Glochidion is a genus of flowering plants, of the family Phyllanthaceae, known as cheese trees or buttonwood in Australia, and leafflower trees in the scientific literature. It comprises about 300 species,[2] distributed from Madagascar to the Pacific Islands. Glochidion species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Aenetus eximia and Endoclita damor.[3] The Nicobarese people have attested to the medicinal properties found in G. calocarpum, saying that its bark and seed are most effective in curing abdominal disorders associated with amoebiasis.[4]
| Glochidion | |
|---|---|
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| Glochidion ramiflorum | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Phyllanthaceae |
| Subfamily: | Phyllanthoideae |
| Tribe: | Phyllantheae |
| Genus: | Glochidion J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. |
| Species[1] | |
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328; see text | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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Synonymy
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Glochidion are of note in the fields of pollination biology and coevolution because they have a specialized mutualism with moths in the genus Epicephala (leafflower moths), in which the moths actively pollinate the flowers—thereby ensuring that the tree may produce viable seeds—but also lay eggs in the flowers' ovaries, where their larvae consume a subset of the developing seeds as nourishment.[5][6][7] Other species of Epicephala are pollinators, and in some cases, non-pollinating seed predators, of certain species of plants in the genera Phyllanthus[8][9] and Breynia,[10][11] both closely related to Glochidion.[12] This relationship is similar to those between figs and fig wasps and yuccas and yucca moths.
Although the genus Glochidion is native only to the Old World, the East Asian species Glochidion puberum has become naturalized at several locations in the U.S. state of Alabama.[13][14]
In a 2006 revision of the Phyllanthaceae, it was recommended that Glochidion be subsumed in Phyllanthus.[15] New combinations in Phyllanthus have been published for Madagascar[16] and the Pacific Islands,[17] but most remain to be published.
Selected species
edit328 species are accepted.[1] Selected species include:
- Glochidion apodogynum Airy Shaw[18]
- Glochidion barronense Airy Shaw[18]
- Glochidion benthamianum Domin[18]
- Glochidion bourdillonii Gamble
- Glochidion calocarpum Kurz
- Glochidion candolleanum (Wight & Arn.) Chakrab. & M.Gangop. (synonyms Glochidion pauciflorum Gamble and Glochidion sisparense Gamble)
- Glochidion carrickii Airy Shaw
- Glochidion christophersenii Croizat
- Glochidion comitum J.Florence
- Glochidion disparipes Airy Shaw[18]
- Glochidion eriocarpum Champ. ex Benth.
- Glochidion ferdinandi (Mull.Arg.) F.M.Bailey - cheese tree, buttonwood, pencil cedar, water gum, rain tree[18]
- var. ferdinandi[18]
- var. pubens Airy Shaw[18]
- Glochidion grantii J.Florence
- Glochidion harveyanum Domin - buttonwood, daphne buttonwood[18]
- var. harveyanum[18]
- var. pubescens Airy Shaw[18]
- Glochidion hohenackeri (Müll.Arg.) Bedd.
- Glochidion hohenackeri var. hohenackeri
- Glochidion hohenackeri var. johnstonei (Hook.f.) Chakrab. & M.Gangop. (synonym Glochidion johnstonei Hook.f.)
- Glochidion hylandii Airy Shaw[18]
- Glochidion insulare (Müll.Arg.) J.J.Sm.
- Glochidion lanceolarium (Roxb.) Voigt
- Glochidion lobocarpum (Benth.) F.M.Bailey[18]
- Glochidion longfieldiae (Ridl.) F.Br.
- Glochidion manono Baill. ex Müll.Arg.
- Glochidion marchionicum F.Br. (synonym Glochidion tooviianum J.Florence)
- Glochidion marianum Müll.Arg.
- Glochidion moonii Thwaites
- Glochidion moorei P.T.Li
- Glochidion myrtifolium J.W.Moore
- Glochidion nadeaudii J.Florence
- Glochidion nemorale Thwaites (synonym Glochidion gardneri Thwaites)
- Glochidion papenooense J.Florence
- Glochidion perakense Hook.f. - umbrella cheese tree, buttonwood[18]
- var. supra-axillare (Benth.) Airy Shaw[18]
- Glochidion philippicum (Cav.) C.B.Rob.[18]
- Glochidion pitcairnense (F.Br.) H.St.John
- Glochidion pruinosum Airy Shaw[18]
- Glochidion puberum (L.) Hutch.
- Glochidion pungens Airy Shaw[18]
- Glochidion raivavense F.Br.
- Glochidion ramiflorum J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
- Glochidion rapaense J.Florence
- Glochidion seemannii Müll.-Arg.
- Glochidion sessiliflorum Airy Shaw[18]
- var. pedicellatum Airy Shaw[18]
- var. sessiliflorum[18]
- var. stylosum Airy Shaw[18]
- Glochidion stellatum (Retz.) Bedd.
- Glochidion stylosum Ridl.
- Glochidion symingtonii Airy Shaw
- Glochidion taitense Baill. ex Müll-Arg.
