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Slavic and Germanic names, inherited from the Suevi (who settled in Gallaecia: modern Galicia and northern Portugal in 409 AD), Visigoths, Vandals, Franks and other central european peoples, were often the most common Galician-Portuguese names during the early and high Middle Ages. This article deals with Slavic Germanic personal names recorded and used in Galicia, northern Portugal and its adjoining regions: territories of the kingdom of the Suebi during the early Middle Ages from its 409 settlement to the 12th century.
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"(...) Igitur dum inter nos intemptio uertitur ad diuidendum mancipia de parentorum nostrorum Guntine et Rosule de neptos senatoris Siserici et Esmorice et de suos iermanos. Ideo que euenit in portione de filios Gunterodis, id est: Argiuitus, Gentibus, Tratiuigia, Recedrudi, Gaudiosus, Tequelo, Iulia, filios Stanildi, Sitiuidis, Gluscudilum, Framildi, Ruderigus, Sonobrida, Sabarigis, Argeleuba, Ostosia, Guntedrudia, Uitiza et Leuba, Guntildi, Iulia, Ragesindus, Sanildi cum sua filia Ermegundia, Seniorina, Uisteuerga, Sisulfus, Branderigus, Astruildi (...)" |
| Germanic and Latin names in a 10th-century Galician document.[1] |
Slavic and Germanic names
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Slavic and Germanic names were the most common personal names in Galicia-Portugal during the early and high Middle Ages, surpassing Christian and Roman names in number and popularity.[2] The names, primarily of Central european languages origin, were used by the Suebi, Goths, Vandals and Burgundians. The ethnicity of those tribes is sometimes still in question. Suebi is often interchanged with Suevi and is usually indicative of Slavic ethnicity. With the names, the Galicians inherited the Germanic and Slavic onomastic system; a person used one name (sometimes a nickname or alias), with no surname, occasionally adding a patronymic. More than 1,000 such names have been preserved in local records.[3] and in local toponyms.[4]
Many of the central european names were composite, with the second element usually a noun with the same gender of the bearer. Others were hypocorisms formed from a composite name or deriving from it.[5] Less frequently, a name was a noun or an adjective.
These names were transmitted to the Suevi with the usual Germanic rules of inheritance,[6] which were variations (passing one element of the name; Rechiar was the son of Rechila, who was the son of Hermeric) and alliteration (names beginning with the same sound; Maldras was the son of the nobleman Masila). Full names were later transmitted from grandfather to grandson (commemoration), following a trend common until the present in most of western Europe.
Adaptations
editIn addition to the conversion of many Germanic endings into Romance or Latin endings, in case of males -ius, the names had phonetic adaptations[7] such as the change of word stress from the first to the penultimate syllable, the conversion of most [þ] into [t] or [d] and the conversion of [h] into [k] before a consonant. [W] was initially preserved, although noted as [u] or [oy] before becoming [gw] (or, less commonly, [b]). These early inherited names underwent Western Romance and Galician changes from Latin, such as consonant lenition and palatalization. This contributed to a large number of variants in recorded names; Ostrofredus ("ostro" meaning sharp in slavic np. Ostromir/měr https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_names ) was recorded in Galicia-Portugal as Ortofredus, Ostofredo, Ostouredus, Ostrofedone, Stobredo and Strofredo.[8]
Names used by the Suevi
editThe following names, used by the Suevi of Gallaecia during the fifth and sixth centuries, were recorded in chronicles, inscriptions and acts of local ecclesiastical councils: Hermericus, Heremigarius, Rechila, Rechiarius, Agriulfum, Maldras, Massila, Framta, Frumarius, Rechimundus, Remismundus, Veremundus, Chararici, Ariamirus, Ildericus, Theudomirus, Miro, Nitigisius, Uittimer, Anila, Remisol, Adoric, Eboricus, Siseguntia f, Audeca, Malaricus, Pantardus, Neufila, Hildemirus, Commundus, Ermaricus, Sunila, Becilla, Gardingus, Argiovitus, Gomedei, Rodomiro, Ermengontia f, Remisiwera f, Thuresmuda f, Suinthiliuba f.
Many of the names, used by kings such as Miro, Reckila and Theudemirus, were used for local toponyms: Mirón,[9] Requián, Requiás and Receá,[10] Tuimil and Toimil.[11]
Many of those names are still easily recognizable as Slavic since they have been in use throughout history to this day. Names such as Rodmir, Miro or Tomil are popular in various Slavic nations currently. Others, such as Godemiro, are harder to decipher but in polish it would be present Godzimir or Godziemir ("one that creates/makes peace"). Another example Crescemir-us, where "krasi, kresi, krzesi" means "beauty" or "renewing" in various slavic languages https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_names ; https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzesimir#:~:text=Krzesimir%20%E2%80%93%20staropolskie%20imi%C4%99%20m%C4%99skie%2C%20z%C5%82o%C5%BCone,Gresmir%20(1304)%20na%20Pomorzu. In the latter case Gresomar-us is a germinized form of Crescemir-us. In case od Slavic roots in those names there is no need to create hypothetical or never recorded words.
Roots
editThe following is a list of the roots used to form Germanic and Slavic personal names in Galicia-Portugal and northwestern Iberia. Many are related to war, victory, fame, boldness, strength and warlike qualities (bald-, funs-, hild-, gund-, nand-, rod-, seg-, send-), totemic animals (ar-, wulf-, ber-, ebur-) and weapons (brand-, bruni-, rand-, saru-); many others refer to knowledge, love and other peaceful qualities (fred-, leob-, mun-, ragi-, rad-, uin-). Some refer to the condition of ruler or master (fro-, ric-, vald-, Froya, Theodinus, Tructinus, Hendinus). Another group refers to the tribe, nation or country (conia-, fulc-, teod-, leod-, man-, truct-, gavi-, gogi-, kend-), and another appears to refer to Huns (Hun-), Suevi (Sav-), Goths (Gut-), Vandals (Vandal-), Celts (Vala-), Vendians/Slavs (Venet-), Galindians/Balths (Galind-), Franks (Frank-), Saxons (Sax-), Angles (Engl-), Danes (Dan-) and other peoples. Although some elements are identical to others found in Celtic anthroponymy (And-, Dag-, -mar, -riks), others appear to be adaptations of Latin words and names incorporated in the Danube region: Florens, Fortis, Crescens. The following are roots used to form Slavic personal names in Galicia-Portugal. The most typical being "-mer, mir, mar" meaning peace", "-rod meaning lineage", "-fons meaning mustache", "-god meaning making something right" etc.
Forms marked with an asterisk are unrecorded and hypothetical. PGmc is an abbreviation for Proto-Germanic.
| Name | Proto-Germanic root | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| ab- | *abōn[12] | "man" | Abbelinus |
| abr- | *abraz | "huge, strong" | Abragasia, Abrecan, Abronilli |
| ad- (later a-) | *haþuz | "battle, fight" | Adefonsus, Adeqisio, Aderedus, Aderico, Adesindus, Adica, Adiero, Adarius, Adila, Adileobo, Adileova, Adimirus, Adolinus, Adosinda |
