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Francis Burton Harrison (December 18, 1873 – November 21, 1957) was an American-Filipino statesman who served in the United States House of Representatives and was appointed governor-general of the Philippines by President of the United States Woodrow Wilson. Harrison was a prominent adviser to the president of the Philippine Commonwealth, as well as the next four presidents of the Republic of the Philippines. He is the only former governor-general of the Philippines to be awarded Philippine citizenship.
Francis Burton Harrison | |
|---|---|
 Harrison in 1910 | |
| Governor-General of the Philippines | |
| In office October 6, 1913 – March 5, 1921 | |
| President | Woodrow Wilson |
| Preceded by | William Cameron Forbes |
| Succeeded by | Charles Yeater (acting) |
| Philippine Secretary of Interior | |
Acting | |
| In office September 28, 1915 – March 29, 1916 | |
| Succeeded by | Rafael Palma |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York | |
| In office March 4, 1907 – September 3, 1913 | |
| Preceded by | Jacob Ruppert |
| Succeeded by | Jacob A. Cantor |
| Constituency | 16th district (1907–13) 20th district (1913) |
| In office March 4, 1903 – March 3, 1905 | |
| Preceded by | Oliver Belmont |
| Succeeded by | Herbert Parsons |
| Constituency | 13th district |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Francis Burton Harrison December 18, 1873 New York City, United States |
| Died | November 21, 1957 (aged 83) Hunterdon Medical Center Raritan Township, New Jersey, United States |
| Resting place | Manila North Cemetery, Manila, Philippines |
| Citizenship | American Filipino |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Parent(s) | Burton Harrison Constance Cary Harrison |
| Alma mater | Yale University New York Law School |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  United States |
| Branch/service |  United States Army |
| Years of service | 1898–1899 |
| Rank |  Captain |
| Battles/wars | Spanish–American War |
Early life and military career
editHarrison was born in New York City, to Burton Harrison, a lawyer and private secretary to Confederate President Jefferson Davis, and Constance Cary Harrison, novelist and social arbiter. Through his mother, Harrison was great-grandson of Virginia-planter, Thomas Fairfax, 9th Lord Fairfax of Cameron. Through Fairfax in birth and marriage, Harrison was also relative to United States founding fathers: Gouverneur Morris (his great-great-uncle), Thomas Jefferson, the Randolphs, the Ishams, the Carters, and Confederate General Robert E. Lee.
Harrison graduated from Yale College in 1895, where he was a member of the Psi Upsilon fraternity and the secret society Skull and Bones,[1]: 166 and from the New York Law School in 1897. From 1897 to 1899, Harrison was an instructor in the Evening Division at New York Law School. He later left to serve in United States Army during the Spanish–American War, as an assistant adjutant general with the rank of captain.
U.S. Congress
editA member of the Democratic Party, Harrison was elected to the 58th United States Congress, and served from March 4, 1903, to March 3, 1905. In 1904, Harrison ran unsuccessfully for lieutenant governor of New York. Afterwards, he resumed the practice of law. He was again elected to the 60th, 61st, 62nd and 63rd United States Congresses, and served from March 4, 1907, to September 3, 1913, when he resigned to become governor-general of the Philippines. His Harrison Narcotics Tax Act was eventually passed on December 17, 1914.
During his service in the Far East, Harrison was a candidate for the Democratic nomination in the 1920 presidential election. He lost the nomination to Governor of Ohio James M. Cox at the Democratic National Convention in San Francisco, who eventually lost to the Republican candidate Warren G. Harding.
Governor-general
edit
Harrison was governor-general of the Philippines from 1913 to 1921 and advocated for and oversaw the process of Filipinization, or the transfer of authority to Filipinos in the United States territory's Insular Government to better prepare for independence.[2] He was governor-general during the passages of the Philippine Autonomy Act, otherwise known as the Jones Act, which converted the partially elected Philippine Legislature with the appointed Philippine Commission as the upper house and the elected Philippine Assembly as the lower house, to a fully elected Philippine Legislature with the Philippine Senate replacing the now-dissolved Philippine Commission and the Philippine Assembly renamed the House of Representatives of the Philippines.
Despite the length of his tenure as governor-general, he vetoed only five bills, the least number by any American governor-general in the Philippines.[3] His pro-Filipino stance made him a popular figure in the Philippines but also the object of criticism of conservative Americans who viewed his liberal governance as not supportive enough of U.S. interests.[4]
Under his administration, the governor-general's Spanish-era mansion called Malacañang Palace was expanded with the construction of an executive building. When he left the Philippines, Harrison lived in Scotland until being recalled to the Philippines in 1934, during a period of transition from an unincorporated territory of the United States to the Commonwealth of the Philippines.
Political adviser
editManuel L. Quezon became the first president of the Commonwealth, and Harrison was asked to be Quezon's principal advisor in November 1935. He served in that capacity for ten months. In 1936, Harrison expressed interest in acquiring Filipino citizenship but did not fulfill the required years of residency under the Naturalization Law.[5] Upon Quezon's initiative, the National Assembly passed Commonwealth Act No. 79, making him a naturalized Filipino citizen.[6] Harrison returned to the position of advisor upon Quezon's request in May 1942, after Filipino and American troops had surrendered the Bataan Peninsula and Corregidor Island during World War II and Quezon went into exile in the United States. Harrison would serve the government-in-exile.
