The freshwater butterflyfish or African butterflyfish (Pantodon buchholzi) is a species of osteoglossiform fish native to freshwater habitats in the Niger and Congo basins of western and central Africa. It is the only extant species in the family Pantodontidae. It is not closely related to saltwater butterflyfishes.
| Freshwater butterflyfish | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Osteoglossiformes |
| Family: | Pantodontidae |
| Genus: | Pantodon W. K. H. Peters, 1877 |
| Species: | P. buchholzi
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| Binomial name | |
| Pantodon buchholzi W. K. H. Peters, 1877
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Evolution
editThe freshwater butterflyfish is the last surviving member of a family that was diverse during the Late Cretaceous period, with many pantodontid genera known from the Cenomanian-aged Sannine Formation of Lebanon. These early pantodontids inhabited a marine environment off the coast of northern Africa and are the earliest known marine osteoglossomorphs, suggesting that the ancestors of Pantodon colonized freshwater habitats independently of other osteoglossiforms. These Cretaceous marine pantodontids appear to vary in their relation to the extant genus; of them, the closest relative and sister genus to Pantodon appears to be Palaeopantodon.[2][3]
Populations of freshwater butterflyfish in the Niger vs. the Congo basins appear virtually identical in morphology, but mtDNA divergence estimates suggest an extreme level of genetic divergence between them, dating to the Late Paleocene (57 million years ago) or earlier. This is one of the most dramatic cases of morphological stasis (in which two allopatric populations remain similar in appearance despite achieving a great level of genetic divergence from one another) known in a vertebrate taxon, and may suggest some level of cryptic speciation within the genus.[4]
Genetic studies suggest that the freshwater butterflyfish has experienced one of the greatest losses of whole Hox gene clusters in a teleost fish, with only 5 Hox clusters present after a presumed loss of 3 Hox clusters in the past. Despite this, it retains a similar overall number of Hox genes to other teleosts, due to a high proportion of duplicated genes in certain clusters. Due to its small size, widespread availability in captivity, and relatively small genome, the freshwater butterflyfish may serve as an attractive model organism, despite being studied less compared to other model fish taxa, which are clupeocephalans.[5]
Description and habits
editFreshwater butterfly fish are small, no more than 13 cm (5.1 in) in length, with very large pectoral fins. It has a large and well-vascularized swim bladder, enabling it to breathe air at the surface of the water. It is carnivorous, feeding primarily on aquatic insects and smaller fishes.[6]
The freshwater butterflyfish is a specialized surface hunter. Its eyes are constantly trained to the surface and its upturned mouth is specifically adapted to capture small prey along the water's surface. If enough speed is built up in the water, a butterflyfish can jump and glide a small distance above the surface to avoid predation. It also wiggles its pectoral fins as it glides, with the help of specialized, enlarged pectoral muscles, the ability which earned the fish its common name.[7]
When freshwater butterflyfish spawn, they produce a mass of large floating eggs at the surface. Fertilisation is believed to be internal. Eggs hatch in about seven days.
Distribution
editFreshwater butterflyfish are found in the slightly acidic, standing bodies of water in West Africa. They require a year-round temperature of 73–86 °F (23–30 °C). They are found in slow- to no-current areas with high amounts of surface foliage for cover. They are commonly seen in Lake Chad, the Congo Basin, throughout lower Niger, Cameroon, Ogooue, and upper Zambezi. They have also been seen in the Niger Delta, lower Ogooue, and in the lower Cross River.
In the aquarium
editFreshwater butterflyfish are kept in large aquaria, although a single specimen should be kept as the only top-level fish, as they can be aggressive to their own kind and others, (such as hatchetfish), at surface level. The tops of the tanks must be tightly closed because of their jumping habits. They do better in a tank with live plants, especially ones that float near the surface, providing hiding places to reduce stress. They require a pH of 6.9–7.1, and a KH of 1–10. In aquaria, freshwater butterflyfish can grow to 5 inches long, and should be housed in 20 gallon long-style tanks (30.5 inches long) or larger. They should not be kept with fin-eating or aggressive fish, which may nip at their long, trailing fins. They eat any fish small enough to fit in their mouths, so they should be maintained with bottom-dwelling fish or top- and mid-dwelling fish too large in size to be bothered by them. They generally will not eat prepared food, and do best on a diet of live or possibly canned crickets and other insects, as well as live, gut-loaded feeder fish (goldfish should be avoided). They prefer still water, so filtration should not be too powerful.[citation needed]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Moelants, T. (2010). "Pantodon buchholzi". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010. IUCN: e.T183157A8057176. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T183157A8057176.en. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
- ^ Taverne, L. (2021). "The Pantodontidae (Teleostei, Osteoglossomorpha) from the marine Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) of Lebanon. 3°. Palaeopantodon vandersypeni gen. and sp. nov" (PDF). Geo-Eco-Trop. 45 (4): 699–708.
- ^ Taverne, L.; Capasso, L. (2012). "Osteology and relationships of Prognathoglossum kalassyi gen. and sp. nov. (Teleostei, Osteoglossiformes, Pantodontidae) from the marine Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) of En Nammoura (Lebanon)" (PDF). Cybium. 36 (4): 563–574.
- ^ Lavoué, Sébastien; Miya, Masaki; Arnegard, Matthew E.; McIntyre, Peter B.; Mamonekene, Victor; Nishida, Mutsumi (2011-04-07). "Remarkable morphological stasis in an extant vertebrate despite tens of millions of years of divergence". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 278 (1708): 1003–1008. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1639. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 3049028. PMID 20880884.
- ^ Martin, Kyle J.; Holland, Peter W.H. (2014). "Enigmatic Orthology Relationships between Hox Clusters of the African Butterfly Fish and Other Teleosts Following Ancient Whole-Genome Duplication". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 31 (10): 2592–2611. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu202. ISSN 1537-1719. PMC 4166920. PMID 24974377.
- ^ Greenwood, P.H.; Wilson, M.V. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 81. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
- ^ Berra, Tim M. (2001). Freshwater Fish Distribution. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-093156-7
Bibliography
edit- "Pantodon buchholzi". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 11 March 2006.
- Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Pantodon buchholzi". FishBase. November 2005 version.
- Innes, Dr William T., Exotic Aquarium Fishes, Innes Publishing Co. Philadelphia, 1935