – an essential part of a long-range missile that determines its path and accuracy to hit a target. A platform-based inertial navigation system (INS) was developed and tested, on board an Avro aircraft, in 1974–75. Subsequently, an INS was built for both missiles and an aircraft, and this was tested in 1979 on board a Canberra aircraft.[9][8] Decade of 1980s witnessed India gaining significant grounds in rocket technology and various technology demonstration programs began which became the basis of modern rocket systems in India. DRDL had developed competencies in the fields of propulsion, navigation and manufacture of materials. Indian Space Research Organisation had successfully tested India's first orbital rocket SLV-3 in 1980 whose first stage was used in Agni-TD ballistic missile for technological demonstration of Agni missile family. This subsequently led to the birth of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program and Dr. Abdul Kalam, who had previously been the project director for the SLV-3 programme at ISRO, was inducted as the DRDL Director in 1983 to conceive and lead it. He decided that DRDL would pursue multiple projects in this area simultaneously. Thus, four projects were born under the IGMDP; Short-range surface-to-surface missile (code-named Prithvi), Short-range low-level surface-to-air missile (code-named Trishul), Medium-range surface-to-air missile (code-named Akash) and Third-generation anti-tank missile (code-named Nag).[10]

The Agni missile was initially conceived in the IGMDP as a technology demonstrator project in the form of a re-entry vehicle, and was later upgraded to a ballistic missile with different ranges.[11] As part of this program, the Interim Test Range at Balasore in Orissa was also developed for missile testing.[12]

The fourth phase of India's missile program stretched from mid-1990s to early 21st century. The phase has witnessed limited series production of DRDO's missiles and their deployment in battlefields. DRDO further embarked on programs in developing submarine-launched ballistic missile Sagarika, cruise missiles BrahMos, naval variant of Prithvi Dhanush. Spanning from 1970s to 2000s, India's missile programs have transitioned into a self-sustaining character.[13] Over the period from then, India has made improvements in technology of its missile systems and has produced many missile systems including ICBMs, anti-ballistic missiles, air-to-air missiles, cruise missiles and other systems.

Diplomatic and technological hurdles

edit

After India test-fired the first Prithvi missile in 1988, and the Agni missile in 1989, the Missile Technology Control Regime (then an informal grouping established in 1987 by Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States) decided to restrict access to any technology that would help India in its missile development program. Some of the major technology which was denied, included:

  • phase shifters for the phased array radars for Akash (denied by the USA).
  • magnesium alloy used in Prithvi's wings (denied by Germany).
  • servo-valves needed for the electro-hydraulic control systems of Agni and Prithvi.
  • gyroscopes and accelerometers (denied by France).
  • processors – Intel said it would not give India chips for the computers used in Prithvi and Agni.

To counter the MTCR, the IGMDP team formed a consortium of DRDO laboratories, industries and academic institutions to build these sub-systems, components and materials. Though this slowed down the progress of the program, India successfully developed indigenously all the restricted components denied to it by the MTCR.[12]

In 2011, the DRDO Chief V K Saraswat had stated that "indigenous content" in India's strategic missiles had gone up to such a level, with ring-laser gyros, composite rocket motors, micro-navigation systems etc., that "no technology control regime" could derail them any longer.[14]

Missile Programs and Series

edit

Abandoned programs

edit

DRDO Anti Tank Missile

edit
Main article: DRDO Anti Tank Missile

In 1959, Indian agencies conducted feasibility study to develop a first generation wire guided anti-tank missile.DRDO Anti Tank Missile.[15] Sino-Indian war in 1962 induced the government to fund the project.[16][17] Designing and wind tunnel tests went on to develop an ATGM of a range of 0.5 to 2 km with flight speed of about 90 m/s.[15] The missile was terminated eventually in 1969 once Indian army upgraded its requirements of an ATGM of range from 1.6 km to 2 km.[15][18]

Project Devil: Surface to Air Missile

edit
Main article: Project Devil

The aim of Project Devil was to reverse engineer Soviet SA-2 Guideline missile to produce an indigenous short-range surface-to-air missile. The program initially waned in favour of Project Valiant but was revived later after 1974. Although DRDL had developed and tested various systems for the missile, it later was completely cancelled in 1980 due to disputes between officials and technologies were utilised in other missile programs.[19][20]

Project Valiant: Intercontinental Ballistic Missile

edit
Main article: Project Valiant

Project Valiant was one of two early liquid-fuelled missile projects developed by India, along with Project Devil in the 1970s. The goal of Project Valiant was to produce an ICBM with 30 tonne engines and a range of 8,000 km (5,000 mi). Valiant missile was envisaged as an 85 tonnes liquid fueled three-staged ICBM. The missile although could reach near the stages of grounding testing, DRDO's interest in program waned due to internal disputes. ISRO was later approached with an offer to use missile for civilian uses which they declined leading to overall closure of the project.[21][20][3] Although discontinued in 1974 without achieving full success, Project Valiant, like Project Devil, helped in the development of the Prithvi missile in the 1980s.[22] Though never reached fruition, the projects were important precursors to the Prithvi missile developed in the 1980s.[23]

Trishul

edit
Main article: Trishul (missile)

Trishul was a short-range surface-to-air missile to be used against low flying and sea-skimming targets. The range of the missile is 12 km and is fitted with a 15 kg warhead. The overall weight of the missile is 130 kg. Due to delay in development time and various deficiencies, Trishul could never enter production and service beyond testing and was substituted by Israeli Barak 1 missile. The project was officially closed in 2008 and DRDO embarked on more surface-to-air missile programs later.[24]