| adal- | *aþalaz | "noble" | Adala, Addalinus, Adegaster, Adegundia (cp. Modern German "Adelgund(e)" = "Noble Fighter", or "Fighter for the Noble Cause", a feminine personal name), Adelasindo, Atalamondo |
| agi-, egi- (later ei-) | *agez; or *agjō | "fear"; or "edge" | Agimadus, Agio, Agiulfus, Aidio, Egeredus, Egica, Egila, Agila, Egildus, Agildus, Egilo, Ailo, Eigonza, Eileuva, Eilleus, Eimirus, Eindu, Eirigu, Eisindus, Haginus |
| agr- | perhaps *akraz | "field, open land" | Agrivulfum, Agromirus |
| aist- | *aistēn | "to give reverence" | Aistando |
| ala- | *ala | "all, wholly" | Alaguntia, Alamiro, Alaricus, Alarius, Alatrudia, Alobrida, Aloindo, Aloitus, Alvarus |
| alb- | *albaz | "elf" | Albiaster, Alvaricus, Alvatus |
| ald- | *aldaz | "old" | Aldemirus, Aldereto, Aldericus, Aldia, Aldinus |
| aldr- | *aldran | "age, life" | Aldras, Aldroitus |
| ali- | *aljaz | "other" | Alia, Alio, Aliaricus, Alifreda, Aliulfus, Aliverga, Alivergo, Aliverko, Aliverta, Alivertus, Alliefredus |
| am-, eim-, em-, en- | *haimaz | "dear" | Amingus, Eimoricus, Emila, Emilo, Emiso, Enaredus, Engildus, Entrudi |
| amal- | *amal- or arabic hamal | "valiant, brave" "to carry" | Amalilli |
| amed- | *amitaz | "continuous" | Amedon, Amedeiro |
| an- | *an- | "forefather" | Anagildus, Analsus, Anila, Anilo, Anualdus, Anulfo |
| and-, ant- | *anda | "throughout" | Andeatus, Andericus, Andiarius, Andifonso, Andila, Andilevo, Andilo, Anditio, Ando, Andosindus, Andulfus, Antemirus |
| ans- | *ansuz | "god" | Ansedeus, Ansemarus, Ansemirus, Ansemondus, Anseredo, Ansericus, Ansetrudia, Ansila, Ansileova, Ansilo, Ansiulphus, Ansiunda, Ansobrida, Ansoi, Anson, Ansuallo, Ansuario, Ansueto, Ansuildi, Ansvertus |
| aquis- | *akwesiz | "axe" | Aquisilde |
| ar- | *arnōn or *arwaz | "eagle" or "swift, ready" | Aragunti, Arosinda, Arosindus, Arualdus, Aruildi, Arumundo |
| ard- | *harduz or *arduz | "strong"/"hard" or "land" | Ardabastus, Ardericus, Ardaldus, Ardesendus, Ardilo, Ardulfus, Artemiro, Erdebredo |
| ari-, argi- | *harjaz | "army" | Arebuldo, Argeberto, Argefonsus, Argemirus, Argemondo, Argenilli, Argeredus, Argericus, Argesindus, Argeva, Argevadus, Argevitus, Argifonsa, Argifredus, Argileuva, Argilo, Argioi, Argiuolus, Argivastro, Ariulfus |
| aria- | *arjaz | "noble" | Arias, Ariastre |
| arn- | *arnuz | "eagle" | Arnadius, Arnaldus, Arnulfo |
| asc- | *askaz | "ash-tree" | Ascarigus, Ascarius, Asculfo |
| ase- | *haswaz | "grey" | Asemondus, Asileva, Asinoy, Asiulfus, Asofuda, Asoi, Asoredus |
| asp- | *aspōn | "aspen" | Asparigus |
| ast- | *astaz; or *austaz | "branch"; or "east" | Astaguerra, Asterigo, Astileuva, Astredo, Astualdu, Astulfus |
| astr-, ostr-, obstr-, stor- | *austraz | "east" | Astragis, Astragundia, Astramondus, Astratus, Astremarus, Astriverga, Astrogoto, Astruara, Astruario, Astruedu, Astruildi, Astrulfus, Obstrisinda, Ostamalus, Ostosia, Ostrofreda, Ostrofredo, Ostromirus, Astromirus, Estromirus, Storesindo |
| at- (later ad-) | *haþuz | "war" | Ataulfus, Atarius, Atericus, Aton |
| atan-, tan- | *aþnaz | "year" | Atanagildus, Atanaricus, Atanus, Tanina, Tanino, Atanitus, Tano, Tanoi, Tenildi |
| att- | *attōn | "father" | Atauldus, Attan, Attila, Attina |
| aud-, od- | *audaz | "wealth" | Audeca, Audesinda, Audila, Audinus, Audibertus, Audofredo, Audugus, Ausendus, Oda, Odemundus, Odamirus, Odericus, Odisclus, Odorica, Odoynus, Oduarius, Otualdo |
| aur-, or- | *auraz | "sand, sea" | Auresindus, Aurilli, Orosinda |
| aus-, os- | *aus- | "shining" | Osoarius, Osobredus, Osmundo, Osoredo, Osorico, Ausarigus, Osoy, Ossila, Ozandus |
| bad- (later ba-) | *badwō | "battle" | Badamundus, Bademirus, Badila, Badosindus |
| bait- | *baitaz | "ship, boat" | Baitus |
| bald-, balt- | *balþaz | "bold" | Baldemarius, Baldemirus, Balderedo, Balderico, Baldesindo, Baldila, Baldoi, Baldoigius, Baltarius, Baltino, Balto |
| bar- | *barô or proto-slavic "barati" | "man" or "to fight, struggle" | Barilli, Barsilli, Baron, Baroncellus, Baronza, Barvaldus |
| bat- | *bataz or proto-slavic batati or bat'a | "good" or "to fight" or "elderly member of the family" | Bati, Batinus, Baton |
| baud- | *baudiz | "ruler" | Baudemirus, Baudesindus |
| baz- | *bazaz or proto-slavic "bazati" | "naked" or "to want, desire" | Bazarius |
| beg-, bag-, bec-, bac- | *bēgaz | "contest, quarrel" | Baga, Bega, Becilla, Bagesindus, Becosindo, Bagina, Bagino, Baquina, Baquino, Begica, Pegito |
| ber- | *berōn or proto-slavic "berkti" | "bear" or "to protect" | Bera, Bergundi, Berila, Berildi, Berosildi, Berilo, Berina, Berinus, Beroi, Berosindus, Berulfus |
| berg-, verg- | *bergaz or proto-slavic bergъ | "shelter" or "hill, riverbank or border" | Bergas, Bergila, Vergilli, Vergina, Virgia |
| bern- | *bernuz | "bear" | Bernaldus |
| bert-, vert- | *berhtaz | "bright" | Berta, Bertamirus, Bertarius, Bertinus, Berto, Bertosinda, Bertuara, Betrulfus, Bretenandus, Vertila |
| bett-, bitt- | perhaps *bitraz | "bitter" | Betellus, Betericus, Bitilo, Bitto |
| bid- | *bidō | "request, prayer" | Biddi, Bidualdus |
| bil-, bel- | *bilaz or *bīþlan or proto-slavic "beloba" in polish "biel" | "good" or "axe" or "white" | Bela, Belavrida, Belesarius, Belestrio, Belfonsus, Bellengo, Bellerto, Bello, Belloy, Belmirus, Billa |
| bland- | *blandiz (likely an adjective derived from *blandaną) | "to blend, make murky; to mix, mingle" | Blandila |
| bliv- | *blēwaz | "blue" | Bliviaricus |
| bon- | *bōniz | "prayer, petition" | Bonesindus, Bonilde, Bonimiro, Boninus, Boniza, Bonoi |
| bot-, but- | *bōtō | "good, profit" | Botan, Butila |
| brand- | *brandaz | "fire, sword" | Brandericus, Brandila, Brandinus, Brandiulfus, Brandon |
| brun- | *brunjōn | "breastplate" | Brunildi |
| burgal- | *Bulgar- | "Bulgarian?" | Burgala |
| ca- | *ga- | "with" | Camundus |
| canut- | *knūtaz | "bold" | Canuto |
| car-, kar- | *karō | "care" | Karmirus |
| carl- | *karlaz | "man" | Carlo |
| cart-, kart- | *krattaz | "cart, wagon" | Cartinus, Cartemirus |
| cen- | *kwenōn | "woman" | Cenabrida, Cenusenda |
| cend-, kend-, zend-, quint- | *kenþan | "child" | Cendamiro, Cendas, Cendon, Kenderedus, Kendulfus, Kindiverga, Quintila, Quintilo, Zendasindo |
| cens-, zens- | perhaps *zinz or *kwēniz | "tribute" or "woman" | Censerigus, Censoi, Zenzitus |
| conia- | *kunjan | "tribe, nation" | Coniaricus |
| cresc- | polish krzesi | "renew" | Crescemirus |
| criz- | *krēsō | "dainty, food" | Crizila |
| dad-, ded- | *dēdiz | "deed" | Dada, Dadila, Dadilo, Dadinus, Dado, Dede |
| dag-, dac- | *dagaz | "day" | Dacamiro, Dacoi, Dagadrudia, Dacaredus, Dago, Daildus |
| dan-, da- | Slavic da, dan | "to give" | Damiro, Damondus, Danila |
| dest-, test- | perhaps Latin dexter | "right, skilful" | Destoy, Destericus, Desteilli |
| doc-, duc- | *dōgiz | "day" | Docemiro, Ducila |
| dod- | no clear etymology; perhaps related to *dēdiz | "deed" | Dodo, Doda |
| dom- | Slavic dom | "home" | Domerigo |
| dulc-, dolc- | *dulgan or *dulgaz | "enmity" or "law, debt" | Dulcemirus, Dolcemondus |
| ebr-, ebur-, evor- | *eburaz | "boar" | Ebragundia, Ebreguldus, Ebregulfus, Ebrildi, Eburicus, Evorinus |