From November 1946 to February 1947, Harrison served as commissioner of claims in the civil service of the United States Army in Manila. He later served as an advisor to the first four presidents of the new Philippine Republic after the country's independence in 1946, serving as special adviser of foreign affairs to Manuel Roxas.
After this latest service to the Philippines, Harrison retired to Spain for six years, then chose to move to Califon, New Jersey in August 1957.
Personal life
editHarrison's first wife was Mary Crocker, daughter of California railroad and mining magnate Charles Frederick Crocker. They were married on June 7, 1900, at St. Mary's Church in Tuxedo Park, New York.[7] She died in 1905 in an automobile accident leaving Harrison to raise two small daughters, the elder Virginia Randolph Harrison and the younger Barbara Harrison Wescott.[8] Harrison would marry and divorce four more times to: Mabel Judson Cox, Elizabeth Wrentmore (divorced by Wrentmore in 1927 due to abandonment),[9] Margaret Wrentmore, and Doria Lee.[10] His only son, Dr. Francis Burton "Kiko" Harrison, Jr., (1921–2014), was the subject of many photographs taken between 1939 and 1942 by the PaJaMa Collective and George Platt Lynes.[11] Kiko was a product of his third marriage.[12] His last wife, Maria Teresa Larrucea, a young Basque woman, was born in Amorebieta (Bizkaia, Spain) and outlived Harrison.
Death
editHarrison died on November 21, 1957, at Hunterdon Medical Center in Raritan Township near Flemington, New Jersey. He willed that he be buried in the Philippines, and he was interred in the Manila North Cemetery in Manila.[13]
Legacy
edit
F.B. Harrison Street in the Metro Manila cities of Manila, Pasay, and Parañaque was named after him. Harrison Road in Baguio, a major thoroughfare beginning in the city center between Burnham Park and near the Baguio Convention Center, is also named for Harrison.
Published works
edit- The Corner-Stone of Philippine Independence (1922)
- Indo-China, A Sportsman's Opportunity (1933, with Archibald Cary Harrison)
- Origins of the Philippine Republic: Extracts from the Diaries and Records of Francis Burton Harrison (1974, posthumous)
References
edit- ^ Fraternity, Psi Upsilon (1917). The twelfth general catalogue of the Psi Upsilon Fraternity. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
- ^ Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1929). Governor Stimson in the Philippines. Foreign Affairs. p. 372. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
- ^ Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1921). "The Governor-General". The Present Government of the Philippines. Manila: McCullough Print. Co. p. 10. OL 6656770M.
- ^ Jose, Ricardo Trota. (2004). "Harrison, Francis Burton (1873–1957) – Champion of Filipinization". In Ooi Keat Gin (Ed.), Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 563–564. ISBN 1-57607-770-5.
- ^ Quezon, Manuel. "Letter of President Quezon on conferring of Filipino Citizenship upon Ex-Governor-General Francis Burton Harrison, October 6, 1936". Official Gazette. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
- ^ "Commonwealth Act No. 79, October 26, 1936". Supreme Court E-Library. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
- ^ "Marriage Announcement 1 – No Title". The New York Times. June 8, 1900. p. 7.
- ^ "Mrs. F. B. Harrison Dead In Auto Wreck; Car Becomes Unmanageable On A Long Island City Grade. Strikes A Telegraph Pole Ex-congressman's Wife Lifeless When Picked Up. Two Others Hurt. L. I. Scott Is One". The New York Times. November 26, 1905. Retrieved February 9, 2010.
Mrs. Francis Burton Harrison of 876 Fifth Avenue, wife of the Democratic candidate for Lieutenant Governor in 1904, and a leader of society here and in San Francisco, was instantly killed in an automobile accident at Thompson Avenue and Van Pelt Street, Long Island City, just before noon yesterday.
- ^ "Milestones: Feb. 7, 1927". Time. February 7, 1927. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved January 19, 2023.
- ^ "Mrs. E. W. Harrison Engaged To Banker. Former Wife Of Francis Burton Harrison To Wed Alexander F. G. Watson Of London. Bridal In Paris April 14 Chicago Girl, Who At 18 Married The Ex-governor Of The Philippines, Became Divorcee Year Ago". Associated Press in The New York Times. March 22, 1928. Retrieved February 9, 2010.
- ^ "Shanghaijim". July 2020.
- ^ "Kiko Harrison". February 20, 2014.
- ^ "F. B. Harrison, 83, U.S. Ex-aide, Dies; Philippine Governor General 1913–21 Represented City For Four Terms In House". The New York Times. November 22, 1957. Retrieved February 9, 2010.
Further reading
edit- Casambre, Napoleon J. (August 1969). "The Response to Harrison's Administration in the Philippines, 1913–1921" (PDF). Asian Studies. 7 (2): 156–170.
- Onorato, Michael Paul (1970). "Governor General Francis Burton Harrison and His Administration: A Reappraisal". Philippine Studies. 18 (1): 178–186.
External links
edit
- United States Congress. "Francis Burton Harrison (id: H000268)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
- An Act Declaring the Honorable Francis Burton Harrison, Former Governor-General of the Philippines, a Citizen of the Philippines, and Conferring Upon Him all the Rights, Duties, Privileges and Prerogatives of Filipino Citizenship, Commonwealth Act No. 79 (October 26, 1936)