Successful and ongoing programs

edit

Integrated Guided Missile Development Program

edit
Main article: Integrated Guided Missile Development Program

The Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) was a Ministry of Defence (India) programme for the research and development of a comprehensive range of missiles. The program was managed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Ordnance Factories Board in partnership with other Indian government research organisations. The program envisaged development of five strategic systems. Prithvi series of short ranged ballistic missiles, Trishul low altitude, short-range surface-to-air missile, Akash medium-range surface-to-air missile and Nag third generation anti-tank guided missile followed by Agni series of medium and long-range ballistic missiles.[5][25] The project began in early 1980s and ended in 2008 after these strategic missiles were successfully developed. The last major missile developed under the program was the Agni 3 intermediate-range ballistic missile which was successfully tested on 9 July 2007.[26]

On 8 January 2008, the DRDO formally announced the successful completion of the IGMDP.[5] It added that the strategic integrated guided missile program was completed with its design objectives achieved since most of the missiles in the program had been developed and inducted by the Indian armed forces.[27]

Further variants of Prithvi missile, Akash-NG, Agni-IV, Agni-V, Agni-VI and Agni based K missile family went ahead later as independent projects.

Akash

edit
Main articles: Akash (missile) and Akash-NG

Akash is a medium-range mobile surface-to-air missile system developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Ordnance Factories Board and Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) in India.[28][29] The missile system can target aircraft, cruise missiles, air to surface missiles and ballistic missiles up to 30 km to 60  km away, at altitudes up to 18,000 m.[30][31][32][33] Variants like Akash-1S and Akash-NG have longer ranges, higher accuracy, higher mobility and lower reaction time.[34][35]

Anti-tank missiles

edit
Main article: Nag (missile)

Nag, also referred as Prospina, is the currently serving third generation "Fire-and-forget" anti-tank guided missile developed under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP). Nag has been developed at a cost of ₹3 billion (US$35.9 million).[36] Nag has an operational range from 500 m to 20 km (12 mi) and first shot hit probability exceeding 90%.[37] Nag also has its man-portable, helicopter mounted, Stand-off and IFV mounted versions.[38]

Besides Nag, BDL's Amogha series is currently undergoing trials and will have land-attack, man-portable and air-launched variants.[39][40] Armament Research and Development Establishment (ARDE) is testing a laser-guided, tank gun-launched SAMHO missile able to destroy tanks and low-flying helicopters.[41] Besides state-run programmes, Indian private firms have been emerging with ATGM systems.

Tactical ballistic missiles

edit
Main articles: Prithvi (missile), Prahaar (missile), and Pralay (missile)

Prithvi missiles were tactical surface-to-surface short-range ballistic missiles (SRBM) and were first ballistic missiles to be developed and enter service in India. It goes from Prithvi-I (SS-150) with 150 km (93 mi) range to Prithvi-II (SS-250) and Prithvi-III (SS-350) with ranges of up to 350 km (220 mi).[42] Dhanush or navalised Prithvi is a system consisting of a stabilisation platform (Bow) and the Missile (Arrow). It is intended for the Indian Navy, to be fired from ships against other ships or land targets. Dhanush can fire modified versions of Prithvi-II or Prithvi-III with ranges high as 750 km (470 mi).[43]

Solid fueled Prahar and Pranash are being tested to replace existing Prithvi missiles.[44] Export variant "Pragati" was exhibited in South Korea in 2013 but didn't receive any orders.[45][46] Pralay is another battlefield range ballistic missile with better range being developed from PDV anti-ballistic missile.[47]

Agni series and Surya

edit
Main article: Agni (missile)
 
Agni-V ICBM

The Agni missile series began as a "Re-Entry Vehicle" project (later rechristened as Agni Technology Demonstrator) in the IGMDP. It subsequently gave rise to the series of India's medium-range, intermediate-range and intercontinental ballistic missiles. Agni-I, Agni-II and Agni-III missiles were developed under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program.[5]

Longer range Agni-IV and Agni-V with intercontinental ranges and MIRV emerged in early 2010s as separate projects.[48]

Agni-P, an upgraded successor of Agni-I and Agni-II, was tested in 2021 with ability to carry maneuverable reentry vehicle (MaRV). Agni-P has improved propellant, navigation and guided systems and reportedly can be used as an ASBM against aircraft carriers.[49]

Agni-VI is another Intercontinental ballistic missile reported to be in rudimentary stages of development by India, and until May 2012 was not officially confirmed by either the Government of India or the DRDO.[50] Reportedly, it will be able to be launched from submarines or from land and to strike a target of over 10,000 km (6,200 mi)[50] with MIRV-ed warheads.[51] Top DRDO scientists have previously asserted that India has almost all the equipment and technology needed to develop ICBMs, "but where the warhead should go or what the range should be will have to be a political call".[52] In 1995 in a report published by magazine Nonproliferation review, DRDO was working on an ICBM called Surya with a range of 12,000–16,000 km (7,500–9,900 mi). Although, the actual status of missile always remained unknown in public domain.[53] Sources have speculated that Agni-VI might be Surya under new codename.[54]

Later, Agni-V would go on to acquire MIRV capabilities [55][56]

K series

edit
Main article: K Missile family

K (named after Abdul Kalam) are submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBM) of India. SLBM variants of Agni missiles meant to arm India's nuclear submarines, their ranges vary from medium-range K-15 to intercontinental range K-6 (missile).[57]

The Shaurya missile is a land attack variant of K-15 missile. The missile has a hypersonic speed and a hybrid ballistic-cruise trajectory.[58]

BrahMos

edit
Main articles: BrahMos and BrahMos II

BrahMos (also known as PJ-10) are supersonic to hypersonic cruise missiles developed in collaboration between India and Russia. BrahMos have land attack, ship and submarine-launched and air-launched versions and are the fastest cruise missiles in world in operation. The existing versions of missiles include supersonic land-attack, anti-ship ship-launched versions meanwhile longer range, hypersonic and air-launched versions are under development.[59][60]