| elp- | *helpō | "help" | Elperico |
| elpand- | *elpandus | "elephant" | Elpandus |
| engl- | *angilaz | "Angles" | Engladius |
| engo- | *Ingwaz | "a god" | Engomirus, Engoredus, Engorigus |
| ens- | perhaps Latin ensis | "sword" | Ensalde, Iensericus |
| er-, her- | *heruz | "sword" | Erifonsus, Eroigius, Eruulfus, Herus |
| erm-, herm- | *ermenaz | "great" | Ermaldus, Ermedrudia, Ermefara, Ermefreda, Ermefredo, Ermegildus, Ermegis, Ermego, Ermegoto, Ermegotus, Ermegundia, Ermelindus, Ermemirus, Ermericus, Ermerote, Ermesinda, Ermiarius, Ermila, Ermildi, Ermileuva, Ermitus, Ermoleo, Ermosindus, Ermoygius, Ermulfo, Heremigarium, Hermecisclus, Hermellus |
| evo- | *ehwaz | "horse" | Euvenandus, Eva, Evorido, Evosindo, Ivolicus, Ibilli |
| faf- | *faff- (perhaps related to Indo-European *papp-) | "dad" | Faffila, Faffia |
| fag- | *fagenaz | "glad, joyful" | Fagila, Fagildus, Fagilo, Faginus |
| fald- | *faldiz | "fold, cloak" | Falderedo, Falgildus, Fardulfus |
| fand- | *fanþjōn | "infantryman" | Fandila, Fandina, Fandinus, Fannus |
| faq-, fak- | *fah- | "glad, joyful" | Facalo, Facco, Fakino, Faquilo |
| far- | *faran | "journey, ship" | Faregia, Farella, Farino, Farita, Farnus, Framiro, Fraredus, Frarigo, Fregulfus, Ferildi |
| fat-' | *fatan | "cloth; vessel" | Fatu, Fateredus |
| fel-, fil- | *felu | "much, very" | Felellus, Felgirus, Felmiro, Filisteus, Filivertus, Filon |
| flor- | *flōraz or Latin florens | "floor" or "blooming, prosperous" | Floresindus |
| fof- | perhaps *fōþrą | "load, wagonload" | Fofo, Fofinus, Fofellus |
| fons-, funs- | *funsaz | "eager, ready" | Fonso, Fonsa, Fonsinus, Fonsellus |
| fradi- | *fraþīn | "efficacy" | Fradegundia, Fradila, Fradiulfus |
| fram- | *framaz | "forward; valiant" | Framila, Framilli, Framtan, Framuldo |
| frank-, franc- | *frankōn | "javelin; Frank" | Francellus, Francemirus, Franco, Francoi, Francolino, Frankila, Frankilo |
| fred-, frid- | *friþuz or *frīdaz | "peace" or "fair, beautiful" | Freda, Fredamundus, Fredario, Fredegundia, Fredemiro, Fredenanda, Fredenandus, Fredericus, Fredesinda, Fredilli, Fredisclus, Fredoaldus, Fredoindus, Fredosindus, Freduarius, Fredulfus, Fredus, Fridiverto |
| froa-, frau-, frog-, froy-, fron- | *frawjōn | "lord, master" | Froarengus, Fralenko, Frogeva, Frogildi, Frogina, Frogiulfo, Froiellus, Froila, Froilo, Froiloba, Froisenda, Froisendus, Fronildi, Fronosili, Fronuldo, Froya, Froyo, Froyslo, Fruaricus, Frugildus, Fruginus, Frauino, Frumirus, Frunilo |
| frum-, from- | *frumōn and *frumistaz | "foremost, first" and "first" | Fromista, Fremosilli, Fromaldus, Fromaricus, Fromildus, Fromosinda, Fromosindus, Fruma, Frumarius, Frumellus, Frumildi |
| fulc- | *fulkan | "crow, army" | Fulcaredus |
| gad-, gat- | *gadōn | "comrade" | Gademiro, Gadenanda, Gaton |
| gael-, gel- | *gailaz | "merry" | Gaella, Gelmiro, Geloira |
| gaf-, gef-, geb- | *gebō | "gift" | Gaffo, Gebuldus, Gefera |
| gaid- | *gaidō | "spearhead, arrowhead" | Gaidus |
| gaif- | *waibjanan | "to surround" | Gaifar |
| galind-, kalend- | *galind- | "Galindian" (a Baltic people) | Galindus, Kalendus |
| gan- | perhaps gan | "enchantment"[13] | Ganati, Ganilli, Ganiti, Ganoi |
| gand- | *gandaz | "wand, staff" | Gandila, Gandinus, Gandulfo, Gandus |
| gard- | *gardaz | "house, enclosure" | Gardingus, Gardulfus |
| gas-, ges-, gis-, ger-, gir- | *gaizaz | "spear" | Gasuildi, Gera, Gesa, Gero, Geserigus, Gesmira, Germira, Gesmiro, Gesulfus, Ierulfus, Giraldus, Gismundus, Germundus, Gisovredus, Gisvado |
| gast- | *gastiz | "guest" | Gastre |
| gaud-, caud- | no clear etymology; perhaps *gaut- or Latin gaudeo | "Goth" or "rejoice" | Caudemirus, Gauderigus, Gaudesindo, Gaudilani, Gaudilli, Gaudinas |
| gav-, gau-, gogi-, cogi-, gagi-, cagi-, kegi-, | *gaujan | "district" | Cagildo, Cagita, Cagitus, Gagica, Gaufredus, Gaulfus, Gavila, Gavina, Gavinus, Gega, Gegitus, Gigelus, Gogia, Gogilli, Gogina, Gogitus, Gogius, Goymundus, Guimundus, Guginus, Gugivertus, Guimirus, Guiricus, Guisenda, Goysenda, Guisindus, Kagilda, Keila |
| geld-, gild-, kelt- | *geldan | "tribute, recompense" | Geldemirus, Gildaricus, Gildo, Keltoi |
| gen-, ian-, ion- | *gennan | "beginning" | Genildi, Ionilde, Genlo, Genobreda, Gemundus, Ianardo, Ionarico |
| gend- | perhaps *gantijaną | "To make whole; make complete" | Gendo, Gendina |
| get-, git- | "glory" | Geda, Getericus, Getilli, Getina, Getoy, Gidiberto, Gitarius, Gitesindus, Gitio | |
| gisl-, viscl-, cisl- | *gīslaz | "hostage" | Cisla, Viclavara, Viscaverga, Visclafredo, Visclamirus, Visclamundus, Visclario |
| givel- | *geb(e)lōn | "skull, gable" | Givellan |
| glad- | *gladaz | "bright, glad" | Gladila |
| god-, gud- (later go-, gu-) | *gōdaz | "good" | Godefredus, Godegildus, Godella, Godellus, Godemiro, Godenanda, Godesinda, Godoigia, Godomundus, Gudenandus, Guderedus, Guderigo, Gudesindus, Gudesteus, Gudigeba, Gudila, Gudileuva, Gudilo, Gudilulfo,Gudiverga |
| gol- | *gōljanan or *gōlaz | "to greet" or "pride" | Golinus, Gollo |
| gom-, gum- | *gumōn | "man" | Gomadus, Gomaldo, Gomaredus, Gomarigus, Gomesindo, Gomita, Gomulfus, Gomundus, Guma, Gumarius, Gumellus, Gumila, Gumito |
| gram- | *gramaz | "furious" | Gramila |
| gran- | *grannaz or *granō | "slim, slender" or "moustache" | Granilo |
| grim- | *grīmōn | "mask, helmet" | Grima, Grimaldus |
| gris- | germinized forms of polish krzesi, bulgarian krasi | "to renew" or "beauty" | Grisulfus, Gresomarus |
| guald- | *waldaz | "powerful, mighty" | Gualdarius, Gualdeo |
| guandal- | *wandilaz | "Vandal" | Guandalisco, Guandalar |
| guld- | *wulþuz | "splendour" | Goldegildo, Goldredo, Guldarius, Gulderigus |
| guldr-, goltr- | *wulþraz | "wonderful, precious" | Goldregodo, Gulderes, Gualdramirus |
| gulf-, golf- | *wulfaz | "wolf" | Golfarico, Gulfarius, Gulfemirus |
| gund-, gunt-, gunz-, cunt-, gond- | *gunthz | "fight" | Gonceria, Gondella, Gondenanda, Gonso, Gonta, Gontemondus, Gontere, Gonderes, Gontoi, Gontualdo, Gonza, Guncitus, Gundarius, Gundebredo, Gundebrida, Gundelinus, Gundemarus, Gunderamnus, Gunderedo, Gunderigus, Gunderona, Gundertia, Gundesindus, Gundifortis, Gundigeva, Gundila, Gundilo, Gundisalva, Gundisalvus, Gundiscalcus, Gundivadus, Gundivaldo, Gundivera, Gundiverga, Gundon, Gundulfo, Guntato, Guntedrudia, Guntellus, Guntemirus, Gunterotis, Gunti, Guntiesclo, Guntigio, Guntilli, Gundesilli, Guntina, Guntinus, Guntuigia |
| gut- (later god-) | *gutōn | "Goth" | Gotesendus, Goto, Gota, Goton, Gudegisus, Gutellus, Gutemirus, Gutemondo, Gutilli, Gutilo, Gutina, Gutinus, Guto, Guta, Gutumarus |
| hend-, ind-, hand- | probably related to Burgundian hendinus | "king" | Endulfus, Hamdino, Indisclus |
| hild-, ild-, eld-, ald- | *heldjō | "battle" | Alderedus, Alduarius, Eldan, Eldebona, Eldegeses, Eldegotus, Eldegundia, Eldemirus, Eldemundus, Eldesinda, Eldesindus, Eldigia, Eldinus, Eldivercus, Eldivertus, Eldo, Eldoigius, Elleca, Ildebredus, Ildefonsus, Ilderigus, Ildiverga, Ildoi, Ildoncia, Ildras, Ilduara, Ildulfus |
| ik-, eq-, ig- | perhaps *eka | "I" | Igo, Ika, Ikila |
| it-, id- | (no clear etymology) | Idiverto, Itila, Itilo, Itimondo, Itaultus | |