- Glochidion temehaniense J.W.Moore
- Glochidion xerocarpum (O.Schwarz) Airy Shaw[18]
- Glochidion zeylanicum (Gaertn.) A.Juss.
- Glochidion zeylanicum var. arborescens (Blume) Chakrab. & M.Gangop.
- Glochidion zeylanicum var. arunachalense Chakrab. & M.Gangop.
- Glochidion zeylanicum var. paucicarpum Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr.
- Glochidion zeylanicum var. tomentosum (Dalzell) Trimen (synonym Glochidion tomentosum Dalzell)
- Glochidion zeylanicum var. zeylanicum (synonym Glochidion sumatranum Miq.)
References
edit- ^ a b c Glochidion J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
- ^ Carl T. Bergstrom; Lee Alan Dugatkin (2012). Evolution. Norton. p. 630. ISBN 978-0-393-92592-0. Archived from the original on 2016-11-18. Retrieved 2016-10-24.
- ^ PLANTS Profile Archived 2013-05-10 at the Wayback Machine. USDA.gov. Accessed June 2, 2012.
- ^ See p. 412 in: Hammer, K (1990). "Barilla (Salsola soda, Chenopodiaceae)". Economic Botany. 44 (3): 410–412. doi:10.1007/bf03183925. JSTOR 4255259. S2CID 32113455.
- ^ Kato, M.; Takimura, A.; Kawakita, A. (2003). "An obligate pollination mutualism and reciprocal diversification in the tree genus Glochidion (Euphorbiaceae)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 100 (9): 5264–5267. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.5264K. doi:10.1073/pnas.0837153100. PMC 154333. PMID 12695568.
- ^ Hembry, D. H.; Okamoto, T.; Gillespie, R. G. (2012). "Repeated colonization of remote islands by specialized mutualists". Biology Letters. 8 (2): 258–261. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0771. PMC 3297384. PMID 21900312.
- ^ Luo, S.-X.; Yao, G.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, D.; Hembry, D. H. (2017). "A novel, enigmatic basal leafflower moth lineage pollinating a derived leafflower host illustrates the dynamics of host shifts, partner replacement, and apparent co-adaptation in intimate mutualisms" (PDF). The American Naturalist. 189 (4): 422–435. doi:10.1086/690623. hdl:10150/623805. PMC 6103454. PMID 28350503. S2CID 3922814. Archived from the original on 2021-11-24. Retrieved 2019-09-05.
- ^ Kawakita, A.; Kato, M. (2004). "Evolution of obligate pollination mutualism in New Caledonian Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 91 (3): 410–415. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.3.410. PMID 21653396.
- ^ Kawakita, A.; Kato, M. (2009). "Repeated independent evolution of obligate pollination mutualism in the Phyllantheae-Epicephala association". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 276 (1656): 417–426. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1226. PMC 2664352. PMID 18948251.
- ^ Kawakita, A.; Kato, M. (2004). "Obligate pollination mutualism in Breynia (Phyllanthaceae): further documentation of pollination mutualism involving Epicephala moths (Gracillariidae)". American Journal of Botany. 91 (9): 1319–1325. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.9.1319. PMID 21652364.
- ^ Zhang, J.; Wang, S.; Li, H.; Hu, B.; Yang, X.; Wang, Z. (2012). "Diffuse coevolution between two Epicephala species (Gracillariidae) and two Breynia species (Phyllanthaceae)". PLOS ONE. 7 (7): e41657. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...741657Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041657. PMC 3407192. PMID 22848559.
- ^ Kathriarachchi, H.; Samuel, R.; Hoffmann, P.; Mlinarec, J.; Wurdack, K. J.; Ralimanana, H.; Stuessy, T. F.; Chase, M. W. (2006). "Phylogenetics of tribe Phyllantheae (Phyllanthaceae: Euphorbiaceae sensu lato) based on nrITS and plastid matK DNA sequence data". American Journal of Botany. 93 (4): 637–655. doi:10.3732/ajb.93.4.637. PMID 21646224.
- ^ Fearn, M. L.; Urbatsch, L. E. (2001). "Glochidion puberum (Euphorbiaceae) naturalized in southern Alabama". SIDA, Contributions to Botany. 19: 711–714.
- ^ "Glochidion puberum in Flora of North America @". Efloras.org. Archived from the original on 2017-04-11. Retrieved 2021-11-24.
- ^ Hoffmann, Petra; Kathriarachchi, Hashendra S.; Wurdack, Kenneth J. (2006). "A Phylogenetic Classification of Phyllanthaceae". Kew Bulletin. 61 (1): 37–53.
- ^ Hoffmann, P. and McPherson, G., 2003. Transfer of Madagascan Glochidion to Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae sl or Phyllanthaceae). Novon 13(3):307-310.
- ^ Wagner WL, Lorence DH. A nomenclator of Pacific oceanic island Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae), including Glochidion. PhytoKeys. 2011(4):67-94
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "Glochidion%". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS) database (listing by % wildcard matching of all taxa relevant to Australia). Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
External links
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