Other cruise missile programs

edit
Main article: Nirbhay

Nirbhay is the Indian long-range subsonic cruise missile under development and testing, expecting its air and submarine-launched version after trials. It was successfully test fired for second time from Balasore Orissa. Able to travel at speed of 0.6-0.9 mach. However, its test on 12 October 2020 failed due to a technical snag. It has succeeded in other tests before and has been approved for limited production in 2020. An upgraded version of the missile is reportedly under development. It is currently deployed on LAC in limited numbers since 2020 due to 2020 China-India standoff.[61][62]

Nirbhay project is now technically closed after completing six developmental trials. The next phase of tests will happen from April 2020 under a new name called Indigenous Technology Cruise Missile (ITCM). It will include Short Turbo Fan Engine (STFE) developed by Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE) and a Radio-frequency (RF) seeker from Research Centre Imarat (RCI). A separate air-launched variant and submarine-launched variant is under active development. Several cruise missile systems are expected to be introduced from experience gained with Nirbhay.[63]

Astra

edit
Main article: Astra (missile)

Astra are India's fifth-generation beyond-visual-range active radar homing air-to-air missile series.[64] The current version in service has a range from 10 km (6.2 mi) to 110 km (68 mi) similar to AIM-120 AMRAAM while versions up to 350 km (220 mi) and intermediate ranges are being developed.[65]

A surface-to-air missile variant VL-SRSAM has also been developed from Astra to replace Indian navy's Barak 1 missiTN1 With supplementary Akash missile systems along, it forms a surface-to-air missile system similar to American NASAM 2.[65]

Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme

edit
Main article: Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme
 
AAD anti-ballistic missile

In wake of missile threats from China and Pakistan, the development of anti-ballistic missiles began in the late 1990s. The program consists of multiple phases and components. Phase-I of program is a double-tiered system consisting of two land and sea-based interceptor missiles, namely the Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) missile for high altitude interception, and the Advanced Air Defence (AAD) Missile for lower altitude interception. The two-tiered shield should be able to intercept any incoming missile launched from 5,000 kilometres away.[66] The system also includes an overlapping network of early warning and tracking radars, as well as command and control posts.[67] Phase-I is awaiting government's approval for installation over national capital.[68] Phase-II would include more potent AD-1 and AD-2 anti-ballistic missiles capable of engaging without IRBMs, ICBMs and hypersonic cruise missiles. Prithvi Defence Vehicle (PDV) Mk. 1 and II are also under trials to intercept missiles at higher altitude and longer ranges and replace existing PAD.[69] PDV Mk. 2 has also demonstrated anti-satellite capability.[70]

Other systems

edit

Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV) is a technology demonstrator aimed to demonstrate autonomous flight of a Scramjet Integrated Vehicle using ethylene. The technology is expected to become the basis of India's hypersonic missiles and aircraft in future.[71] India has developed an Anti-Radiation Missile (ARM) that will help to destroy enemy advance warning systems. This was named as Rudram-1, with a range of 100–250 km.[72] Production of the ARM is being done on a priority basis by the Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL), which specialises in missile development. Such missiles can be mounted on the Sukhoi Su-30 MKI fighter planes.[73]

List of guided missiles

edit
Main article: List of Indian military missiles
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Air to air

edit
Family Name Type Maximum range Speed Warhead Introduction Status Ref
Astra (missile) Astra Mk1 active radar homing beyond visual range air-to-air missile 110 km (68 mi) Mach 4.5 High-explosive pre-fragmented warhead 2018 In Service [74][75]
Astra Mk2 active radar homing beyond visual range air-to-air missile 160 km (99 mi) High-explosive pre-fragmented warhead TBD In trials [76][77][78]
Astra Mk3 active radar homing beyond visual range air-to-air missile 350 km (220 mi) High-explosive pre-fragmented warhead TBD In trials [76]
Novator KS-172 beyond visual range air-to-air missile 200 to 300 km (120 to 190 mi) Mach 3.3 High-explosive fragmentated directional warhead 2007 In Service [79]
Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet Technology demonstration testbed for future beyond visual range missile air-to-air missile 350 km (220 mi) Mach 4.5[80] TBD In trials [81][82]
MICA (missile) beyond visual range air-to-air missile 500 m to 60 km Mach 4 2012 In service [83]

Anti-radiation

edit
Name Type Maximum range Warhead Introduction Status Ref
Rudram-1 Anti-radiation missile 150 km (93 mi)[84] Conventional 2022 In service [85]
Rudram-2 Air to surface anti-radiation missile 300 km (190 mi) Conventional TBD Under development [86]
Rudram-3 Air to surface missile 550 km (340 mi) Conventional TBD Under development [87]

Anti-satellite

edit
See also: Mission Shakti
 
Prithvi Defence Vehicle Mark 2
Family Name Type Interception altitude Warhead Introduction Status Ref
Prithvi Defence Vehicle Mark II Exo-atmospheric Hit-to-kill anti-ballistic missile 1,200 km (750 mi) Kinetic kill vehicle Unknown Being tested [88]

Anti-ship

edit
Family Name Type Maximum range Warhead Introduction Status Ref
NASM-SR Short-range anti-ship missile 55+ km Conventional or nuclear 100 kg TBD In user trials [89][90]
Naval anti ship missile -MR Medium-range anti-ship missile 150–250 km Conventional 150 kg TBD In development [89][90]
BrahMos Brahmos-A Anti-ship cruise missile 400 km Conventional or nuclear In Service

Anti-submarine

edit
Family Name Type Maximum range Warhead Introduction Status Ref
SMART Long-range anti-submarine missile 643+ km Conventional 50 kg TBD In development [91]