| iuv-, iub- | no clear etymology; perhaps Latin iuvenis "young" or metathesis of *webaną "to weave" (cf. *wesuz → ius-, *westan → iust-) | "young" or "weave" | Iovellinus, Iubarius, Iubinus, Iuuisclus, Iuvatus, Iuvericus, Iuvila, Iuvitus |
| ket-, qued-, quid- | to PGmc *kweþanan | "to say" | Kedisilo, Ketemera, Ketenando, Keti, Ketoi, Quedesendo, Quedulfus, Quidemirus, Quidericus, Quitarius, Quitoi |
| lal-, lel-, lil- | probably Latin lallus | "lullaby" | Lalla, Lalli, Lallina, Lallinus, Lallus, Lelino, Leliola, Lilliola, Lelli, Lilla, Lilli, Lillo, Lilla |
| leo- | *hlewaz | "glory, renown" | Leomirus |
| leode-, leude- | *leudiz | "man, people" | Ledla, Leodarius, Leodefredus, Leodegasti, Leodegisius, Leodegundia, Leodemiro, Leodemundo, Leoderigus, Leodesindo, Leodeuigus, Leodo, Leodulfus |
| leov-, leub- | *leubaz | "beloved" | Leovaldo, Leovegildus, Leovegoto, Leoveredus, Leoverigus, Leoverona, Leoverto, Leovesenda, Leovesindus, Leovilli, Leovus, Leuba, Leubegutus, Liuvilo, Lovoi, Lubellus, Lubila, Lubinus |
| lot- | *hludaz | "famous" | Lotarius |
| mact- (later meit-) | *mahtiz | "power, might" | Meitinus, Matericus, Mectubrida, Meitilli, Meitulfus |
| mag- | *magenan | "might, power" | Magan, Magila, Magitus, Maniaricus, Maniarius, Magnitus, Maniulfus, Megildus |
| mal- | unclear etymology, perhaps related to *malanan | "to grind" | Malaricus, Malaredus |
| malasc- | perhaps *malskaz | "proud" | Malasco |
| maldr- | perhaps *maldriz | "flour" | Maldras |
| man- (later ma-) | *manan | "fellow" | Manildi, Manusildi, Manileuva, Manilla, Maninus, Manosenda, Manosindus, Manualdus, Manulfus, Menegundia |
| mand-, mant- | *manþaz | "kind" | Mandila, Mandinus, Mandulfo, Mantellus |
| mann- (later man-) | *mannz | "man" | Manitus, Manna, Mannello, Manni, Manno, Manoim, Mansuara |
| marc- | *markō or *marhaz | "region, border" or "horse" | Marco, Marcosendus, Marcitus |
| mart- | perhaps *marþuz | "marten" | Martila |
| matl-, matr- | *maþlan | "assembly" | Matrosindus, Matrinus, Matroi |
| maur- (later mour-) | perhaps *mauraz or Latin maurus | "ant" or "Moor" | Mauran, Maurentan, Maurican, Mauron |
| medum- (later meom-) | *medumaz | "middling, moderate" | Meduma |
| mer-, mir-, mar- | *mērjaz | "famous" | Margilli, Merila, Meroildi, Mervigius, Mira, Mirella, Mirellus, Miro, Mirosinda, Mirualdo |
| mod-, mud- | *mōdaz | "anger, wrath" | Modericus, Moderido, Modildus, Modilli, Mudario, Mudila |
| mun-, mon- | *muniz | "thought" | Monefonsus, Monobredo, Munisclus |
| mund-, mond- | *mundō | "protection" | Monderico, Mondoi, Mundellus, Mundila, Mundildus, Mundinus, Mundus |
| nand-, nant- | *nanþaz | "bold, courageous" | Nandamundus, Nandaricus, Nandinus, Nandoi, Nandulfo, Nandus, Nantemiro, Nantildo |
| naust- | *naustą | "a ship-shed, boathouse" | Naustus, Naustila |
| neu-, nu- | *neujaz | "new" | Nuilla, Nuillo, Neufila |
| nit- | *nīþaz or *niþjaz | "hatred" or "kinsman" | Nitigisius |
| not- | *nauthiz | "need" | Notarius |
| of- | *ubjōn | "abundance" | Offa, Ofila, Offilo |
| old- | *hulþaz | "kind, clement" | Olda, Oldaricus |
| opp- | perhaps *ōbjanan (related to Latin opus "work") | "to celebrate solemnly" | Oppa, Oppila |
| osd- | *huzdan | "treasure" | Osdulfus |
| pant- | *pandan or *banti | "pledge" or "district" | Pantardus, Panto, Pantinus |
| pap-, pep- | no clear etymology; perhaps *pipo or Latin pāpiliō | "pipe or flute (wind instrument)" or "butterfly, moth" | Papellus, Papitus, Pappinus, Pappo, Pepi, Pipericus, Pipinus |
| penn-, pen- | perhaps Latin penna | "feather" | Penetrudia, Penus, Pennino |
| rad-, rat- | *rēdaz | "advice" | Rademirus, Rademundus, Radesindus, Radulfus, Ratario, Retericus |
| ragi-, ragn- (later rei-) | *raginą | "advice, decision" | Ragesenda, Ragesindus, Ragian, Ragifredo, Ragimiru, Ragito, Ragolfus, Raiola, Raiolo, Reginaldus, Reimondus, Reirigus |
| rak- | *rakan or *wrakaz | "reason, talk" or "pursuer" | Rakericus |
| ram- | *rammaz | "strong; ram" | Ramila, Ramon, Ramulo |
| rana-, rani- (later ra-) | probably *rannjanan | "to run" | Ranarius, Ranemira, Ranemirus, Ranemundus, Ranilo, Ranisclus, Raniverga, Raniverta, Ranivertus, Ranosenda, Ranosindus, Ranualdus, Ranulfus |
| rand-, rant- | *randaz | "shield" | Randemirus, Randili, Randinus, Rando, Randuarius, Randulfus, Rendericus |
| raup- | *raupjanan | "to plunder, to spoil" | Rauparius |
| rec-, req-, ric- | *rīkjaz | "mighty, noble" | Recaredus, Reccafredus, Recebrida, Recedrudia, Recelli, Recemera, Recemirus, Recemundus, Recesenda, Recesindus, Recesuinda, Recesuindus, Rechiarius, Recilli, Requilli, Recinus, Recualdus, Regaulfus, Reicionda, Rekeritus, Requefonsus, Rezevera, Ricardo, Riquila, Riquilo, Riquilodo, Riquoi |
| ref- | *hrabnaz | "crow" | Refulfo |
| rem- | *remez | "rest, calmness" | Remegildus, Remesario, Remesilli, Remesindus, Remestro, Remismundus, Remisol, Rimionda |
| rest- | *ristiz | "rising up" | Restericus |
| rod-, rud- | *hrōþaz | "fame" | Rodemirus, Rodevertus, Rodosildi, Rodougus, Roelindus, Rouvredo, Rudericus, Rudesindus, Rudila, Rudilo |
| rom-, rum- | *hrōmaz | "fame" | Romarigus, Romila, Rumario |
| sala- (later sa-) | *salaz | 'hall, dwelling' | Salamirus, Salamarus, Salla |
| sand-, sant- | *sanþaz | "truth, justice" | Sandinus, Sando, Santimirus |
| sar- | *sarwan | "arm, armament" | Saroi, Saruilli |
| sax- (later seix-) | *sahsan and *sahxōn | "knife" and "Saxon" | Saxo, Seixomir |
| scap- | *skapan | "vessel" | Scapa |
| scarc- | *skalkaz | "servant; sword" | Scarcila |
| scer- | *skīriz | "pure" | Scerinus |
| sed- | *seduz | "custom" | Sedino |
| sedeg- | *sedīgaz | "well-bred, well-behaved" | Sedeges |
| seg-, sag-, sig- (later se-, si-) | *segez | "victory" | Sagatus, Sagildo, Sagulfus, Segemundus, Segesindo, Segestro, Segga, Segika, Segimarus, Segioi, Segomirus, Seguinus, Sigeberto, Sigefrida, Sigeredus, Sigericus, Sigesgundia, Sigesinda, Sigila, Sigu, Segio |
| sel- | *sēliz | "good, kind" | Selmirus, Seloi |
| selv- | *selbaz | "self" | Selvas, Selvatus |
| sen-, sin- | *senaz | "ever, old" | Senatrudia, Seniberta, Senildi, Senuita, Senuldo, Sinerta, Sinifredus |
| send-, sent- | *senþaz or *swenþaz | "companion" or "strong" | Senda, Sendamirus, Sendello, Sendericus, Senderiga, Sendina, Sendinus, Sendoi, Sendon, Sendredus, Senduitu, Sendulfus, Senta, Sentarius, Sindamundus, Sindi, Sindigis, Sindila, Sindileuba, Sindilo, Sindiverga, Sindo, Sinduara |
| ser- | *swēraz | "valued, honoured" | Seririgo, Serulfus, Servaldus |
| sigunt- | *sebunþōn | "seventh" | Sigunterigo |
| sis-, ses- | perhaps related to Old High German sisu | "funerary song, ritual" | Sescutus, Sesericus, Sesina, Sesmiro, Sesmundo, Sesoi, Sesuito, Sisa, Sisebutus, Sisegundia, Sisellus, Sisildus, Sisileova, Sisilli, Sisilu, Sisinus, Sisiverta, Sisiverto, Sisivigia, Sisnandus, Sisualdo, Sisuita, Sisuldus, Sisulfus, Zisila |
| sit- | *setan | "seat" | Sitagellus, Siti, Sitividis |
| smer- | *smerwōn | "fat" | Smerlo |
| sontr-, suntr- | *sunþrjaz | "southern" | Sontrilli, Suntria |
| span- | *spananan | "to lead" | Spanaricu, Spanarius, Spanilo, Spanosendo, Spanubrida |
| spand- | perhaps *spannanan | "to join" | Spandaricus |
