Gambusia is a large genus of viviparous fish in the family Poeciliidae (order Cyprinodontiformes). Gambusia contains over 40 species, most of which are principally found in freshwater habitats, though some species may also be found in brackish or saltwater habitats. The genus Gambusia comes from the Cuban term, "Gambusino", which means "free-lance miner".[3] The type species is the Cuban gambusia, G. punctata. The greatest species richness is in Mexico, Texas, and the Greater Antilles, but species are also found elsewhere in the eastern and southern United States, the Bahamas, Central America, and Colombia. Gambusia species are often called topminnows, or simply gambusias; they are also known as mosquitofish, which, however, refers more specifically to two species, G. affinis and G. holbrooki, which are often introduced into ponds to eat mosquito larvae.[4][5] As a consequence, they have been introduced widely outside their native range, and frequently become invasive, threatening local species.[6] G. affinis and G. holbrooki are now established in many parts of the world and are likely to continue to spread as climatic conditions change.[7] They are only occasionally kept in aquariums, due to their relative lack of color and the highly aggressive nature of the aforementioned mosquitofish species.
| Gambusia | |
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| Gambusia sexradiata | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cyprinodontiformes |
| Family: | Poeciliidae |
| Tribe: | Gambusiini |
| Genus: | Gambusia Poey, 1854 |
| Type species | |
| Gambusia punctata Poey, 1854[1]
| |
| Synonyms[2] | |
Nine species are listed as vulnerable in the IUCN Red List; two, the widemouth gambusia, G. eurystoma, and the crescent gambusia, G. hurtadoi, are critically endangered; and two, the Amistad gambusia, G. amistadensis, and the San Marcos gambusia, G. georgei, are already extinct.
Species
editThe 45 currently recognized species in this genus are:[8][9]
- Gambusia affinis (S. F. Baird & Girard, 1853) (mosquitofish, western mosquitofish)
- Gambusia alvarezi C. Hubbs & V. G. Springer, 1957 (yellowfin gambusia)
- †Gambusia amistadensis Peden, 1973 (Amistad gambusia)
- Gambusia atrora D. E. Rosen & R. M. Bailey, 1963 (blackfin gambusia)
- Gambusia aurata R. R. Miller & W. L. Minckley, 1970 (golden gambusia)
- Gambusia baracoana Rivas, 1944
- Gambusia beebei G. S. Myers, 1935 (Miragoane gambusia)
- Gambusia bucheri Rivas, 1944
- Gambusia clarkhubbsi G. P. Garrett & R. J. Edwards, 2003 (San Felipe gambusia)
- Gambusia dominicensis Regan, 1913 (Dominican gambusia)
- Gambusia echeagarayi (Álvarez, 1952) (Maya gambusia)
- Gambusia eurystoma R. R. Miller, 1975 (widemouth gambusia)
- Gambusia gaigei C. L. Hubbs, 1929 (Big Bend gambusia)
- Gambusia geiseri C. Hubbs & C. L. Hubbs, 1957 (largespring gambusia)
- †Gambusia georgei C. Hubbs & Peden, 1969 (San Marcos gambusia)
- Gambusia heterochir C. Hubbs, 1957 (Clear Creek gambusia)
- Gambusia hispaniolae W. L. Fink, 1971 (Hispaniolan gambusia)
- Gambusia holbrooki Girard, 1859 (eastern mosquitofish)
- Gambusia hurtadoi C. Hubbs & V. G. Springer, 1957 (crescent gambusia)
- Gambusia krumholzi W. L. Minckley, 1963 (spotfin gambusia)
- Gambusia lemaitrei Fowler, 1950
- Gambusia longispinis W. L. Minckley, 1962 (Cuatrocienegas gambusia)
- Gambusia luma D. E. Rosen & R. M. Bailey, 1963 (sleek mosquitofish)
- Gambusia manni C. L. Hubbs, 1927
- Gambusia marshi W. L. Minckley & Craddock, 1962 (robust gambusia)
- Gambusia melapleura (P. H. Gosse, 1851) (striped gambusia)
- Gambusia monticola Rivas, 1971
- Gambusia myersi C. G. E. Ah, 1925
- Gambusia nicaraguensis Günther, 1866 (Nicaraguan mosquitofish)
- Gambusia nobilis (S. F. Baird & Girard, 1853) (Pecos gambusia)
- Gambusia panuco C. L. Hubbs, 1926 (Panuco gambusia)
- Gambusia pseudopunctata Rivas, 1969 (Tiburon Peninsula gambusia)
- Gambusia punctata Poey, 1854 (Cuban gambusia)
- Gambusia puncticulata Poey, 1854 (Caribbean gambusia)
- Gambusia quadruncus Langerhans, Gifford, Domínguez-Domínguez, García-Bedoya & T. J. DeWitt, 2012[9]
- Gambusia regani C. L. Hubbs, 1926 (Forlon gambusia)
- Gambusia rhizophorae Rivas, 1969 (mangrove gambusia)
- Gambusia senilis Girard, 1859 (blotched gambusia)
- Gambusia sexradiata C. L. Hubbs, 1936 (teardrop mosquitofish)
- Gambusia speciosa Girard, 1859 (Tex-Mex gambusia)
- Gambusia vittata C. L. Hubbs, 1926 (Gulf gambusia)
- Gambusia wrayi Regan, 1913 (Wray's gambusia)
- Gambusia xanthosoma D. W. Greenfield, 1983 (Cayman gambusia)
- Gambusia yucatana Regan, 1914 (Yucatán gambusia)
- Gambusia zarskei M. K. Meyer, Schories & Schartl, 2010
Notes
edit- ^ Heterophallus is a valid genus
References
edit- ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Gambusia". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
- ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Poeciliidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
- ^ Wallus, Robert (1990). Reproductive biology and early life history of fishes in the Ohio River drainage. Bruce L. Yeager, Thomas P. Simon, Tennessee Valley Authority. Aquatic Biology Department, Tennessee Valley Authority. Office of Power, United States. Army. Corps of Engineers. Nashville District, American Electric Power Service Corporation. Chattanooga, Tenn.: Tennessee Valley Authority, Aquatic Biology Dept., Water Resources. ISBN 0-8493-1919-6. OCLC 23153067.
- ^ "Gambusia: A Little Fish That Helps Solve Big Mosquito Problems". Alabama Vector Management Society. 24 December 2009. Archived from the original on September 7, 2008. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
- ^ Allen, Greg (10 June 2011). "Tropical Disease Buzzes Back Into U.S." Morning Edition. NPR. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
- ^ Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (2013). Gambusia affinis (Mosquito fish) Archived 2018-04-07 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 27 February 2013
- ^ Jourdan, Jonas; Riesch, Rüdiger; Cunze, Sarah (2021). "Off to new shores: Climate niche expansion in invasive mosquitofish (Gambusia spp.)". Ecology and Evolution. 11: 18369–18400. doi:10.1002/ece3.8427. PMC 8717293.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Gambusia". FishBase. August 2012 version.
- ^ a b Langerhans, R. B., Gifford, M. E., Domínguez-Domínguez, O., García-Bedoya, D. & DeWitt, T.J. (2012). "Gambusia quadruncus (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae): a new species of mosquitofish from east-central México". Journal of Fish Biology. 81 (5): 1514–1539. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03397.x. PMID 23020559.
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External links
edit
- "Gambusia". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 12 December 2004.