Anti-tank

edit
Family Name Type Maximum range Warhead Introduction Status Ref
Nag (missile) Prospina Third generation land-attack ATGM 4 km (2.5 mi) Tandem-charge high-explosive anti-tank 2016 In service [92]
HeliNa/Dhruvastra Air-launched ATGM 10 km (6.2 mi) TBD Being Inducted [93]
Stand off Anti-Tank missile Standoff air-launched ATGM 20 km (12 mi) TBD Development trials [94]
MPATGM Man-portable anti-tank missile 2.5 km (1.6 mi) TBD Developmental trials [95]
Amogha missile Amogha-1 Second-generation anti-tank guided missile 2.8 km (1.7 mi) HEAT TBD Developmental trials [96]
Air-launched Amogha Air-launched anti-tank missile HEAT TBD Proposed [97]
Man portable Amogha Man-portable anti-tank missile HEAT TBD Proposed [97]
SAMHO Cannon-launched ATGM 5 km (3.1 mi) Tandem HEAT TBD Developmental trials [98][99][100]

Ballistic

edit
Family Name Type Maximum range Warhead Introduction Status Ref
Prithvi (missile) Prithvi-I (SS-150) surface-to-surface tactical ballistic missile 150 km (93 mi) Conventional or nuclear 1994 Being withdrawn by 2030 [101]
Prithvi-II (SS-250) surface-to-surface short-range ballistic missile 250 to 350 km (160 to 220 mi) Conventional or nuclear 2003 Being withdrawn by 2030 [102]
Prithvi-III (SS-350) surface-to-surface short-range ballistic missile 350 to 600 km (220 to 370 mi) Conventional or nuclear 2004 In Service [103]
Dhanush surface-to-surface anti-ship ballistic missile 350 to 750 km (220 to 470 mi) Conventional or nuclear 2018 In Service [104]
Agni (missile) Agni-I surface-to-surface medium-range ballistic missile 900 to 1,200 km (560 to 750 mi) Conventional or nuclear 2002 In Service [105]
Agni-P surface-to-surface medium-range ballistic missile 1,000 to 2,000 km (620 to 1,240 mi) Conventional or nuclear 2021 In development [106]
Agni-II surface-to-surface medium-range ballistic missile 2,000 to 3,500 km (1,200 to 2,200 mi) Conventional or nuclear 2010 In Service [107]
Agni-III surface-to-surface intermediate-range ballistic missile 3,500 to 5,000 km (2,200 to 3,100 mi) Conventional or nuclear 2011 In Service [108]
Agni-IV surface-to-surface intermediate-range ballistic missile 4,000 km (2,500 mi) Conventional or nuclear 2014 In Service [109]
Agni-V surface-to-surface intercontinental ballistic missile 5,500 to 8,000 km (3,400 to 5,000 mi) Conventional or nuclear 2018 In Service [110]
Agni-VI surface-to-surface intercontinental ballistic missile 10,000 to 12,000 km (6,200 to 7,500 mi) Conventional or nuclear TBD In development [111]
Surya missile surface-to-surface intercontinental ballistic missile 16,000 km (9,900 mi) Conventional or nuclear Unknown Unconfirmed [112]
K missile family K-15 (Sagarika) short-range submarine-launched ballistic missile 750 km (470 mi) Conventional or nuclear 2018 In Service [113]
K-4 medium-range submarine-launched ballistic missile 3,500 km (2,200 mi) Conventional or nuclear TBD In Service [114]
K-5 intermediate-range submarine-launched ballistic missile (IR-SLBM) 5,000 km (3,100 mi) Conventional or nuclear TBD In development [115]
K-6 intercontinental submarine-launched ballistic missile (IC-SLBM) 6,000 to 8,000 km (3,700 to 5,000 mi) Conventional or nuclear TBD In development [115]
Prahaar Prahaar surface-to-surface tactical ballistic missile 150 km (93 mi) Conventional or nuclear TBD In trials [116]
Pragati surface-to-surface tactical ballistic missile 170 km (110 mi) Conventional —
(For export) 		In development [117][118]
Pranash surface-to-surface tactical ballistic missile 200 km (120 mi) Conventional TBD In development [119]
Pralay surface-to-surface short-range ballistic missile (SRBM) 500 km (310 mi) Conventional TBD In service [120]

Cruise

edit
Family Name Type Maximum range Speed Warhead Introduction Status Ref
BrahMos BrahMos Block I Supersonic ship-launched anti-ship / land-attack cruise missile 290 km (180 mi) Mach 3 Conventional or nuclear 2007 In service [121]
Supersonic land-launched land-attack / anti-ship cruise missile 290 km (180 mi) 2008/2010 In service
BrahMos Block II Supersonic land-launched land-attack cruise missile 290 km (180 mi) 2012 In service
BrahMos Block III Supersonic land-launched land-attack cruise missile 290 km (180 mi) 2013 In service
BrahMos-A Supersonic air-launched land-attack / anti-ship cruise missile 400 km (250 mi) 2020 In service
Submarine-launched BrahMos Supersonic submarine-launched anti-ship / land-attack cruise missile 290 km (180 mi) 2013 In service
BrahMos ER Multi-platform multirole supersonic cruise missile 600 km (370 mi) 2022 In service
BrahMos NG Multi-platform multirole supersonic cruise missile 290 km (180 mi) TBD In development
BrahMos-II Hypersonic cruise missile 600–1,000 km (370–620 mi) Mach 8 Conventional or nuclear TBD In development [60]
Nirbhay (missile) Subsonic land-attack cruise missile 1,000–1,500 km (620–930 mi) Mach 0.9 Conventional or nuclear 2019 In service [122][61]