| spar- | *sparwaz | "sparrow" | Espallo, Sparuildi |
| speraut- | *spreutanan | "to sprout" | Sperautan |
| spint- | *spenþa | "fat" | Spintilo, Spintino |
| spod- (later espo-) | perhaps *spōdiz | "prosperity, success" | Spodemiro, Spoderigo |
| stan- | *stainaz | "stone" | Stanildi |
| stod- | perhaps *stōdą | "a herd of horses" | Stodildi |
| strouc- | *streukanan | "to stroke" | Strouco |
| suab-, sab-, sav-, sev- | *swēbaz | "Suebian" | Sabaredus, Sabegoto, Sabila, Sabita, Sabitus, Savaracus, Savaricus, Savegodus, Savildi, Savoy, Sevegildo, Suabas, Suavar |
| sue- | *swe- | "own" | Sueredus, Suimirus |
| sund-, sunt- | *sunþiz | "south" | Sundemirus, Suntarius |
| suni-, seni-, sani-, soni- | *sunjō | "truth" | Sanigia, Seniaredus, Seniulfus, Sonegildus, Songimera, Soniaricus, Sonifreda, Sonita, Suniagisclus, Suniarius, Suniemirus, Sunila, Sunildi, Sunilo, Sunitus |
| sunn- | *sunnan | "sun" | Sonna |
| tanc- | *þankaz | "favor, grace" | Tancila, Tancinus, Tancus, Tanquilli |
| tanth- | *tanþz | "tooth" | Tandus |
| tat-, zaz- | *taitaz | "radiant; bright" | Tata, Tatina, Zazitus, Zazo |
| teg- | *þegnaz | "thane, freeman" | Tegila, Tegino, Tegio, Tegitus |
| teq- | perhaps *tēkaną or *tehwō by alteration of H to K | "to touch, to grasp" or "order, array" | Tequilo, Texilli |
| teud-, teod-, tod-, ted- (later teo-) | *þeudō and *þeudanaz | "nation" and "king" | Teadario, Tederona, Tedoy, Teobaldus, Teoda, Teodefredo, Teodegildo, Teodegondia, Teodemirus, Teodemundus, Teodenandus, Teoderados, Teoderago, Teoderedus, Teodericus, Teodesinda, Teodesindus, Teodeverga, Teodiberta, Teodila, Teodildi, Teodilo, Teodinus, Teodisclus, Teodiu, Teodoriga, Teodulfus, Teton, Teudecutus, Teudisila, Theodivertus, Tiotevadus, Todegia, Todegogia, Toduldo, Tota, Tudiscaisum |
| tit-, tet- | *taitōn | "little boy" | Tetina, Titila |
| tors-, turis- | *þursaz | "giant" | Torsario, Turisulfus |
| trad- | *þrēdaz | "quick" | Tradus, Tradinus |
| tras- | *þrasō | "move, fight" | Tracinus, Trasaricus, Trasarius, Trasavara, Trasendus, Trasido, Trasilli, Trasiuadus, Trasmira, Trasmiro, Trasmondo, Trasoi, Trassemutus, Trasuarius, Trasuinda, Trasulfus |
| trast- | *traustaz | "strong" | Trastalo, Trastelus, Trastemiro, Trastidia, Trastina, Trastulfus, Trastivigia |
| trevu- | *trewwaz | "faithful" | Trevuleus |
| truct- (later troit-) | *druhtiz, later *druhtīnaz | "people, army" and "lord, master" | Tructinus, Tructa, Tructemiro, Tructemondo, Tructericus, Tructesinda, Tructesindus, Tructilli, Tructus, Truitellus, Truitero |
| trud- | *drūdaz | "friend, beloved" | Truda, Trudigildus, Trudildi, Trudilo, Trudina, Trudinus, Trudulfus |
| tund-, tunt- | *tunþuz | "tooth" | Tumtuldo, Tundulfus, Tuntila |
| un-, on- | *hūnaz | "cub" and "Hun" | Uniscus, Unisco, Onaredus, Onegilda, Onegildo, Onemirus, Onesindus, Onildi, Unilli, Onoricus, Onosinda, Unemundus, Unileus, Unilla |
| vad-, guad- (later gua-, ga-) | *wadaz | "ford" | Guadla, Uaduuara, Vadamundus, Vademirus |
| vala-, guala-, quala- | *walaz; or *walhaz | "the slain, battlefield"; or "Celt" | Gualamarius, Gualamira, Gualamirus, Qualatrudia, Qualavara, Valarius |
| vamb- | *wambō | "belly" | Vamba |
| vand-, guand- | *wanduz | "wand, rod" | Guanadildi, Guandila, Guandilo, Guantaldus, Vandino, Vuanda |
| ven-, guin- | *weniz | "friend" | Guina, Guinilli, Uenildi, Guinus |
| venet-, guend-, vened-, genit- | *wenedaz | "Vendian, Slav" | Genitigia, Guendo, Venedario, Venetricus |
| ver- | *wērō | "pledge; true" | Vera, Vermundus, Veremudus |
| via- | perhaps *wīhan | "temple" | Viaricus, Viamundus |
| vidr-, vedr-, quitr- | *wiþra | "against" | Quitre, Vederoi, Vedragese, Vedrailli, Vidragildus, Vidraldus, Vidramirus |
| vidub- | *widuwaz | "widowed" | Vidubas |
| vig-, veg- | *wīgaz | "fighter" | Uegitus, Vigila, Vigilli, Vigilo, Vigiltu, Vigoy |
| vil-, guil-, quil- | *weljōn | "will" | Guiliberto, Quella, Uiliaredus, Uilloi, Gilloi, Vilesinda, Viliamirus, Vilian, Viliaricu, Viliarius, Viliatus, Viliefredus, Vilifonsus, Viligus, Vilitro, Viliulfus, Vilivado, Villavaria, Villelmus, Villisendo, Villo |
| vim- | *wīgą | "fight, battle" | Guimarigus, Uimaredus, Viman, Vimara |
| vinc- | *wenkjanan | "to move sideways, to avoid" | Venze, Vincila |
| vis-, ius- | *wesuz | "good" | Iusuandus, Uisulfus, Usegildus, Visaldus, Visaridus, Visellu |
| visand- | *wisundaz | "bison" | Visandus |
| vist-, iust- | *westan | "west" | Iusterigo, Iustiarius, Iustila, Vistemundo, Vistesinda, Iustesenda, Vistiberga, Vistisclo, Vistivara, Wistiz |
| vistr-, iustr- | *westraz | "westward" | Iustri, Uistrello, Uistrileuba, Vestregoti, Visterla, Visterlo, Vistragildus, Vistramundi, Vistraricus, Vistrarius, Vistravara, Vistravarius, Vistregia, Vistremiro, Vistresindus, Vistrevius, Vistrildi, Vistresilli, Vistroi |
| vit- (later vid-) | *witan | "knowledge" | Uita, Vidila, Vitinus, Vitisclus |
| vitt-, vict (later vit-) | *witjan | "comprehension" | Uiti, Uittina, Victemirus, Victericus, Vitarius, Vitas, Vitila, Vitildus, Vitiza, Vittimero |
| viv, oyv- | *wīban | "wife, woman" | Oyeuio, Vivildus |
| viz-, quiz- | unclear etymology, the alteration of v to qu suggests that the original word started with an hw- cluster, perhaps *hwis | "to hiss, to rush, make a rushing sound" | Quizino, Viza, Vizamundus, Vizila, Vizoi |
Feminine roots
editElements common as the second syllable of feminine names include:
| Name | Proto-Germanic root | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| -berta, -verta | *berhtō | "bright" | Aliverta, Raniverta, Sisiverta, Teodiverta |
| -berga, -verga | *bergō | "shelter" | Aliverga, Astriverga, Gundiverga, Ildiverga, Kindiverga, Raniverga, Sindiverga, Teodeverga, Viscaverga, Vistiberga |
| -drudia/-trudia (later -druia) | *drūd-jō | "friend, beloved" | Alatrudia, Aniedrudia, Ansetrudia, Dagadrudia, Entrudi, Ermedrudia, Guntedrudia, Penetrudia, Qualatrudia, Recedrudia, Senatrudia |
| -fara | *farō | "journey" | Ermefara |
| -freda/-breda/-brida/-vrida | *friþ-ō | "peace" | Alifreda, Alobrida, Ansobrida, Belavrida, Genobreda, Gundebrida, Mectubrida, Recebrida, Sigefrida, Sonifreda, Spanubrida |
| -fonsa | *funs-ō | "eager, ready" | Argifonsa |
| -go | *gauj-ō | "region, district" | Ermego |
| -geba/-geva (later -eva) | *gebō | "gift" | Argeva, Frogeva, Gudigeba, Gundigeva |
| -gelda | *geld-ō | "reward" | Kagilda, Onegilda |
| -isila | *-gīsl-ō | "hostage, sprout" | Teudisila |
| -goto/-godo | *gaut-ō | "Goth woman" | Astrogoto, Ermegoto, Goldregodo, Leovegoto, Sabegoto, Vestregoti |
| -cuntia/-cundia/-guntia/-gundia/-gunza/-onda | *gunþ-jō | "fight" | Adegundia, Alaguntia, Ansiunda, Aragunti, Astragundia, Bergundi, Ebragundia, Eigonza, Eldegundia, Ermegundia, Fradegundia, Helaguntia, Ildoncia, Leodegundia, Menegundia, Reicionda, Rimionda, Sigesgundia, Siseguntia, Teodogoncia, Treitegundia |