Surface-to-air

edit
Family Name Type Maximum range Interception altitude Speed Warhead Introduction Status Ref
VSHORAD (India) Very short-range surface-to-air missile 6 km (3.7 mi) 3.5 km (2.2 mi) Mach 1.5 High explosive In development trials [123]
Trishul (missile) Short-range surface-to-air missile 9 km (5.6 mi) Mach 1+ High explosive 1983 Retired [24]
Akash (missile) Akash Mk I Medium-range surface-to-air missile 30 km (19 mi) 18 km (11 mi) Mach 2.8-3.5 High-explosive, pre-fragmented warhead 2009 In service [124]
Akash Mk II 40 km (25 mi) 20 km (12 mi) High-explosive, pre-fragmented warhead TBA Developmental trials [125]
Akash-NG 70 km (43 mi) 20 km (12 mi) High-explosive, pre-fragmented warhead TBA Developmental trials [126][127][128]
Maitri (missile) Quick reaction surface-to-air missile 30 km (19 mi) The proposal has been shelved and superseded by the QRSAM and VL-SRSAM missiles for the use of the Indian Army and Indian Navy respectively.
QRSAM Quick reaction surface-to-air missile 30 km (19 mi) 10 km (6.2 mi) 2022 Being inducted [129]
VL-SRSAM Short-range surface-to-air missile 50 km (31 mi) High-explosive, pre-fragmented warhead Being tested [130]
SAMAR Air Defence System Short-range surface-to-air missile 12–40 km (7.5–24.9 mi) High-explosive, pre-fragmented warhead In use [131][132]
Barak 8 MRSAM Medium-range surface-to-air missile 70 km

(43 mi)

16 km (9.9 mi) Mach 2+ Proximity censor based 2020 In service [133]
LRSAM Long-range surface-to-air missile 100 km

(62 mi)

16 km (9.9 mi) Proximity censor based 2019 In service [134]
S-400 400 km
ER-SAM Extended-range surface-to-air missile 250 km (160 mi) High explosive TBD In development
XR-SAM Long-range surface-to-air missile 400 km (250 mi) High explosive TBD In development [135][136]

Ballistic Missile Defence

edit
Family Name Type Maximum range Interception altitude Speed Warhead Introduction Status Ref
Phase I of Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme Prithvi Air Defence Exo-atmospheric anti-ballistic missile 300 km (190 mi)-2,000 km (1,200 mi) 50 km (31 mi)-180 km (110 mi)[137] Mach 5+ Proximity fuze 2006 Being inducted [138]
Advanced Air Defence Endo-atmospheric anti-ballistic missile 150 km (93 mi) 15 km (9.3 mi)-40 km (25 mi)[137] Mach 4.5 Hit-to-kill 2007 Being inducted [139]
Prithvi Defence Vehicle[broken anchor] Exo-atmospheric anti-ballistic missile 2,000 km (1,200 mi) 150 km (93 mi) Hit-to-kill 2019 In trials [140]
Phase II of Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme Prithvi Defence Vehicle Mark-II Exo-atmospheric anti-ballistic missile 1,200 km (750 mi) Hit-to-kill TBD Developmental trials [141]
AD-1 Anti-ballistic missile 5,000 km (3,100 mi)[142] TBA Hit-to-kill TBD In development [143][144]
AD-2 Anti-ballistic missile TBA TBA Hit-to-kill TBD In development

Other systems

edit
Family Name Type Maximum range Speed Warhead Introduction Status Ref
K missile family Shaurya (missile) Hypersonic surface to surface tactical missile 700 km (430 mi) Mach 7.5 Conventional or nuclear 2011 In service [145]
Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle Testbed for development of hypersonic systems Mach 12 — 2019 Being tested [146]

Guided and unguided rocket systems

edit
Family Name Type Maximum range Speed Warhead Introduction Status Ref
Pinaka multi-barrel rocket launcher Pinaka Mk I Multiple rocket launcher 40 km (25 mi) Various 1998 In service [147]
Pinaka Mk II/Guided Pinaka 90 km (56 mi) Various TBA In trials [148]
Indian long-range MRL Multiple rocket launcher 120 km (75 mi) Various TBD In development [149]

Research and development organisations

edit

Current missile research and development in India happens under the Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL), and a group of laboratories collectively called the Missile Complex Laboratories.[150]

See also

edit

Notes and references

edit

Citations

edit
  • Kampani, Gaurav (2003). "Stakeholders in the Indian Strategic Missile Program" (PDF). Non-proliferation Review. 10 (3). James Martin Center for Non-Proliferation Studies: 48–70 – via Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey.

References

edit
  1. ^ a b A. Bowdoin Van Riper (29 October 2007). Rockets and Missiles: The Life Story of a Technology. JHU Press. pp. 14–. ISBN 978-0-8018-8792-5.
  2. ^ "Defence Forces of India (Part III)" (PDF). time4education.com. August 2005. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
  3. ^ a b Vishwakarma, Arun S. "Strategic Missiles". Indian Defence Review. 22 (1). Retrieved 17 July 2009.
  4. ^ Subramanian, T.S. "Silver jubilee of the first successful SLV-3". Frontiline. Archived from the original on 8 February 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
  5. ^ a b c d "Integrated Guided Missile Development Program". Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
  6. ^ "MTCR Annex Handbook - 2017 Edition" (PDF). Missile Technology Control Regime. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
  7. ^ "India is completely 'atmanirbhar' in missile technology: DRDO chairman G Satheesh Reddy". Mathrubhumi. 22 September 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
  8. ^ a b Senpati, Manas Ranjan; Swain, Ajay Kumar (2017). "Dr. Kalam: The Missile Man of India" (PDF). Odisha Review. Government of Odisha. pp. 37–38. ISSN 0970-8669. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  9. ^ Kampani 2003, pp. 53–54.
  10. ^ Kampani 2003, pp. 56.
  11. ^ "Integrated Guided Missile Development Program". Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  12. ^ a b Subramanian, T. S. (31 January 2009). "Missile shield". Frontline. India. Archived from the original on 7 February 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
  13. ^ Kampani 2003, pp. 67.
  14. ^ Pandit, Rajat (17 November 2011). "Eyeing China, India to enter ICBM club in 3 months". The Times of India. India. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
  15. ^ a b c Joseph, P. Chacko (19 August 2007). "The first ATM". Frontier India. Archived from the original on 12 June 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  16. ^ "CASS India". CASS-India. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  17. ^ Parthasarathi, A. (2007). Technology at the Core: Science & Technology with Indira Gandhi. Pearson Education India. ISBN 9788131701706.
  18. ^ Ramarao, Dr Prahlada (2016). Build Up to Blast Off: DRDL 1962 to 1982. Frontier India Technology. p. 63. ISBN 9789385699047.
  19. ^ James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies. "Missile Facilities, Defense Research & Development Laboratory". Nuclear Threat Initiative. Archived from the original on 13 April 2009. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  20. ^ a b Khan, M. Shamsur Rabb (8 March 2008). "Sagarika: A Feather in India's Defense Hat". Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  21. ^ Dittmer, Lowell (2005). South Asia's Nuclear Security Dilemma: India, Pakistan, and China. M.E. Sharpe. p. 54. ISBN 0-7656-1419-7.
  22. ^ Bidwai, Praful (17 July 2006). "After the Agni-III crash". The Daily Star. Vol. 5, no. 760. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
  23. ^ "Defence Forces of India (Part III)" (PDF). Triumphant Institute of Management Education. August 2005. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  24. ^ a b "Govt announces closure of work on Trishul missile". Times of India. 27 February 2008.
  25. ^ Kampani 2003, pp. 56–58.
  26. ^ "Agni III Launched Successfully". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. New Delhi, India. 12 April 2007. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
  27. ^ "India scraps integrated guided missile programme". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 9 January 2008. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
  28. ^ "akashsam.com". www.afternic.com. Archived from the original on 28 December 2012.
  29. ^ Journal of Electronic Defense Staff (2004). "Guided Threat Systems". International Electronic Countermeasures Handbook. Artech House. p. 115. ISBN 1-58053-898-3.
  30. ^ "Asian tribune: Upgraded version of 'Aakash' test fired; By Hemanta Kumar Rout".
  31. ^ "Akash missile successfully test fired for second day". 18 November 2014. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015.
  32. ^ "India Successfully Test Fires Medium-Range Akash Missile". ndtv.com. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  33. ^ "Nuclear-capable Akash missile test fired". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 29 May 2012. Nuclear-capable Akash missile test fired
  34. ^ "DRDO successfully tests AKASH MK-1S: 6 features that make it a potent missile". Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  35. ^ SV, Vikas (4 December 2018). "Next generation Akash-NG to add new diamension to India's air defence capabilities". oneindia. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  36. ^ Nag anti-tank missile back in reckoning
  37. ^ KVN, Rohit (1 March 2018). "DRDO successfully tests NAG: 8 facts about India's deadly anti-tank missile". International Business Times, India Edition. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
  38. ^ KVN, Rohit (1 March 2018). "DRDO successfully tests NAG: 8 facts about India's deadly anti-tank missile". International Business Times, India Edition. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  39. ^ "Bharat Heavy Dynamics test fires indigenous anti-tank missile - The Economic Times". The Economic Times. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  40. ^ "Bharat Heavy Dynamics Test Fires Indigenous Anti-tank Missile". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  41. ^ "DRDO test fires laser guided anti-tank missile". The Hindu. 23 September 2020. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  42. ^ "Centre for Non Proliferation Studies Archive, accessed 20 July 2021". Archived from the original on 2 December 2001.
  43. ^ "Indian Navy successfully test fires Dhanush missile: All you need to know". India Today. 26 November 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  44. ^ "Prithvi missiles to be replaced by more-capable Prahar: DRDO". The Times of India. Press Trust of India. 1 July 2013. Archived from the original on 5 June 2018. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
  45. ^ "India develops new surface-to-surface missile 'Pragati'". India Today. 29 October 2013. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  46. ^ Rout, Hemant Kumar (5 November 2014). "Tactical Missile Pragati Readied for Export". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 17 February 2018. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  47. ^ Rout, Hemant Kumar (8 September 2018). "Pralay set for maiden launch". The New Indian Express.
  48. ^ Pandit, Rajat (4 June 2011). "With China in mind, Agni-V test scheduled for Feb 2011". The Times of India. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  49. ^ "China takes notice of India's test of 'carrier killer' Agni-P ballistic missile". The Shillong Times. 2 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  50. ^ a b "Agni-VI with 10000 km range to be ready by 2014". IBNLive. 24 May 2012. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
  51. ^ "DRDO Lab Develops Detonator for Nuclear Capable Agni-V Missile As It Gets Ready For Launch". Defence Now. 17 January 2012. Archived from the original on 22 January 2012.
  52. ^ Singh, Rahul (11 June 2011). "Air chief PV Naik in favour of flexing missile power". Hindustan Times. New Delhi, India. Archived from the original on 27 June 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