| -ildi, -illi | *heldiz | "battle" | Abronilli, Amalilli, Ansuildi, Argenilli, Aruildi, Astruildi, Aurilli, Barsilli, Barilli, Berildi, Berosildi, Bonilde, Brunildi, Desteilli, Donadildi, Ebrildi, Ebrailli, Ermildi, Framilli, Fremosilli, Frogildi, Fronildi, Fronosili, Frumildi, Ganilli, Gasuildi, Gaudilli, Genildi, Ionilde, Getilli, Gogilli, Guanadildi, Guananildi, Guinilli, Uenildi, Guntilli, Gundesilli, Gutilli, Ibilli, Leovilli, Manildi, Manusildi, Margilli, Meitilli, Meroildi, Modilli, Onildi, Unilli, Randili, Recilli, Requilli, Remesilli, Rodosildi, Saruilli, Sarilli, Savildi, Senildi, Sisilli, Sontrilli, Sparuildi, Stanildi, Stodildi, Sunildi, Tanquilli, Tenildi, Teodildi, Texilli, Trasilli, Trasuildi, Tructilli, Trudildi, Vedrailli, Vergilli, Vigilli, Vistrildi, Vistresilli |
| -leuba, -leova | *leub-ō | "beloved" | Adileova, Ansileova, Argileuva, Asileva, Astileuva, Eileuva, Ermileuva, Froiloba, Gudileuva, Manileuva, Sindileuba, Sisileova, Uistrileuba |
| -mira, -mera | *mēr-ō | "famous, excellent" | Gesmira, Germira, Giudimira, Gualamira, Ketemera, Ranemira, Recemera, Songimera, Trasmira |
| -nanda (later -anda) | *nanþ-ō | "bold, courageous" | Fredenanda, Gadenanda, Godenanda, Gondenanda |
| -rica (later -riga) | *rīk-ō | "ruler" | Odorica, Senderiga, Teodoriga |
| -rotis | *rōt-iz | "glad, cheerful" | Gunterotis |
| -rona | *rūnō | "mystery, secret" | Gunderona, Leoverona, Tederona |
| -senda, -sinda | *senþ-ō; or *swenþ-ō | "companion"; or "strong" | Adosinda, Arosinda, Audesinda, Bertosinda, Cenusenda, Eldesinda, Ermesinda, Eudisinda, Fredesinda, Froisenda, Fromosinda, Godesinda, Guisenda, Goysenda, Leovesenda, Manosenda, Mirosinda, Obstrisinda, Onosinda, Orosinda, Peruisenda, Ragesenda, Ranosenda, Recesenda, Sigesinda, Teodesinda, Tructesinda, Vilesinda, Vistesinda, Iustesenda |
| -suenda, -suinda | *swenþ-ō | "strong" | Recesuinda, Trasuinda |
| -vara | *warō | "care, attention; possession" | Astruara, Bertuara, Ilduara, Mansuara, Qualavara, Rezevera, Sinduara, Trasavara, Uaduuara, Visclavara, Villavaria, Vistivara, Vistravara |
| -vera | *wērō | "pledge, plight" | Gelvira, Gundivera |
| -vigia, -igia | *wīg-jō | "fighter" | Genitigia, Godoigia, Guntuigia, Sanigia, Sisivigia, Trastivigia, Vistregia |
| -vita, -vidis | probably related to PGmc *witjan | "knowledge, comprehension" | Senuita, Sisuita, Sitividis |
Suffixes used to derive hypocoristic feminine names include:
- -alo: Facalo, Trastalo
- -ilo (later -io): Acilo, Andilo, Anilo, Ansilo, Ardilo, Argilo, Berilo, Bitilo, Cisilo, Dadilo, Egilo, Ailo, Emilo, Esmerlo, Espallo, Fagilo, Faquilo, Frankilo, Froilo, Frunilo, Genilo, Genlo, Geodilo, Gracilo, Granilo, Guandilo, Gudilo, Gundilo, Gutilo, Itilo, Liuvilo, Nisilo, Nuillo, Nunnilo, Quintilo, Ranilo, Riquilo, Rudilo, Sindilo, Sisilu, Spanilo, Spintilo, Sunilo, Tafila, Teodilo, Tequilo, Trudilo, Vigilo, Visterlo
- -ina: Bagina, Baquina, Berina, Fandina, Frogina, Gavina, Gendina, Getina, Gogina, Guntina, Gutina, Lallina, Nunnina, Sendina, Sesina, Tanina, Tidina, Tetina, Trastina, Trudina, Vergina, Zanina
- -ita (later -ida): Acita, Cagita, Farita, Gomita, Nunnita, Sabita, Sonita
- -ella: Farella, Gondella, Mirella, Nunella
Masculine roots
editElements common as the second syllable of masculine names include:
| Name | Proto-Germanic root | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| -badus, -vadus | *badwō | "fight" | Argevadus, Gisvado, Gundivadus, Tiotevadus, Trasiuadus, Vilivado |
| -baldus, -valdus | *balþaz | "bold" | Gundivaldo, Teobaldus |
| -bertus, -vertus | *berhtaz | "bright" | Alivertus, Ansvertus, Argeberto, Audibertus, Eldivertus, Filivertus, Fridiverto, Geodevertus, Gidiberto, Gugivertus, Guiliberto, Idiverto, Leoverto, Ranivertus, Rodevertus, Sigeberto, Sisiverto, Theodivertus |
| -butus | *bōtō | "profit, usefulness" | Sisebutus |
| -fredus, -fridus, -bredus, -vredus (later -vreu) | *friþuz | "peace" | Alliefredus, Argifredus, Audofredo, Erdebredo, Ermefredo, Geodefredo, Gisovredus, Godefredus, Gundebredo, Ildebredus, Leodefredus, Monobredo, Osobredus, Ostrofredo, Ragifredo, Reccafredus, Rouvredo, Sinifredus, Teodefredo, Viliefredus, Visclafredo |
| -funsus, -fonsus, -bonsus | *funsaz | "eager, ready" | Adefonsus, Andifonso, Argefonsus, Belfonsus, Erifonsus, Ildefonsus, Monefonsus, Requefonsus, Vilifonsus |
| -fortis | probably Latin fortis | "strong" | Gundifortis |
| -gis, -ges, -geses, -garius | *gaizaz | "spear" | Adeqisio, Astragis, Eldegeses, Ermegis, Felgirus, Gudegisus, Heremigarium, Leodegisius, Nitigisius, Sindigis, Tudiscaisum, Vedragese |
| -gaster, -bastus | *gastiz | "guest" | Adegaster, Albiaster, Algaster, Ardabastus, Argivastro, Donagastro, Leodegasti |
| -gotus, -godus | *gautaz | "Goth" | Eldegotus, Ermegotus, Leubegutus, Savegodus, Sescutus, Teudecutus, Visigotus |
| -gogia | *gaujan | "district" | Todegogia |
| -gildus, -ildus | *geld-az | "reward" | Anagildus, Aquisildus, Atanagildus, Cagildo, Daildus, Donegildus, Egildus, Agildus, Engildus, Ermegildus, Fagildus, Falgildus, Fredilli, Fromildus, Frugildus, Gaudilti, Geodegildus, Goldegildo, Leovegildus, Megildus, Modildus, Mundildus, Nantildo, Onegildo, Pabregildus, Pederagildu, Remegildus, Sagildo, Sevegildo, Sisildus, Sitagellus, Sonegildus, Tarildus, Teodegildo, Tudeildus, Trenelldus, Trudigildus, Uanagildi, Usegildus, Vidragildus, Vigiltu, Vistragildus, Vitildus, Vivildus |
| -gisclus, -isclus | -*gīslaz | "hostage, sprout" | Fredisclus, Guntiesclo, Hermecisclus, Indisclus, Iuuisclus, Kedisilo, Munisclus, Odisclus, Ranisclus, Suniagisclus, Teodisclus, Vistisclo, Vitisclus |
| -ardus | *harduz | "strong", "hard" | Ianardo, Pantardus, Ricardo, Guntato (Modern German "Gunthard" = "Strong in fight") |
| -arius (later -eiro) | *harjaz | "army, host" | Adarius, Agarius, Alarius, Amedeiro, Andiarius, Ascarius, Atarius, Aunarius, Baltarius, Bazarius, Belesarius, Bertarius, Cufarius, Donazarius, Ermiarius, Fredario, Frumarius, Gaifarius, Gitarius, Gualdarius, Guldarius, Gulfarius, Gumarius, Gundarius, Iubarius, Iustiarius, Leodarius, Lotarius, Magnarius, Mudario, Notarius, Olcarius, Quitarius, Ranarius, Ratario, Rauparius, Rechiarius, Remesario, Rumario, Sentarius, Spanarius, Suavarius, Suniarius, Suntarius, Teadario, Torsario, Trasarius, Truitero, Uandalarius, Valarius, Venedario, Viliarius, Visclario, Vistrarius, Vitarius |
| -atus (later -ado) | *haþuz | "war" | Alvatus, Andeatus, Astratus, Eugienadus, Ganati, Gomadus, Guanatus, Guntato, Iuvatus, Sagatus, Selvatus, Viliatus |
| -elmus | *helmaz | "helm" | Villelmus |
| -leus | *hlewaz | "renown" | Eilleus, Trevuleus, Unileus |
| -ramnus | *hrabnaz | "crow" | Gunderamnus |
| -ringus, -lenco | *hrengaz | "ring" | Froaringus, Fralenko |
| -licus | *laikaz | "dance, game, battle" | Ivolicus |
| -lindus | *lenþaz | "gentle, mild" | Ermelindus, Roelindus, Teodelindus |
| -leobo, -levo | *leubaz | "dear" | Adileobo, Andilevo |
| -marius, -marus (later -meiro) | *mērjaz | "great, famous" | Ansemarus, Astremarus, Baldemarius, Gresumarus, Gualamarius, Gundemarus, Gutumarus, Leudemarus, Salamarus, Segimarus, Zamarius |
| -madus | *maþ- | "good" | Agimadus |
| -mirus, -mero | *mērjaz | "famous, excellent" | Acimiro, Adimirus, Agromirus, Alamiro, Aldemirus, Ansemirus, Antemirus, Ariamiro, Argemirus, Artemiro, Aumiro, Bademirus, Baldemirus, Baudemirus, Belmirus, Bertamirus, Bonimiro, Cartemiro, Caudemirus, Cendamiro, Crescemirus, Crodemirus, Dacamiro, Damiro, Docemiro, Dulcemirus, Eimirus, Eldemirus, Engomirus, Ermemirus, Felmiro, Framiro, Francemirus, Franomiro, Fredemiro, Frumirus, Gademiro, Geldemirus, Gelmiro, Geodemirus, Gesmiro, Godemiro, Gualamirus, Guimirus, Guldremirus, Gulfemirus, Guntemirus, Gutemirus, Karmirus, Leodemiro, Leomirus, Nantemiro, Odamirus, Onemirus, Ostromirus, Astromirus, Estromirus, Quidemirus, Rademirus, Ragimiru, Randemirus, Ranemirus, Recemirus, Rodemirus, Salamirus, Santimirus, Saxomirus, Segomirus, Selmirus, Sendamirus, Sesmiro, Spodemirus, Suimirus, Sulfemirus, Sundemirus, Suniemirus, Teodemirus, Trasmiro, Trastemiro, Tructemiro, Vademirus, Victemirus, Vidramirus, Viliamirus, Visclamirus, Vistremiro, Vittimero |
| -modus | *mōdaz | "courage, anger, wrath" | Trassemutus, Vermudus |
| -mundus (later -mondo) | *mundaz | "protection, guardianship" | Ansemondus, Argemondo, Arumundo, Asemondus, Astramondus, Atalamondo, Badamundus, Camundus, Damondus, Dolcemondus, Eldemundus, Fredamundus, Gemundus, Geodemondo, Gismundus, Germundus, Godomundus, Gomundus, Gontemondus, Goymundus, Guimundus, Gutemondo, Hermundus, Itimondo, Keremondus, Leodemundo, Nandamundus, Odemundus, Olemundus, Rademundus, Ranemundus, Recemundus, Reimondus, Remismundus, Rosamundus, Segemundus, Sesmundo, Sindamundus, Teodemundus, Trasmondo, Tructemondo, Unemundus, Vadamundus, Viamundus, Visclamundus, Vistemundo, Vistramundi, Vizamundus, Zamondo |
| -nandus (later -ando) | *nanþ-az | "bold, courageous" | Bretenandus, Ermenandus, Euvenandus, Fredenandus, Gudenandus, Ketenando, Reinantus, Riquinandus, Sisnandus, Teodenandus, Vittinandus |
| -redus, -radus, -ridus (later -reu) | *rēdaz | "advice" | Aderedus, Alderedus, Anseredo, Argeredus, Asoredus, Astredo, Balderedo, Dagaredus, Egeredus, Enaredus, Engoredus, Evorido, Falderedo, Fateredus, Fraredus, Fulcaredus, Goldredo, Gomaredus, Guderedus, Gunderedo, Kenderedus, Leoveredus, Malaredus, Moderido, Onaredus, Osoredo, Provaredo, Recaredus, Sabaredus, Sendredus, Seniaredus, Sigeredus, Sueredus, Teoderedus, Uiliaredus, Uimaredus, Visaridus |
| -ricus (later -rigo) | *rīkz | "ruler, lord" | Accaricus, Aderico, Alaricus, Aldericus, Aliaricus, Alvaricus, Andericus, Ansericus, Ardericus, Argericus, Ascarigus, Asparigus, Asterigo, Atanaricus, Atericus, Balderico, Betericus, Bliviaricus, Brandericus, Censerigus, Iensericus, Coniaricus, Desterigus, Domerigo, Eburicus, Eimericus, Eirigu, Elperico, Engorigus, Ermericus, Fredericus, Fromaricus, Fruaricus, Gauderigus, Geserigus, Getericus, Gildaricus, Golfarico, Gomarigus, Guderigo, Guimarigus, Guiricus, Gulderigus, Gunderigus, Ilderigus, Ionarico, Iusterigo, Iuvericus, Leoderigus, Leoverigus, Magnaricus, Malaricus, Matericus, Modericus, Monderico, Nandaricus, Odericus, Onoricus, Osorico, Ausarigus, Pipericus, Quidericus, Rakericus, Reirigus, Rendericus, Restericus, Retericus, Romarigus, Rudericus, Savaricus, Sendericus, Seririgo, Sesericus, Sigericus, Sigunterigo, Soniaricus, Spanaricu, Spandaricus, Spoderigo, Teodericus, Trasaricus, Tructericus, Turpericus, Venetricus, Vendericus, Genitrigus, Viaricus, Victericus, Viliaricu, Vistraricus |
| -racus (later -rago) | *rakaz | "straight" | Savaracus, Teoderago |
| -rote | *rōtaz | "glad" | Ermerote |
| -sendus, -sindus | *senþaz; or *swenþaz | "companion"; or "strong" | Adelasindo, Adesindus, Andosindus, Ardesendus, Argesindus, Arosindus, Auresindus, Ausendus, Badosindus, Bagesindus, Becosindo, Baldesindo, Baudesindus, Berosindus, Bonesindus, Eisindus, Eldesindus, Ermosindus, Evosindo, Floresindus, Fortesindus, Fredosindus, Froisendus, Fromosindus, Gaudesindo, Geodesindus, Gitesindus, Gomesindo, Gotesendus, Gudesindus, Guisindus, Gundesindus, Leodesindo, Leovesindus, Manosindus, Marcosendus, Onesindus, Quedesendo, Kedesendo, Radesindus, Ragesindus, Ranosindus, Recesindus, Remesindus, Rudesindus, Segesindo, Spanosendo, Storesindo, Teodesindus, Trasendus, Tructesindus, Villisendo, Vistresindus, Zendasindo |
| -scalcus | *skalkaz | "servant" | Gundiscalcus |
| -suendo, -suindo | *swenþaz | "strong" | Reccesuindus |
| -teus, -deus, -dius | *þewaz | "servant" | Ansedeus, Arnadius, Engladius, Filisteus, Gudesteus |
| -ualdus, -aldus, -gualdus, -allo | *waldaz | "ruler, mighty" | Ansuallo, Anualdus, Ardaldus, Arnaldus, Arualdus, Astualdu, Avaldus, Barvaldus, Bernaldus, Bidualdus, Ensaldus, Ermaldus, Fredoaldus, Fromaldus, Giraldus, Gomaldo, Gontualdo, Grimaldus, Guantaldus, Leovaldo, Manualdus, Mirualdo, Otualdo, Ranualdus, Recualdus, Reginaldus, Servaldus, Sisualdo, Trasoldi, Vidraldus, Visaldus |
| -uarius, -oarius | *warjaz | "inhabitant, defender" | Alduarius, Ansuario, Astruario, Freduarius, Oduarius, Osoarius, Randuarius, Trasuarius, Vistravarius |
| -oindus | *wendaz | "wind" | Aloindo, Eindu, Fredoindus |
| -oynus | *weniz | "friend" | Odoynus |
| -uerco | related to PGmc *werkan | "work" | Aliverko, Eldivercus |
| -uigio, -uigus | *wīgaz | "fighter" | Audugus, Baldoigius, Eldoigius, Ermoygius, Eroigius, Erigio, Guntigio, Leodeuigus, Mervigius, Rodougus, Viligus, Vistrevius |
| -oytus, -vitus | probably related to PGmc *witōn | "wise" | Aldroitus, Aloitus, Argevitus, Senduitu, Sesuito |
| -ulfus, -gulfus | *wulfaz | "wolf" | Adaulfus, Ataulfus, Agiulfus, Agrivulfum, Aliulfus, Andulfus, Ansiulphus, Anulfo, Ardulfus, Ariulfus, Arnulfo, Asarulfo, Asculfo, Asiulfus, Astrulfus, Astulfus, Aulfus, Berulfus, Betrulfus, Brandiulfus, Ebregulfus, Endulfus, Ermulfo, Eruulfus, Fardulfus, Fradiulfus, Fredulfus, Fregulfus, Frogiulfo, Gandulfo, Gardulfus, Gaulfus, Geodulfus, Gesulfus, Ierulfus, Gigulfo, Gomulfus, Gresulfo, Gudilulfo, Gundulfo, Ildulfus, Kendulfus, Leodulfus, Mandulfo, Maniulfus, Manulfus, Meitulfus, Nandulfo, Osdulfus, Quedulfus, Radulfus, Ragolfus, Randulfus, Ranulfus, Refulfo, Regaulfus, Sagulfus, Sendulfus, Seniulfus, Serulfus, Sisulfus, Teodulfus, Trastulfus, Trasulfus, Trudulfus, Tundulfus, Turisulfus, Uisulfus, Venariufi, Viliulfus |
| -uldus, -guldus | *wulþuz | "splendor" | Arebuldo, Atauldus, Ebreguldus, Framuldo, Frineguldus, Fronuldo, Gebuldus, Itaultus, Senuldo, Sisuldus, Toduldo, Tumtuldo |
Suffixes used to derive hypocoristic masculine names are:
- -eca, -ica (later -ega): Abrecan, Adica, Audeca, Begica, Egica, Elleca, Gagica, Segika
- -ila (later -ia): Adila, Andila, Anila, Ansila, Attila, Audila, Azilane, Badila, Baldila, Becilla, Bergila, Berila, Blandila, Brandila, Butila, Cixila, Crizila, Cutella, Dadila, Danila, Ducila, Egila, Agila, Emila, Ermila, Fafila, Fafia, Fagila, Fandila, Favila, Fradila, Framila, Frankila, Froila, Gandila, Gaudilani, Gavila, Gladila, Gramila, Guadla, Guandila, Gudila, Gulfila, Gumila, Gundila, Ikila, Itila, Iudila, Iustila, Iuvila, Keila, Kinquila, Ledla, Lubila, Magila, Manilla, Mantila, Martila, Massila, Mellilla, Merila, Mudila, Mugila, Mumila, Mundila, Naustila, Nuilla, Neufila, Nunnila, Ofila, Oila, Opila, Ossila, Quintila, Ramila, Riquila, Romila, Rudila, Sabila, Scarcila, Sigila, Sindila, Sunila, Tancila, Tegila, Teodila, Titila, Tuntila, Unilla, Vertila, Vidila, Vigila, Vincila, Visterla, Vitila, Vizila, Zisila