  53. ^ "Is India developing a 12,000 kms range missile - Surya?" (PDF). 17 November 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  54. ^ "Stage set for longer range Surya". The New Indian Express. 18 September 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  55. ^ "China deployed research vessel to 'keep eye' on Agni-5 test from Indian shores". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
  56. ^ "China nervous as India conducts Agni-V missile test, sends spy vessel to Bay of Bengal". Firstpost. 11 March 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
  57. ^ "India activates 'secret' undersea missile". The New Indian Express. 11 August 2013. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  58. ^ "India successfully test fires 'Shaurya' missile". expressindia.com. 12 November 2008. Archived from the original on 16 September 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
  59. ^ Gady, Franz-Stefan. "India Test Fires Supersonic Cruise Missile". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  60. ^ a b "India, Russia to develop new hypersonic cruise missile :: BrahMos.com". brahmos.com Official Website of Brahmos. Archived from the original on 12 December 2010. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
  61. ^ a b "LAC standoff: India deploys long-range missile Nirbhay to tackle Chinese threat". Zee News. 29 September 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  62. ^ "Nirbhay subsonic cruise missile develops technical snag during trial". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  63. ^ "India set to develop long range, land attack cruise missile". OnManorama. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  64. ^ "Astra BVRAAM more complex than Agni missiles". Domain-B. Balasore. 31 August 1998. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
  65. ^ a b Pandit, Rajat (23 October 2020). "Astra air combat missile to be soon tested from Tejas fighter". Times of India. TNN. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  66. ^ "India tests interceptor missile". 6 March 2009. Archived from the original on 10 March 2009. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  67. ^ "India's Ballistic Missile Defence system: All you need to know - Times of India". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 12 February 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
  68. ^ Philip, Snehesh Alex (8 January 2020). "India's ballistic missile shield ready, IAF & DRDO to seek govt nod to protect Delhi". ThePrint. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  69. ^ "India test fires high speed interceptor missile off Odisha coast". Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  70. ^ "Defexpo 2020: DRDO says ASAT weapon system is 'ready for further limited production' | Jane's 360". www.janes.com. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  71. ^ "DRDL: Areas of Work". Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
  72. ^ "India test-fires Rudram 1, its first anti-radiation missile to kill enemy radars". 9 October 2020.
  73. ^ "India developing anti-radar missile". The Hindu. 30 April 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
  74. ^ "Indigenously developed air-to-air missile Astra successfully test fired". Hindustan Times. Press Trust of India. 26 September 2018.
  75. ^ "Indigenously developed air-to-air missile Astra successfully test fired". Financial Express. Indian Express Limited. 3 October 2018.
  76. ^ a b Pandit, Rajat (29 September 2019). "15 years on, DRDO's supersonic missile ready for IAF fighters". The Times of India.
  77. ^ Udoshi, Rahul (6 May 2014). "India successfully tests home-grown Astra AAM". IHS Jane's Defence Weekly. Jane's Information Group. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014.
  78. ^ Hewson, Robert (April 2011). "Astra redesign paves way for ramjet AAM". Jane's Missiles and Rockets. 15 (4). Coulsdon: Jane's Information Group: 3.
  79. ^ "Missiles in the Asia Pacific" (PDF), Defence Today, Amberley, Queensland: Strike Publications: 67, May 2005, archived from the original (PDF) on 26 January 2009
  80. ^ News9 Staff (14 April 2022). "Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet: All you need to know about SFDR". NEWS9LIVE. Retrieved 21 May 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  81. ^ "Successful Flight Test of SFDR". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 8 February 2019. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  82. ^ "DRDO Annual Report 2017". Defence Research and Development Organisation: 79. 2017.
  83. ^ Staff, Basictell Editorial. ["Hand in Hand with Indian Air Force" https://www.sps-aviation.com/story/?id=1395 "Missiles Of India - List of Important Indian Missiles"]. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  84. ^ "India test-fires Rudram 1, its first anti-radiation missile to kill enemy radars". Hindustan Times. 9 October 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  85. ^ Pandit, Rajat (24 January 2019). "India tests new anti-radiation missile to destroy enemy radars". The Times of India.
  86. ^ Sharma, Ritu (25 July 2023). "'Super Killer' In Ukraine War, India Gets Its Own Anti-Radiation Missile That Can Be Fired From Both French & Russian Jets". Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
  87. ^ "IAF to arm more Sukhois with BrahMos missiles, even as plan afoot to upgrade entire fleet indigenously". The Times of India. 6 October 2022. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
  88. ^ Solanki, Lalit (27 March 2019). "India Enters the Elite Club: Successfully Shot Down Low Orbit Satellite". The Mirk. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
  89. ^ a b "43 standing committee on defence - DEMANDS FOR GRANTS" (PDF) (Press release). Lok Sabha. March 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
  90. ^ a b Man Aman Singh Chhina (21 May 2022). "Explained: Why the anti-ship missile tested by the Navy matters". The Indian Express. Chandigarh. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  91. ^ Lendon, Brad (7 October 2020). "India tests long-range anti-submarine missile". CNN. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
  92. ^ "India's Nag ATGM ready for series production, says MoD". Jane's 360. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  93. ^ "Indigenous anti-tank guided missile system HELINA successfully flight tested". The Times of India. 23 August 2018. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  94. ^ "Upgraded SANT missile successfully flight tested - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  95. ^ Reporter (11 September 2019). "DRDO successfully tests indigenous anti-tank missile". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  96. ^ "Anti-tank guided missile test-fired". The Hindu. 16 September 2015. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  97. ^ a b "Bharat Heavy Dynamics test fires indigenous anti-tank missile - The Economic Times". The Economic Times. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  98. ^ "Cannon launched laser-guided missile test today". The New Indian Express. 28 January 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  99. ^ "India test fires cannon launched laser-guided missile". The New Indian Express. 29 January 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  100. ^ "Cannon Launched Missile Development Programme(CLMDP)". drdo.gov.in. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  101. ^ "Centre for Non Proliferation Studies Archive, accessed 18 October 2006". Archived from the original on 2 December 2001.
  102. ^ "India successfully test fires indigenously developed Prithvi-II missile". 18 May 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  103. ^ "Nuclear Data - Table of Indian Nuclear Forces, 2002". NRDC. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  104. ^ "Indian Navy successfully test fires Dhanush missile: All you need to know". India Today. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  105. ^ Subramanian, T.S. (2 February 2002). "The significance of Agni-I". Frontline. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  106. ^ "Agni-P (Prime)". Dristi IAS. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  107. ^ Mallikarjun, Y. (17 May 2010). "Agni-II missile test-fired successfully". The Hindu. Chennai, India.
  108. ^ Ballistic and Cruise Missile Threat (Report). Defense Intelligence Ballistic Missile Analysis Committee. June 2017. p. 25. NASIC-1031-0985-17. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  109. ^ Kristensen, Hans M.; Norris, Robert S. (2017). "Indian nuclear forces, 2017". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 73 (4): 205–209. Bibcode:2017BuAtS..73d.205K. doi:10.1080/00963402.2017.1337998.
  110. ^ "Agni V Missile That Can Reach Chinese Cities To Be Inducted Soon: Sources". NDTV. Press Trust of India. 1 July 2018. Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 19 October 2019.
  111. ^ "Get ready for Agni-VI, which can deliver 4 to 6 warheads 12000 km away". India TV. 4 February 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  112. ^ Surya ICBM. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  113. ^ "Nuke-capable submarine-launched missile operationalised, India in select triad club". The New Indian Express. 19 August 2018. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  114. ^ "Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM) K-4 Test Imminent". Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  115. ^ a b Unnithan, Sandeep (10 December 2017). "A peek into India's top secret and costliest defence project, nuclear submarines". India Today. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  116. ^ "Prithvi missiles to be replaced by more-capable Prahar: DRDO". The Times of India. PTI. 1 July 2013. Archived from the original on 5 June 2018. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
  117. ^ "India develops new surface-to-surface missile 'Pragati'". India Today. 29 October 2013. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
  118. ^ Rout, Hemant Kumar (5 November 2014). "Tactical Missile Pragati Readied for Export". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 17 February 2018. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  119. ^ "India to develop 200-km range tactical ballistic missile". Hindustan Times. 6 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  120. ^ "Thirtieth Report on Demands for Grants of the Ministry of Defence for the year 2017-18 pertaining to Revenue Budget of Ordnance Factories, Defence Research and Development Organisation, DGQA and NCC (Demand No. 20)" (PDF). New Delhi: Lok Sabha Secretariat. 9 March 2017. p. 59.
  121. ^ India Displays Big Missiles at Defense Show. Aviation International News. 19 April 2018.
  122. ^ "Sub-sonic cruise missile 'Nirbhay' successfully test-fired". The Hindu. 16 April 2019. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
  123. ^ Peri, Dinakar (2 April 2022). "Army inducts Russian MANPADS". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
  124. ^ "Indian Army Orders Akash Missile System". Aviation Week. 25 March 2011. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  125. ^ "New version of Akash missile test-fired successfully". The Hindu. 27 May 2019. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
  126. ^ "DRDO Projects". Ministry of Defence. 3 February 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2019 – via Press Information Bureau.
  127. ^ SV, Vikas (4 December 2018). "Next generation Akash-NG to add new diamension to India's air defence capabilities". oneindia. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
  128. ^ Negi, Manjeet (26 January 2021). "Odisha: DRDO conducts successful maiden launch of Akash-NG Missile". India Today. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  129. ^ Bedi, Rahul (6 June 2017). "Indian DRDO-designed QRSAM successfully tested". IHS Jane's Defence Weekly. Jane's Information Group. Archived from the original on 6 June 2017.
  130. ^ "DRDO successfully launches VL-SRSAM twice". The Times of India. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
  131. ^ Satam, Parth (23 October 2022). "Indian 'Jugaad'! IAF Converts Obsolete Russian Air-To-Air Missiles Into Surface-To-Air Systems; Experts Perplexed". Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
  132. ^ "IAF's SAMAR Air Defence System". Retrieved 16 November 2022.
  133. ^ "Boost to Army's air power; to get medium range missile by 2020 - Times of India". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
  134. ^ "IAI en route to extended range Barak-8ER - IHS Jane's 360". Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
  135. ^ "Technologies and Products". Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL). Archived from the original on 25 December 2019. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  136. ^ U Sudhakar Reddy (28 December 2019). "DRDO reveals 350km XRSAM missile details". The Times of India. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  137. ^ a b Sagar, Pradip R (11 September 2021). "Explained: India's Ballistic Missile Defence programme, developed by DRDO". The Week. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  138. ^ India Plans Second Anti-Ballistic-Missile Test in June Archived 11 July 2009 at the Wayback MachineThe interceptor rocket has a liquid-fuelled first stage that uses two propellants and oxidisers, and a solid-fuel second stage with a gas thruster that can turn the rocket at more than five Gs. The missile carries sensors to guide it to its target.
  139. ^ "Interceptor missile scores 'direct hit'". The Hindu. 7 December 2007. Archived from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
  140. ^ "India test fires high speed interceptor missile off Odisha coast". Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  141. ^ "India's DRDO reveals additional details of recent ASAT missile test". Jane’s 360. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
  142. ^ Negi, Manjeet (4 November 2022). "India can destroy enemy missiles fired at it from 5000 km away, says DRDO". India Today. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  143. ^ "India Developing Defence System For More Capable Missiles: Senior Officer". NDTV.com.
  144. ^ "Interview - Secretary, department of defence R&D and chairman, Defence Research and Development Organisation, Dr G. Satheesh Reddy". Force India. 12 August 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
  145. ^ Subramanian, T.S. (20 December 2008 – 2 January 2009). "Missile success". Frontline. Vol. 25, no. 26. The Hindu Group. ISSN 0970-1710.
  146. ^ Subramanian, T.S. (9 May 2008). "DRDO developing hypersonic missile". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
  147. ^ "Pinaka Multibarrel Rocket Launcher". Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
  148. ^ "Pinaka Rocket". Archived from the original on 27 August 2017.
  149. ^ "Global Defence Systems - News and Headlines - IHS Jane's 360". Retrieved 24 November 2019.
  150. ^ "DRDO: Historical Background". Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
  151. ^ "Profile". www.startupindia.gov.in.

Notes

edit
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guided_missiles_of_India&oldid=1251356783"