- -inus (later -ino): Addalinus, Aldinus, Bagino, Baltino, Baquino, Batinus, Berinus, Bertinus, Blandinus, Boninus, Brandinus, Cartinus, Crescino, Dadinus, Dalinus, Eldinus, Evorinus, Fandinus, Farino, Favino, Fofino, Fonsinus, Fruginus, Frauino, Gandinus, Gaudinas, Gavinus, Gentino, Gendinus, Golinus, Guginus, Gulfinus, Gultinus, Guntinus, Gutinus, Haginus, Hamdino, Iubinus, Karinus, Lallinus, Lelino, Lubinus, Mandinus, Maninus, Matlinus, Muginus, Mundinus, Nandinus, Naninus, Nunninus, Odinus, Audinus, Pantinus, Pappinus, Pennino, Pipinus, Quizino, Randinus, Recinus, Sandinus, Scerinus, Sedino, Sendinus, Sisinus, Spintino, Suffini, Tancinus, Tanino, Tatina, Tetina, Tegino, Teodinus, Tracinus, Tradinus, Tructinus, Trudinus, Uittina, Uittinus, Vandino, Goandinus, Vitinus, Zanino
- -linus, -llinus: Abbelino, Adolinus, Francolino, Gundelinus, Iovellinus
- -itus (later -ido): Cagitus, Carito, Crescitu, Donnitus, Froritum, Ganiti, Gegitus, Gogitus, Gumito, Guncitus, Iuvitus, Magitus, Magnitus, Manitus, Marcitus, Maxitus, Nannitus, Nonnitu, Papitus, Pegito, Pinnitus, Ragito, Sabitus, Sunitus, Sonnito, Tanitus, Atanitus, Tegitus, Trasido, Uegitus, Zanitus, Zazitus, Zenzitus
- -ellus (later -elo): Betellus, Felellus, Francellus, Froiellus, Frumellus, Gigelus, Gumellus, Guntellus, Gutellus, Hermellus, Lubellus, Mannello, Mantellus, Mirellus, Mundellus, Nonellus, Papellus, Recelli, Sendello, Sisellus, Trastelus, Truitellus, Uistrello, Visellu, Zanellus
Superlative and comparative suffixes were also used in forming personal names: -iza: Boniza, Wittiza -istaz: Ariastre, Belestrio, Fromesta, Remestro, Segestro
Other suffixes imply origin or relationship:
- -ingaz: Amingus, Bellengus, Gardingus
- -iskaz: Vandaliscus "Vandal" (male), Huniscus "Hun" (male)
- -iskō: Hunisco "Hun" (female)
Toponyms
editMany of these names are also toponyms (towns, parishes, villages, hamlets and fields), usually in the form of a Latin or Germanic genitive of the owner's name and sometimes preceded by the type of property (a Galician word of Latin, Germanic or pre-Latin origin) such as vila (villa, palace, estate), vilar (hamlet), castro (castle), casa (house), porta (pass, ford), agro (field), sa (Germanic sala; hall, house), busto (dairy), cabana (cabin), lama (pastures), fonte (well, spring), pena (fort), pumar (orchard) and val (valley). About five percent of Galicia's 315 municipalities have this kind of name:
- Allariz to Aliarici, genitive of Aliaricus[14]
- Baltar to Baltarii, genitive of Baltharius[15]
- Beariz to Viarici, genitive of Viaricus
- Calvos de Randín to Randini, genitive of Randinus[16]
- Forcarei to Fulcaredi, genitive of Fulkaredus
- Friol to Fredoaldi, genitive of Fredoaldus
- Gomesende to Gumesindi, genitive of Gumesindus[17]
- Gondomar to Gundemari, genitive of Gundemarus[18]
- Guntín to Guntini, genitive of Guntinus[19]
- Guitiriz to Uitterici, genitive of Uittericus[20]
- Lalín to Lallini, genitive of Lallinus[21]
- Mondariz to Munderici, genitive of Mundericus[22]
- Rairiz de Veiga to Ragerici, genitive of Ragericus
- Ramirás to Ranamiranis, Germanized genitive of Ranemirus[23]
- Sandiás to Sindilanis, Germanized genitive of Sindila[24]
- Vilasantar to Villa Sentarii, genitive of Sentarius[25]
Several thousand such toponyms are known in Galicia, northern Portugal, western Asturias and other territories which were part of the Suebi kingdom.
See also
edit- Germanic names in Italy, similar developments
Notes
edit- ^ In Colección Diplomática de Galicia Histórica. Santiago (1901), p. 225-226.
- ^ Boullón Agrelo (1999) p. 81-83.
- ^ Cf. Boullón Agrelo (1999) p. 98-101.
- ^ A few thousand Galician and Portuguese toponyms derive from the genitive form of a Germanic and Slavic anthroponym. Cf. Sachs (1932).
- ^ Cf. Searle (1897). p. xii-xiv.
- ^ Cf. George T. Flom (1917) Alliteration and Variation in Old Germanic Name-Giving, in Modern Language Notes Vol. 32, No. 1 (Jan., 1917), pp. 7-17
- ^ Cf. Sachs (1932) p. 14-23.
- ^ Cf. Boullón Agrelo (1999) p. 342; and Rivas Quintas (1991) p. 242.
- ^ Piel (1937) p. 48.
- ^ Piel (1939) p. 79.
- ^ Sachs (1932) p. 95-96.
- ^ For this and other Proto-Germanic reconstructions: V. Orel (2003) A Handbook of Germanic Etymology; and G. Köbler (2007) Germanisches Wörterbuch.
- ^ Boullón Agrelo (1999) s.v. Ganildi.
- ^ Piel (1933) p. 225.
- ^ Sachs (1932) p. 40-41.
- ^ Sachs (1932) p. 81.
- ^ Sachs (1932) p. 58.
- ^ Sachs (1932) p. 60-61.
- ^ Sachs (1932) p. 59-61.
- ^ Sachs (1932) p. 101.
- ^ Sachs (1932) p. 73.
- ^ Sachs (1932) p. 78.
- ^ Sachs (1932) p. 80-81.
- ^ But Cf. Sachs (1932) p. 86, who interprets it as derived from Sandila.
- ^ Cf. Sachs (1932) p. 86.
Literature
editSlavic presence in medieval Galicia
- Lewicki T. (1952), Osadnictwo słowiańskie i niewolnicy słowiańscy w krajach
muzułmańskich według średniowiecznych pisarzy arabskich, „Przegląd Historyczny”, t. 43, nr 3–4, s. 473–491.
- Lewicki T. (1964), Słowianie w Hiszpanii, w: W. Kowalenko, G. Labuda,
T. Lehr-Spławiński (red.), Słownik starożytności słowiańskich, t. 2, Wrocław, s. 217–218.
- Mishin D. (1996), Ibrahim ibn-Ya’qub At-Turtushi’s account on the Slavs
from the middle of the tenth century, „Annual of Medieval Studies at the CEU 1994–1995”, Budapest, s. 184–199.
- Mishin D. (2000), “Saqlabi” servants in Islamic Spain and North Africa in
the Early Middle Ages, „Annual of Medieval Studies at the CEU”, Budapest, s. 311 i n.
Proto-Slavic etymology
Brückner, Aleksander (1927). Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego. Krakowska Spółka Wydawnicza 1927 https://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/publication/510848/edition/426538/content
Sławski, Franciszek (1974-2001) Słownik prasłowiański, Ossolineum, Wrocław (1974-2001).
Proto-Germanic reconstruction
edit- Orel, Vladimir (2003). Handbook of Germanic Etymology. Leiden: Brill, 2003. ISBN 978-90-04-12875-0.
- Köbler, Gerhard. (2007). Germanisches Wörterbuch. On-line [1].
- Kroonen, Guus. (2013). Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic. Leiden: Brill, 2013. ISBN 978-9004183407.
Germanic personal names
edit- Förstemanm, Ernst (1900). Altdeutsches Namenbuch Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine. P. Hanstein: Bonn, 1900.
- Fossner, Thorvald (1916). Continental-Germanic personal names in England in Old and Middle English times. Uppsala, 1916.
- Redin, Mats (1919). Studies on uncompounded personal names in old English. Uppsala, 1919.
- Schönfeld, M. (1911). Wörterbuch der Altgermanischen Personen und Völkernamen. Heidelberg, 1911.
- Searle, W. G. (1897). Onomasticon Anglo-Saxonicum. Cambridge: 1897.
Galician Medieval onomastics
edit- Rivas Quintas, Elixio (1991) Onomástica persoal do noroeste hispano. Alvarellos: Lugo, 1991. ISBN 84-85311-93-0.
- Boullón Agrelo, Ana I. (1999). Antroponimia medieval galega (ss. VIII-XII). Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1999. ISBN 978-3-484-55512-9.
- "Extramundi". In: Moralejo, Juan J. Callaica Nomina: Estudios de Onomástica Gallega. Fundación Pedro Barrié de la Maza, D.L. 2007. pp. 19–23.
Germanic toponymy in Galicia and Portugal
edit- Sachs, Georg (1932) Die germanischen Ortsnamen in Spanien und Portugal. Jena: Leipzig, 1932.
- Piel, J. (1933-1940) Os nomes germânicos na toponímia portuguesa. In Boletim Português de Filologia Archived 2011-10-06 at the Wayback Machine vol. II-VII: Lisboa.
- Joseph Piel